Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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| § 2. Borrowings
Borrowings made a very small portion of the Old English word-stock. They came from 2 sources – from the Latin and Celtic languages. Some words taken over from Latin had been borrowed by Latin from Greek. The majority of loans were adopted into the Old English language through personal intercourse, due to the close contacts of the peoples speaking different languages. Some of them entered the language through writing. Most loan-words became widely used shortly after their adoption since they denoted things of everyday life or other important notions: therefore they were relatively quickly assimilated by the language. a) Latin borrowings in the Old English period can be traditionally classified into 2 layers (though some scholars distinguish 3 layers): First layer. Here belong, names of objects of material culture, names of articles connected with trade and agriculture, measures. E.g. OE wīn (L. vinum) > MnE wine L. millia passum ‗тысяча шагов ‘ > Mn.E. mile OE plante (L. planta) > MnE plant OE pipor (L. piper) > MnE pepper OE cuppe (L. cuppa) > MnE cup During their stay in Britain Romans built good paved roads whose name ‗ strāta via‘ ( ‗ paved road‘) was later borrowed by the Anglo-Saxons from the Celts. Initially, the OE word ‗ strǽt‘ meant ‗ road‘. Since along the roads in the course of time there 16 appeared settlements this word later acquired its modern meaning ‗ street‘. There are also several other words borrowed from Latin which deal with the names of Roman settlement and defensive works left by the Romans during their occupation of Britain. E.g. L. vallum >OE weall > MnE wall L. castra (a military camp) > OE ceaster > MnE –caster, -chester (Lancaster, Manchester) L. portus ‗ port‘ has been preserved in such place names as Bridport, Portsmouth Second layer. The second layer consists of words which directly or indirectly belong to the sphere of religion or church. When Christianity was introduced in England (in the 6 th and 7 th c. AD), the Latin language came to be used as language of the church. It was natural that numerous Latin words (about 500) connected with religion and learning were adopted into OE (many of these words were of Greek origin). E.g. L . antíphōna – OE antefn (anthem), L . episcopus – OE biscop (bishop), L . clēricus – OE cleric (clerk), L . schola – OE scōl (school), L . magister – OE ma ʒ ister (master), L. diabolus – OE deofol (devil), L. candela – OE candel (candle). Under Latin influence some native English words acquired new meanings: thus, the substantive ēastron , which originally denoted a heathen spring holiday, acquired the meaning ‗ Easter‘. Some new terms were created on the pattern of Latin words, e.g. Ʒ ōdspell ‗ gospel‘ (literally ‗ good news‘). Latin influence is also seen in the so called ― translation loan-words ǁ , i.e. new words made of the material of the native language on the pattern of the source words. E.g. the names of the days of the week: L . Lunae dies (the day of the Moon) – OE Mōnandæ ʒ (Monday), L . Mercuri dies (the day of Mercurius) – OE Wōdnesdæ ʒ (Wednesday) – Wōden was a Teutonic god corresponding to Mercurius, L . Solīs dies – OE Sunnandæ ʒ (Sunday), etc. b) There are very few Celtic loan-words in the OE vocabulary, for there must have been little intermixture between the Germanic settlers and the Celts in Britain. Though in some жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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