Participle I was formed from the Present tense stem (the Infinitive without the
endings
–an, -ian
) with the help of the suffix
–ende.
Participle II had a stem of its
own – in strong verbs it was marked by a certain grade of the root-vowel interchange
and by the suffix
–en;
with weak verbs it ended in
–d/-t.
Participle II was commonly
20
marked by the prefix
Ʒe
-, though it also could occur without it, especially if the verb
had other word-building prefixes, e.g.:
Infinitive
Participle I
Participle II
bindan
bindende
Ʒ
e-bunden
NE bind
ā-drencan
ā-drencende
ā-drenced
NE drown
§ 2. The Noun
The noun in Old English had the categories of Number, Case and Gender. The
category of number consisted of two members, singular and plural. The noun had
four cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative and Accusative. The category of gender
was represented by three distinct groups of nouns:
Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. The difference between them was grammatical
rather than semantic: nouns indicating males were generally Masculine, and those
indicating females – Feminine. E.g.:
Masculine
Feminine
OE
widuwa
(widower)
OE
fæder
(father)
OE
brōþor
(brother)
OE
widowe
(widow)
OE
mōdor
(mother)
OE
swēostor
(sister)
But the Gender of Old English nouns did not always depend upon sex:
mæ
ʒ
den
(maiden),
wīf
(wife),
cild
(child), instead of being Feminine, or Masculine, were
Neuter.
Nouns indicating inanimate things were not always necessarily Neuter:
stæn
(stone),
fōt
(foot),
mōna
(moon) are Masculine, but
hand
(hand),
dæd
(deed),
sunne
(sun) are Feminine.
Compound nouns followed the gender of their second element:
wīfman
(woman),
formed from
wīf
(Neuter) +
mann
(Masculine) was also Masculine. In later OE one
can see some attempts to adjust the Gender of nouns to their semantics:
wimman
began to be treated as Feminine instead of Masculine.
The most peculiar feature of Old English nouns was their division into several
types of declension, known as
―
stems
ǁ
.
The names
a-stems, o-stems
, etc, have purely historical significance and merely
point to the origin of the different paradigms, as the stem-suffixes cannot be
distinguished in the nouns of written Old English.
The division of nouns into declensions was as follows: a)
strong declension -
the
declension of nouns with vocalic stems comprising
a-stems, ō-stems, u-stems
and
i-stems
, with some variants within the two former groups (
ja-
and
wa-stems
,
jō-
and
wō-stems
); b)
weak declension
– the nouns whose stems originally ended in
consonants and including such stems as:
n-stems,r-stems, nd-stems
; c)
root-stems –
the declension of nouns which never had any stem-suffix and whose root was, thus,
equal to the stem.
The division into stems did not coincide with the division into genders: some
stems were confined to one or two genders only: thus
a-stems
were only Masculine
and Neuter,
ō-stems
were always Feminine, others included nouns of any gender.
21
Every declension was characterized by a specific set of case-endings. Within the
declension there was further differentiation between the endings of different genders,
so that the system of noun declensions in Old English comprised all over twenty
paradigms. However, the relative importance of the declensions in the language was
not the same, as some of the declensions were represented by large numbers of
nouns, whereas others were confined to several words.
The majority of Old English nouns belonged to the
a-stems
,
ō-stems
and
n stems
.
Nouns of other stems were far less frequent. Of special significance are the
paradigms of
a-stems
,
n-stems
and
root-stems
whose traces are found in Modern
English.
We may conclude that the system of declensions in Old English in many
respects lacked consistency and precision. Numerous homonymous forms occurred
systematically or sporadically in all the paradigms.
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