Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в XXI веке»
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Зарина мақола 722 бет
| Projective methods. Projective methods are a form of test methods in which vague
objects that are not clearly visible to the examinee are recommended and given the task of interpreting them. For example, the examinee is expected to be given pictures that can be interpreted differently, unfinished stories, objects that do not have a clear view, and the examinee evaluates them from the point of view of his emotional experiences, interests, worldview. Among the projective methods is Rorschach's "Ink Spots" test (1921). It consists of 10 different ink stains given in a 2-sided symmetrical shape, with each stain displayed on a different colored background. The examinee is asked to recall the shape of what each “spot” is. In this case: 2 spots 4 red bars, 5 spots gray - black, 3 spots - non-bright colors. Another projective methodology is the method of incomplete sentences. Using this method, group and individual institutions study the characteristics of the subject's attitude to others (friends, teachers, parents), as well as their relationship to themselves and the future. To this end, the singular is offered a number of incomplete sentences, required to complete the sentence logically without multiplication. For example, - I get upset every time if ... 436 - The most important problem for me is ... - friend - this ... - My father sometimes ... - I'm trying to ... Projective methodologies are diverse. They are radically different from each other. However, it should be borne in mind that the description of the projective methodology requires specific psychological knowledge, special theoretical training and practical experience in applying the methodology. Sociometry method. The method of sociometry was first developed by the American psychologist Dj. Invited by Moreno. The essence of this method is that a person selects members of the group on one or another indicator. Based on the choices made, a conclusion is drawn about the role of the person in the system of interpersonal relationships in the group. Hence, using the method of sociometry, it is possible to determine sympathy or antipathy between group members. The method of sociometry can be carried out operatively, and its results can be mathematically processed and graphically expressed. In addition to recognizing sociometry as a research method, it is necessary to point out some of its shortcomings. The main drawback is that the method of sociometry does not allow to determine the causes of the existing relationship structure. Therefore, the data obtained from sociometry should be supplemented with the results of observation, conversation, psychological and pedagogical experiment. In the mental development of a child, it is important to master words that help him understand the concepts of space and time. As a result of knowing the names of different spatial symbols (e.g., large space, narrow space) and different spatial relationships (right, left, back, etc.) that exist between objects, children are able to distinguish these relationships between objects. they learn. Thus, speech serves as a means of differentiating and generalizing the signs of objects. However, in addition, the word must be directly associated with the first alarm system. Cognition in two- to three-year-old children is characterized by its underdevelopment and instability, and is characterized by frequent migration from one observation object to another. Shiny, beautiful, eye-catching objects attract the child's attention. Preschoolers are not able to organize their perceptions based on the task at hand, and this kind of perception in them is very short-lived. they make especially many mistakes in perceiving objects that are far away from them. The child's cognition gradually becomes independent, based on a specific goal, and observation develops. The child can look at something that interests him for a long time, observe it, and say something about that object. But the child is still unable to observe the object and events in all its aspects, to separate its main, important aspects and to connect some of its elements. Excursions and excursions are 437 important in developing observation in a child. In this way, children, under the guidance of adults, are able to identify important and interesting things that are new to them in the surrounding objects and events. Looking at pictures, caring for plants and animals has a very positive effect on the growth of perception. The leading type of activity for children of the first age is the acquisition of objects, the manipulative movement with objects. жүктеу/скачать 12,18 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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