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Anthropological Linguistics. Anthropological linguistics is the study of language and culture and how they interact. Pragmatics.
UNIT 2. GERMANIC LANGUAGES § 1. Generalities about Germanic languages
The East Germanic languages have been dead for many centuries. Of the old East Germanic languages only one is well-known – Gothic

Sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is the study of interrelationships of language
and social structure, linguistic variation, and attitudes toward language.
Neurolinguistics.
Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in
the production, perception and acquisition of language.
Historical Linguistics.
Historical linguistics is the study of language change and
the relationships of languages to each other.
Anthropological Linguistics.
Anthropological linguistics is the study of
language and culture and how they interact.
Pragmatics.
Pragmatics studies meaning in context.
In the given course we‘ll focus only on several of these branches which will
cover history of (the English) language, theoretical phonetics (comprising phonetics
and phonology), lexical aspects of the language study (comprising semantics,
etymology, lexicography, etc.) and theoretical grammar (comprising morphology and
syntax) and some others.
6
UNIT 2. GERMANIC LANGUAGES
§ 1. Generalities about Germanic languages
Genetically, English belongs to the Germanic or Teutonic group of languages,
which is one of the twelve groups of the IE linguistic family. Most of the area of
Europe and large parts of other continents are occupied today by the IE languages,
Germanic being one of the major groups.
In ancient times the territory of Germanic languages was much more limited.
Thus, in the 1
st
c. A.D. Germanic languages were only spoken in Germany and in
territories adjacent to it, and also in Scandinavia.
Germanic languages are classiﬁed into three groups: (1) East Germanic, (2)
North Germanic, (3) West Germanic.

The East Germanic
languages have been dead for many centuries. Of the old
East Germanic languages only one is well-known –
Gothic
: a vast written document
has come down to us in this language, namely, a translation of the Bible made in the
4
th
c. A.D. by the Gothic bishop Ulﬁlas from the Greek.
Almost all North Germanic and West Germanic languages have survived until
our own times.
There is one living Germanic language –
Hunsrik
that is uncategorized, not
belonging to either the North or West branch of the family. Hunsrik is a wide-spread
language spoken in Brazil. Originally it derived from a speech variety of Germany
that was later noticeably inﬂuenced by Portuguese.

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