CIVIL SOCIETY SUGGESTS A TOOL TO SOLVE ENVIRONMEN-
TAL PROBLEMS! EXAMPLE EVENT: NEVADA SEMIPALATINSK
ANTI-NUCLEAR MOVEMENT
Assistant Professor Mustafa Caglayandereli
Mersin University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Sociology
The prominent issue in the future of the global world is the �environ-
ment�, particularly the �nuclear� threat. Not producing desired and neces-
sary solutions to these problems is a sign of the existing of the eco-political
crisis.
In the global world, the civil society ideology as a solution to that cha-
otic structure started developing in daily life. The most important theme of
the civil society is the environment.
Kazakhstan, stopped testing nuclear weapons in the country. With this
move, Kazakhstan gained its honored place in history. This decision was
made by the country’s political authority, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and the
Kazak people who highly support him. The starter of this process is Olzhas
Suleimenov’s �Nevada Semipalatinsk Anti-Nuclear Movement� in the 90’s.
Despite this reality, in the literature of �urbanization�, �environment�,
�civil society� and �globalization� Olzhas Suleimenov’s environmentalist
movement has never been mentioned.
To correct this, it is considered necessity to define Nevada Semipala-
tinsk Anti-Nuclear Movement as a notion and place it in the environmental-
ist and civil society theory.
Kazakhstan experience can be a model for 2050 global environmental
problems.
ПРЕДЛАГАЕТ СРЕДСТВО ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОБЛЕМ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА!
ПРИМЕР: АНТИЯДЕРНОЕ НАРОДНОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ
НЕВАДА- СЕМИПАЛАТИНСК
Доктор, доц. Мустафа Чаглаяндерели
Университет Мерсин, Факультет искусств и наук,
кафедра социологии, доктор социологических наук,
Выходящая на первое место будущего глобального мира зона
такой проблемы, как �окружающая среда� и, в частности, �ядерное
оружие�, являются угрозой. Невыработка желаемых и необходимых
ТҮРКІТІЛДЕС ЕЛДЕР ДАМУЫНЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ СТРАТЕГИЯЛАРЫ
314 Түркітілдес елдер әлеуметтанушыларының V Конгресі
решений этих проблем, является аргументом существования
экономическо-политического кризиса.
В качестве средства решения этой хаотической структуры в
глобальном мире, идея гражданского общества начала развиваться
в повседневной жизни. Самой важной темой гражданского общества
является �окружающая среда�.
Казахстан прекратил испытания ядерного оружия в стране. С
таким поведением, Казахстан является обществом и режимом, имеющим
почетное место в истории человека. Вместе с принятием этого решения
политической властью страны (Назарбаевым) и Казакским народом,
который сильно поддерживал его, возникло антиядерное народное
движение �Невада-Семипалатинск�. Инициатор процесса - Олжас
Сулейменов (Olzhas Suleimenov) в 1990-х годах.
Несмотря на этот факт, в социологической литературе среди
таких явлений, как �урбанизация�, �окружающая среда�, �гражданское
общество� и �глобализация�, движение эколога Олжаса Сулейменова
почти не занимало место.
Для того, чтобы устранить этот недостаток, вводим определение
антиядерного народного движения �Невада-Семипалатинск� как
понятия и определение его местоположения в теории эколога и теории
гражданского права считаем важным.
Опыт Казахстана, может создать �модель� для решения
глобальных экологических проблем 2050.
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЮРКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ СТРАН
V Конгресс социологов тюркоязычных стран 315
YOUTH AND YOUTH POLITICS IN TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Hayati Beşirli
*
Gazi üniversitesi, Sosyoloji bolumu başkanı
Definitions of Youth
Considering biological, physiological and social features of
youth and evaluations of these features by different disciplines, seve-
ral definitions of youth are observed in the academic literature. This
variety indicates that definitions can be evaluated from a wide range
of perspectives.
Definitions of the youth can be classified regarding (1) chrono-
logical, (2) psychological and (3) sociological points of view (Beşirli
2013:23-25).
Chronologicaldefinitions of youth: There is no de facto rule in
specifying youth’s age range.Definitionsdiverge according to national
and international public and private organizations defining youth as
the target audience.
National Agency which runs programs for young people within
The European Union identifies 13-30 age group as youth which is rat-
her extensive. Additionally, individuals between the age of 15-30 and
13-25 are also defined as young people in different National Agency
organizations (http://www.ua.gov.tr/docs/magazine/gen%C3%A7lik.
pdf?sfvrsn=0).
UNESCO World Programme and Action Plan for Young People
determines individuals between the age of 15-24 as a target youth
group to introduce strategies in order to strengthen nations capacity
and to increase the full and qualified participation of young people in
society. (United Nations, 2010: 10).
* Gazi Üniversity, Ankara-Turkey
ТҮРКІТІЛДЕС ЕЛДЕР ДАМУЫНЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ СТРАТЕГИЯЛАРЫ
316 Түркітілдес елдер әлеуметтанушыларының V Конгресі
In the 2003 Youth Centres Regulations in Turkey stated that indi-
viduals between the age of 12-24 are required to become a member of
youth center. However, if requested, individuals can be registered on
the condition of not being under the age of 7 and older than 26. In the
National Youth and Sports Document of Republic of Turkey Ministry
of Youth and Sports stated that definitions can be made according to
the time, socio-economic developments and cultural factors. Thus,
there is no common usage of universally accepted age range in the de-
finition of youth. In Turkey’s regulations include individuals between
14-29 age ranges while determining youth policies (T.C. Gençlik ve
Spor Bakanlığı, 2013: 1).
In this context, differences in the definition of chronological age
supported Burcu’s conceptualization of �social age � which is deter-
mined by socially and culturally. Various social institutions as edu-
cation, religion or family differs age definitions on the basis of the
expected practises (Burcu, 1997: 9-15).
Psychological definitions of youth: In psychological definiti-
ons, the period of youth is expressed as a transition from childhood to
adulthood. Generally it is identified as adolescent period. This period
is seperated in itself as early adolescents 11-14 years of age range ,
middle adolescents 15-17 years of age range, late adolescents 17-21 ye-
ars of age range. There are different approaches regarding adolescence
in which age category includes. Adolescence is a period of a person’s
life that individual is neither a child nor an adult. During adolescence
period many decisions can not be taken back (Morris, 2002:374-376).
Adolescent period is expressed as a very rough period; defending ent-
husiastic, idealistic, unrealistic feelings and thoughts and resisting aga-
inst injustice are features of this period (Yörükoğlu, 2000:42-43).
Sociological definitions of youth: Sociological definitions of
youth are described according to the status attributed to individuals in
social structure and expected situations of individuals in compliance
with this status (Marshall, 1999:264).
This definition does not consider the biological features of youth.
It is based on biologic features that is socially constructed. It refers to
socio-cultural and socio-economic structure and culture which is de-
terminant of this structure. In sociological definition,young people’s
position in the social structure, their functions in social institutions,
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЮРКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ СТРАН
V Конгресс социологов тюркоязычных стран 317
their role in the process of social change and their impacts are eva-
luated.
In this categorical definition of young people who are actual-
ly passive in the process of socialization, are seen as a significantly
powerful actor of the society while gainingpolitical identity in the
process of political socialization (Nemutlu, 2008: 168). The rapid
transitivity between activeness to influence on society and passivity
to be influenced by society is referred about youth. In sociological de-
finitions young people is notconsidered as a social class itself. Hence,
young people isconsidered as a category which interior of class or of
layer system in the society and it reflects the characteristics of this
system (Beşirli, 2013:2013:23).
In sociological studies, youth is mostly taken as a sub-culture. It
is stated thatyoung people based on diverse characteristicsare differed
from the main cultural patterns and likewise different youth sub-cul-
tures may be the object of study. The purpose and meaning of sub-
cultures are very important in formation of identity. Youth sub-culture
is considered separately from the main stream culture. In other words,
it’s values, norms, attitudes and behaviors are considered as a subcul-
ture. These differences are revealed in such areas like the main forms
of speech, clothing, entertainment and beliefs. However, it should be
noted that young people in different sub-cultures are member of the
same community. Young people from different social backgrounds
have different life practices therefore it should be taken in considera-
tion whileproducingyouth policy.
Bourdieu (1996:130-132) indicates that relationship between so-
cial age and biological age is quite complex. For his point of view
age isa biological data that can be manipulated by socially. In this
context, he states that differences between young people should be
recognized.
Demographic Data of Turkish Youth
Turkey is a country with a young population. Analyzing demog-
raphic data from table 1,for the year 2013 is seen 37,827,892 peop-
le are under the age of 29 from 76,667,864 Turkey’s total populati-
on. Under this categorization, individuals between the ageof 15-29,
9,682,509 are male and 9,295,569 are female. This young population
(15-29 age range) indicates that they constitute 24.7% of the total po-
ТҮРКІТІЛДЕС ЕЛДЕР ДАМУЫНЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ СТРАТЕГИЯЛАРЫ
318 Түркітілдес елдер әлеуметтанушыларының V Конгресі
pulation. When compared to other countries rate Turkey’s youth rate-
is quite high, based on 2011 data. This situation can be seen in Figure
1. This dynamic makes it important to determine policies for ayoung
population. Therefore, setting policies and putting them into practi-
cesfor young people is very significant matter for Turkey’s future.
Table1
AgeGroup and GenderPopulation – 2013
Age Group
Total
Men
Woman
‘0-4’
6.206.415
3.187.259
3.019.156
‘5-9’
6.271.234
3.218.411
3.052.823
‘10-14’
6.372.165
3.269.578
3.102.587
‘15-19’
6.477.722
3.327.238
3.150.484
‘20-24’
6.214.024
3.166.104
3.047.920
‘25-29’
6.286.332
3.189.167
3.097.165
‘30-34’
6.543.669
3.305.734
3.237.935
‘35-39’
5.826.149
2.946.289
2.879.860
‘40-44’
5.308.260
2.673.800
2.634.460
‘45-49’
4.721.763
2.389.852
2.331.911
‘50-54’
4.232.792
2.123.029
2.109.763
‘55-59’
3.555.185
1.769.399
1.785.786
‘60-64’
2.760.460
1.346.426
1.414.034
‘65-69’
2.045.398
950.337
1.095.061
‘70-74’
1.507.728
674.943
832.785
‘75-79’
1.077.295
461.225
616.070
‘80-84’
820.606
335.943
484.663
‘85-89’
341.662
112.700
228.962
‘90+’
99.005
25.926
73.079
Total
76.667.864
38.473.360
38.194.504
Resorce: TÜİK. 2013 yılı ADNKS verileri http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/
reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=wa_turkiye_
yasgr.RDF&p_yil=2013&p_dil=1&desformat=spreadsheet 30.01201
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЮРКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ СТРАН
V Конгресс социологов тюркоязычных стран 319
Evaluations of Youth Policies in Turkey
When considering youth policy in Turkey, it is worth mentio-
ning that two policy documents are directly related to youth policy.
Apart from these two documents the other approaches of youth can
be evaluated by the answers receiving from this question, what kind
of a young generation do we want? The answer of this question can
be observed from activities of the institutions in line with Turkish
Hearths (Türk Ocakları)- Community Centers (HalkEvleri). During
this period, the desired type of youth was determined by political con-
ditions of thetime.This type of youth is physically strong, mentally
awake and armed with national culture.
This youth type in this definition refers to individuals that would
be protective of the republic and country.This main expectation ga-
veprominence to Turanist and Pan-Turkist policies and training prog-
ram was shaped by these principles.
According to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s statement on October 20,
1927
�Turkish Youth! Your first duty is to preserve and to defend Tur-
kish Independence and the Turkish Republic forever�
Two youth council was held in the processof youth policy pro-
ductionin Turkey with the participation of different youthfractions.
Youth Council meeting was held within National Education, Youth
and Sports Ministry on 24 – 28 October 1988, in Ankara. The purpo-
se of meeting were to determine the services and activities would be
taken by the State, to identify youth problems and the most effective
solutions order to protect of Turkish youth, to educate the young pe-
ople and toimprove them physically and mentallyin accordance with
the provisions in the constitution and laws.
In this context about 100 as a youth delegates, around 500 parti-
cipantscame together in this meeting. Youth representatives consisted
of 29 university students, six college student union representatives, 15
high school students, 10 farmers, 10 workers, 10 trades, 5 living abro-
ad, 5 disabled, 5 inmates, 5 unemployed.In the meeting, effects of the
developments,the modernization of infrastructure, economic liberaliza-
tion and foreign expansion over cultural identity was evaluated.
Cultural elements and values facing with the regeneration and
changing are expressed the most important issues. In addition to that
ТҮРКІТІЛДЕС ЕЛДЕР ДАМУЫНЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ СТРАТЕГИЯЛАРЫ
320 Түркітілдес елдер әлеуметтанушыларының V Конгресі
issue, unsettling cultural elements were focused in face of the renewal
of changing lifestyles. In this context, it was stated that young people
would preserve their identities and this identity reflects the best way
of rich history and cultural heritage ( Güzel, 1988: 32-33).
In the meeting that five day long,
1 The youth of 2000’s,
2 Youthhealth and protectionyouth from harmful habits,
3 Reintegration of young offenders,
4 Bringing services to youth with disabilities ,
5 Employees of youth issues,
6 Idle youth issues,
7 Youth leisure time activities,
8 Higher education of youth issues,
9 Secondary education of youth issues,
10 problems of the youth living abroad issues have been discus-
sed. On the basis of this agenda have been formed commissions. In
this context, decisions dated Ocak 1989 and numbered 2278 were
published in the journal of National Education, Youth and Sports Mi-
nistry Communication.
Commission
Number of
members
1. The youth of 2000’s
46
2. Youth health and protection from harmful habits
24
3. Reintegration of young offenders
33
4. Bringing services to youth with disabilities
28
5. Employees of youth issues
41
6. Idle youth issues
28
7. Youth leisure time activities
49
8. Higher education of youth issues
51
9. Secondary education of youth issues
38
10. problems of the youth living abroad
37
At this place high conscious about democracy and actively parti-
cipation in policy of youth was desired. Thus, the arrangements was
required to ensure equality of opportunity in all young groups.
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЮРКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ СТРАН
V Конгресс социологов тюркоязычных стран 321
A broad range of decisions were taken such as introduction of
Kemalist thought system, the revision of textbooks in accordance
with national and spiritual moral principles of Atatürk and to establish
the special law enforcement agencies to deal with young offenders
(1989:470).
II. Youth Council meeting was held on the 14- 18 May 2012. On
the purpose of preparing for this meeting, 17 regional workshops,
starting at 17 December 2011 and resulting in 17-18 March 2012,
were arranged, eight thousand young people consisting of elementary,
high school and college students,working and the disabledyoungs had
contributed to meeting.
1 Education,
2 Employment and entrepreneurship,
3 Disadvantaged young people and participation in social life,
4 In the field of international youth
5 Healthy life, sports and environment,
6 Internet and media,
7 Democracy awareness and participation,
8 Culture, arts and leisure activities,
9 Ethics and human values,
393 participants were included.
Commission
Number of
members
1. Education
49
2. Employment and entrepreneurship
25
3. Disadvantaged young people and participation in
social life
42
4. In the field of international youth
50
5. Healthy life, sports and environment
38
6. Internet and media
44
7. Democracy awareness and participation
47
8. Culture, arts and leisure activities
47
9. Ethics and human values
51
ТҮРКІТІЛДЕС ЕЛДЕР ДАМУЫНЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ СТРАТЕГИЯЛАРЫ
322 Түркітілдес елдер әлеуметтанушыларының V Конгресі
Conclusion
Youth has a critical role in continuation of the social structure. In
this context, producing policies of the community in relation to the
youth is becoming important. One of the primary places where these
politics will be implemented is composed of educational institutions
with their explicit and latent functions. In this process, the perspective
of the Turkish youth was shaped by the pattern dependent on Ata-
türk’s principles by sharing secular and democratic values, and the
educational institutions have prepared their programmes accordingly.
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