Антимикробная активность образцов

Фитохимическое изучение Thalictrum Foetidum L. … 

Серия «Биология. Медицина. География». № 3(63)/2011 

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Список литературы 

1  Арипова Х.Н. Итоги исследования алкалоидоносных растений. — Ташкент: ФАН, 1993. — 220 с. 

2  Садритдинов  Ф.С.,  Курмуков  А.Г.  Фармакология  растительных  алкалоидов  и  их  применение  в  медицине. — 

Ташкент: Медицина, 1980. 

3  Wu Yang-Ckang, Lu Sneng-Tek. Цитотоксичные апорфиноидные алкалоиды из Thalictrum sessile // Phytochemistry. —  

1988. — № 27. — Р. 1563–1564. 

4  Hansel R., Sticher О., Steinegger E. Pharmakognosie-Phytopharmazie, Springer. — Berlin: Verlag, 1999. — Р. 540. 

5  Полинг Л., Полинг П. Химия. — М.: Мир, 1978. — 164 с. 

6  Юнусов С., Прогрессов Н.Н. Об алкалоидах Тhalictrum minus L. // Журнал органической химии. — 1957. — Т. 22. — 

№ 4. — С. 1047–1055. 

7  Машковский М.Д. Лекарственные средства. — М.: Новая волна, 1996. — 235 с. 

 

 

Ж.Ж.Жумагалиева  

Thalictrum Foetidum L. (Сасық маралотын) фитохимиялық зерттеу 

Қарағанды  облысы  Қарқаралы  аймағында  гүлдеу  фазасында  жиналып  алынған  Сасық  маралоты 

(Thalictrum foetidum L.)  өсімдігінің  жер  үсті  бөлігі  зерттелініп,  алынған  қосылыстардың  құрылысы 

анықталды.  Өсімдік  шикізатынан  экстрактивті  заттар  қосындысын  алу  мақсатында  хлороформды 

шаймалау  əдісі  қолданылды.  Экстрактивті  заттар  қосындысынан  жеке  заттарды  бөлу  силикагельде 

колонкалы  хроматография  əдісімен  жүзеге  асырылды.  Апорфинді  алкалоид  глауцин  негізінде  жаңа 

туындылар  синтезделді.  Алынған  жаңа  қосылыстардың  құрылысы  ИҚ-, 1Н, 13С  ЯМР  1Н-

спектроскопия əдістерімен анықталды. 

Zh.Zh.Zhumagaliyeva 

The phytochemical study of Thalictrum Foetidum L. 

We have conducted the phytochemical study of the elevated part of Thalictrum foetidum L. collected in the 

Karkaraly Disctrict of the Karaganda Province, and also the structure of the released substances was estab-

lished. The sum of the alkaloids from vegetable raw stocks was withdrew by the chloroform extraction way. 

The column chromatography method and the extractive substances sum processing were applied for individ-

ual connections release. On the basis of aporphine alkaloid glaucine her new derivatives were synthesized. The 

structures of obtained compounds were determined onbasis of IR, -NMR 1Н, 13С spectral data. 

 

 

 

 

V.S.Аbukenova  

10 

Вестник Карагандинского университета 

УДК 595,9

 

V.S.Аbukenova  

The Karaganda State University named after E.A.Buketov 

Аspects of the biodiversity and taxonomy of earthworms on the 5th international 

oligochaete taxonomy meeting 

The scientific works of 4th International Oligochaeta Taxonomy Meetings are presented. Modern methods of 

gathering and the account, taxonomy and the genetic analysis of different species of earthworms are resulted. 

Problems of systematisation of group are described. New methods of phylogenetic constructions are 

characterised. The basic of ecological researches in the biodiversity of oligochaetes analyzed in various 

regions of the world. The life forms informations is given in the aspects of modern ekologo-physiological  

researches.  

Key words: Oligochaeta, taxonomy, distribution, earthworms, soil,  natural commodity,  ecosystems,  

species., scientific, fauna. 

 

Oligochaeta (few-bristled worms) is an extremely important taxonomic group in aquatic and terrestrial 

ecosystems. The class Oligochaeta (phylum Annelida) was traditionally separated into Microdriles (small 

oligochaetes living in sea and fresh water and in wet soil) and Megadriles (often large oligochaetes, living 

mostly in terrestrial soil, a few are however semi-aquatic or aquatic). Though, one should keep in mind that 

nowadays Microdriles are considered as a paraphyletic assemblage whereas Megadriles are regarded as per-

haps a monophyletic group [1]. 

To the layman the best known oligochaete group are earthworms that were one of the first animal group 

colonizing humus soils at the end of Palaeozoic (250 MYA), and Charles Darwin undeniably contributed to 

their fame with his famous book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms with Ob-

servations on their Habits, which became a best-seller in that time. In contrast to other Oligochaeta, the impor-

tant role of earthworms has been recognized from the dawn of human history till present. They were known, 

for millennia, as important factors of soil fertility and it is no coincidence that in 350 B.C.E.Aristotle in his 

Historia Animalium described them as earth's guts. In fact, the number of casts was used as an estimator of 

soil fertility by tribesmen in the Sahara region as reported by Howard (1945). Earthworms have been also 

used in early medicine, as documented by Pliny the Elder (77) in his Natural History. Rather surprisingly, 

they have also been used as a model of scientific explanation of our world. For instance, Aristotle mentioned 

them as an example to support his — today rejected — theory of abiogenesis and believed — wrongly — 

that eels originated from earthworms [2]. 

In spite of the importance of oligochaetes, there are presently some serious deficiencies in the knowl-

edge about their taxonomy, distribution, biology and ecology, in comparison with mammals, birds, lizards 

and other organismal groups. One way to bridge this gap is to bring together scientists working on the sub-

ject with the aim to speed up information about the progress in their work, exchange ideas and encourage 

them to cooperate. This is the basic idea behind the organization of the International Oligochaeta Taxonomy 

Meetings (IOTM). So far, four successful meetings took place. The 1st IOTM was organized by Ana 

G.Moreno in Madrid, Spain, the 2nd IOTM by Victor V.Pop in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, the 3rd IOTM by 

Tomáš Pavlíċek and Patricia Cardet in Platres, Cyprus, and the 4th IOTM by Tomáš Pavlíċek, Patricia 

Cardet and Yüksel Coskun in Diyarbakır, Turkey (Fig.). Traditionally, the meetings concentrate mainly on 

Oligochaete taxonomy and phylogeny, but also discuss different aspects from other scientific fields, e.g. 

earthworm ecology, faunistics and phylogeography as well as new methods of their study. The 5th Interna-

tional Oligochaete Taxonomy Meeting was continue in the best tradition of the previous four meetings and 

took place in Beatenberg in Switzerland, from April 11th to April 15th, 2011. 

The value of soil and soil fauna in balance and preservation of ecosistems. For example Blakemore 

R.J (Tokyo, Japan) writes that earthworms are a surprisingly diverse and important group of organisms. This 

is what Darwin explained to us in his 1881 treatise, the culmination of 40 yrs of his work, on Vegetable 

Mould and Worms where once again he showed, as with Evolution via Natural Selection, how small, con-

stant changes produce profound effects on all entwined Nature. 

 

 

Аspects of the biodiversity and taxonomy of earthworms … 

Серия «Биология. Медицина. География». № 3(63)/2011 

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Figure. The emblems of the International oligochaeta taxonomy meetings 

The importance of Earthworms relates to their intimate and synonymous/eponymous relationship with 

the earthen soil and plants that grow from it. 

Soil is the most important and precious natural commodity on the Earth. All terrestrial life is built upon 

its foundation from healthy organic soil, so too are river, lake and coastal marine ecosystems (the deep ocean 

is a mostly devoid desert with only a few biodiverse «oases» hotspots). A 10-yr $300m marine consensus 

resulted in the abysmally small total of just 250,000 marine species in total — about 10 % of the current 

global total. 

The United Nations FAO provides that 99.6 % of all human food and fibre comes from the land, despite 

this more resources are directed to aquatic and in particular marine research then into soil. There is not a sin-

gle SOIL ECOLOGY INSTITUTE anywhere in the world in contrast to the myriad marine laboratories or 

space observatories. Thus Science journal was justified to title a special issue: «Soil — the Final Frontier. 

The aim is to present how Earthworms are Ancient («Bioneers» to the land some 500–750 m yrs ago, 

with claimed origins ca. 1 billion yrs), Diverse (ca. 10,000 currently named species cf. 13,000 mainly marine 

Polychaetes), and crucially Important to Ecosystem services and food-chains which all Life on Earth, includ-

ing ourselves, depend. In 1802 Lamarck named them Annelidés — the ringed ones — and they truly are the 

humble but accomplished Lords of the Ring. A proposal is presented to justify support for crucial earthworm 

eco-taxonomy as a ‘Sea Change’ for soil research. 

E.Havlicek (Switzerland) asks: «Do really politicians need earthworms?» Whereas water and air have 

been receiving ongoing care and attention from scientific institutions and from legislative management for 

last decades, soils and their inhabitants, until recently, did not benefit from such interest. Doubtlessly, they 

are now recognized for their high biodiversity but in fact, the soil biology is still widely unknown. Moreover, 

the fact is that soils are not only a milieu for living organisms, they are also formed by these organisms and 

without their presence soils cannot develop. Determining and monitoring soil biodiversity is far from com-

pletion; nevertheless, in order to achieve soil protection goals at policy level, bioindicators such as earth-

worm diversity or microbial respiration — even imperfect — are being implemented. The choice of accurate 

tools is challenging because beside biological parameters, socioeconomic factors, such as effectiveness, in-

expensiveness, or capacity to provide information, are to be considered. 

The way leading from fundamental science to implementation is still not completely cleared, particu-

larly in the soil biota domain. Reasons can be found out in the lack of scientific knowledge but also in the 

multifunctional use of soils that leads to divergent interest related either to soil quantity or to soil quality. 

Choosing to host the 5th IOTM in the Alps had a symbolic meaning. The Alps constitute one of the 

European hotspots of the origin of earthworm biodiversity. 

Earthworm biodiversity is the traditional theme of meeting. First recorded earthworms from the 

Mouteh Wildlife Refuge (Iran) by Ghayoumi R. has shown earthworms belong to three genera from the fam-

ily Lumbricidae (Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1815), and include the following five species: Aporrectodea caligi-

nosa (Savigny 1826), A. rosea (Savigny 1826), Dendrobaena hortensis (Michaelsen 1890), D.veneta (Rosa 

1886), Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny 1826). 

Species richness and zoogeographic affinities of earthworms in Iran has been investigated by Ezzat-

panah S., Latif R. and Malek M. The earthworm fauna of Iran is poorly known. So far, recorded are 18 spe-

cies, 11 genera and two families (Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae). Out of all recorded species 61 % (11 

species) are introduced and 39 % (seven species) could be autochthonous: Aporrectodea jassyensis, Dendro-

baena byblica complex, D. schmidti, D. veneta,  Helodrilus patriarchalis,  Healyella syriaca and Perelia 

V.S.Аbukenova  

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Вестник Карагандинского университета 

kaznakovi. Native worms are found only in the narrow geographical region north of Elburz and Zagros 

Mountains. After uplifting, the mountain ranges have served as a natural geographic barrier preventing mi-

gration of the natives to the internal parts of Iran. The most speciose area in Iran located in the North West of 

the country might have earthworm exchange with Anatolia. A comparison of native species shows a high 

faunal (more than 85 %) similarity between Iran and Anatolia. 

Biodiversity of earthworms in French Guiana described by Pablicek T. and Csuzdi Cs. The taxonomic 

diversity of earthworms in Eastern Amazonia is almost unknown. In humid tropical French Guiana (83,534 

km²) 17 identified earthworm species have been recorded of which more than 50 % are introduced. Apart 

from one larger earthworm sample collected in French Guiana at the first half of 20th century all literature 

records are limited to description of one or a few species. They have described (in press) one new genus 

comprising three species. Two of them are new to science and were collected at the Nouragues Natural Re-

serve. The third species known from northern Brazil was accommodated in the genus Andiorrhinus before it 

was transferred to the new genus. Regarding of the genus Martiodrilus the revision of the collected samples 

provides evidence about the presence of two species recorded earlier (M. duodenarius (Michaelsen, 1918), 

M. tenkatei (Horst, 1887)); one species firstly recorded in F.Guiana (M. helleri (Michaelsen, 1918) and two 

species new to science. 

Brown and others have resulted work examples of the Latin American Meetings on Oligochaete Ecol-

ogy and Taxonomy (ELAETAO) on earthworm and enchytraeid research in Latin America. Topics included 

the diversity and distribution of native and exotic earthworm species in all Latin American countries, the use 

of oligochaetes as bioindicators, oligochaete genetics and phylogeny, various aspects of vermiculture, earth-

worm and enchytraeid sampling methods, and ecology and biology of invasive species, among others. 

Earthworm biodiversity in Brazil studied by Brown G.G. and James S.W. The majority Oligochaete be-

long to Glossoscolecidae (66 %), Ocnerodrilidae (15 %) and Acanthodrilidae (8 %). Most native species 

show restricted distributions and high endemicity, while exotic species have extensively colonized disturbed 

habitats.  Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857), probably native to N Brazil, is a peregrine invasive 

throughout the rest of the country and is the most abundant and well-known Brazilian earthworm. More than 

50 species of large (>30 cm length, >1cm diam.) earthworms (minhocuçus) inhabit Brazilian soils. 

Studies of the effects of native and exotic species on soils, ecosystem function and biodiversity are 

needed, considering the extent of invasion, and increasing human pressure on land use and natural resources. 

Nevertheless, this is hampered by the lack of knowledge of their biology and ecology as well as the lack of 

trained taxonomists and earthworm researchers in Brazil. 

Four Latin American Meetings on Oligochaete Ecology and Taxonomy have been held since 2003: 

ELAETAO 1 (Londrina, Brazil, Dec. 2003), ELAETAO 2 (San Juan, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2005), ELAETAO3 

(Curtiba, Brazil, Dec. 2007) and ELAETAO4 (Curitiba, Oct. 2010). These unique fora brought together >80 

researchers, students and technicians from >12 countries and resulted in several important publications (3 

special journal issues and one book), helping to synthesize the work performed in the Americas. 

An annotated check list of the Romanian earthworm fauna (Oligochaeta,  Lumbricidae was made by 

Pop V.V.1, Pop A.A. and Csuzdi Cs. The earthworm fauna of Romania is quite well known due to the inves-

tigations conducted by several prominent specialists, starting with Örley (1885), Michaelsen (1891, 1903), 

Černosvitov (1932) and especially Victor Pop (1938–1964). Twenty five species were recorded from this 

territory before the beginning of Pop’s research. Pop's (1949) publishing of the first comprehensive check list 

of the Romanian lumbricids raised the number of taxa to 47, to which three other species were added in 1964 

and 1965 and thus raising the number of earthworm species recorded in Romania to 50. In the last 45 years, 

due to the continuous researches by Victor V.Pop, András Zicsi and Csaba Csuzdi the list of the lumbricid 

taxa recorded in Romania reached 75A thorough re-examination of the material kept in Victor Pop’s earth-

worm collections in the Zoological Muzeum of the Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, as well as in the 

V.V.Pop’s earthworm collection at the Biological Research Institute in Cluj-Napoca resulted in the removal 

of several ambiguous species from the list of the Romanian earthworm fauna which now contains 72 valid 

earthworm taxa. 

It is important to put attention not only to the high number of lumbricid species, but also to the high 

number of endemic taxa. Thus, in Romania from the 72 taxa recorded 26 are endemics. This number is ex-

ceptionally high comparing to those of the whole Carpathian Basin (97 species, 39 endemics). The majority 

of endemic species were recoded from the Carpathian Mountains, and especially from the Apuseni Moun-

tains. 

Аspects of the biodiversity and taxonomy of earthworms … 

Серия «Биология. Медицина. География». № 3(63)/2011 

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The biogeographic structure of the Romanian earthworm fauna include Dacian endemics (15), Carpa-

thian endemics (9), Moesian endemics (2), Central European (8), Transaegean (6), Moesian (6), Balkanic (3) 

peregrine (14) and other minor elements. 

About new endemic earthworm from New Zealand with a very restricted distribution informed Boyer 

S., Wratten S.D., Bowie M. More than sixty years after the work of Ken Lee, who listed 173 earthworm spe-

cies endemic to New Zealand, recent studies have revealed that the diversity of New Zealand earthworms has 

been largely underestimated. Maoridrilus otamahu was named after the maori name of this small island of 

volcanic origin that lies in Lyttleton harbour, between Christchurch and Banks Peninsula on the East Coast 

of New Zealand's South Island. 

Biodiversity of earthworms in the Diyarbakır region (Upper Mesopotamia), Eastern Turkey  described 

by  Coskun Y.1, Pavlicek T. and Csuzdi Cs. Only 11 species of earthworms are recorded so far in the Diyar-

bakır region. This represents 14 % of the earthworm species richness known in the East Mediterranean re-

gion. The recorded species belong to two families (Lumbricidae and Acanthodrilidae) and are to be found 

also in other regions of Turkey and in the Levant. However, Eisenia n. sp. and Dendrobaena n. sp., currently 

under description, indicate a possible presence of local endemics as well. 

In sediments of the river Alster in Hamburg Graefe U. and Beylich A. have found a large population of  

a curious earthworm which we could identify as Sparganophilus tamesis Benham, 1892, hitherto unknown 

from Germany. After the first description from England the species was described several times under differ-

ent names from North and Central America (Smith 1895, Eisen 1896) and from France (Tétry 1934). The 

synonymy of these species was repeatedly reviewed (e.g. Cernosvitov 1945, Jamieson 1971). Sparganophi-

lus langi Bouché & Qiu, 1998, from Switzerland (Lake Geneva) is probably also a junior synonym of Spar-

ganophilus tamesis. Its description as new species is apparently due to a misleading characterization of S. 

tamesis in the key given by Reynolds (1980). 

The role of earthworms as bioindicators. For example many knowledge gaps remain about the eco-

logical impact of restorations on the terrestrial biota and more particularly on soil fauna. The focus here is on 

earthworms. In flood prone areas, earthworms have evolved different strategies to cope with inundated soils. 

However, little is known about their diversity and ecology in floodplains and even less on the impact of 

floodplain restoration on earthworms and the degree to which they may be useful as indicators of restoration 

success. The work of Laboratory Soil and Vegetation, (Switzerland) has aims at 1) characterising the patterns 

of earthworm density, biomass, species richness, diversity and community structure in a restored floodplain 

2) assessing the relationships between these variables and spatial structural and functional variables and 3) 

decoupling and comparing the three components of earthworms diversity: «taxonomic», functional, and ge-

netic. 

A vibrational (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)) spectroscopic method was used by Gobi M. and Gun-

asekaran P. (India) for the structural and compositional analysis of earthworm Eisenia fetida to monitor 

metal binding and its further transformations in live cells. The FTIR analyses of metals digested by E. fetida 

will be useful to study the impact of the heavy metal stress on worm metabolism. In our experiment, the 

epigeic earthworm E. fetida was exposed to 100, 75, 50, 30, 25, 15 and 5 % of automobile service station 

waste mud. Metabolic response after exposure to each concentration level of the waste mud was assessed by 

the FTIR on 10 animals with three replicates. The peaks at 1045 cm−1, 1080 cm−1, 1236 cm−1 and 1650 

cm−1 represented the overall susceptibility of nucleotides, phospholipids, DNA and RNA to the present metals. 

As a matter of fact, structure of nucleic acids and proteins was modified due to heavy metal accumula-

tion. Heavy metals accumulation in the worms was measured and as expected lead, zinc and copper accumu-

lation increased in the treated grou. 

Earthworm communities were an indicator of river restoration success, the case of Emme river (canton 

Bern, Switzerland). Moreira N. and others shown earthworms play a key role in the functioning of soil eco-

system. They suppose that their communities may reflect the restored fluvial functioning. The aim of this 

study was to describe earthworm communities and to use them as indicators of restoration evaluation. These 

data will be compared to data obtained in a near natural system in order to evaluate the progress of this site 

towards a more natural fluvial functioning. 

The effects of farming practices on earthworm dynamics in olive groves of central Greecs estimated by 

Solomou A., Sfougaris A. and Vavoulidou C. The highest estimated earthworm biomass and density of 

earthworms were estimated in the organic olive groves and the lowest one in the conventional olive groves (p 

< 0.05). The highest species richness was recorded in the organic olive groves. Six species were recorded in 

total, all of them were present in organic olive groves: Octodrilus complanatus, O. croaticus, Dendrobaena 

V.S.Аbukenova  

14 

Вестник Карагандинского университета 

byblica, D. veneta, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Microscoles phosphoreus. Conversely, at the conventional 

olive groves were present only four species and missing were D. veneta, and M. phosphoreus. The most 

abundant species were the following: O. complanatus, D. veneta and D. byblica. It can be concluded that 

biomass, population density and species diversity in earthworms may be considered as sensitive indicators of 

management practices, because these variables were influenced by farming system, i.e. higher in the organic 

olive groves than in the conventional ones. 

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