частью общей проблемы модернизации содержания школьного образования. Решение
данной проблемы позволит снизить непомерную учебную нагрузку на учащихся основной
школы и одновременно обеспечить
полноценное образование
старшеклассников в
соответствии с их индивидуальными способностями и наклонностями. С введением
профильного обучения появится реальная возможность ликвидировать существующий
разрыв и обеспечить преемственность между общим и профессиональным образованием.
Тҥйіндеме
Бҧл мақалада мамандандырылған білім беру жҧйесінде білім беру мазмҧнын
жаңғырту жалпы проблеманың ажырамас бӛлігі қарастырылған. Осы мәселені шешу ҥшін
олардың жеке қабілеттері мен бейімділігіне сәйкес негізгі мектеп оқушылары бойынша
шектен тыс жҥктемесін азайту және сол уақытта жоғары сынып оқушыларын толық
біліммен қамтамасыз ету, бейіндік оқытуды енгізу осы олқылықты жою ҥшін жалпы және
кәсіптік білім арасындағы сабақтастықты қамтамасыз ету ҥшін нақты мҥмкіндігіне ие
болады.
Bibliography
1. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan on
January 27, 2012 "Socio-economic modernization - main direction of development of Kazakhstan"
Message of the South-Kazakhstan, January 28, 2012
2. Balashov MM Legal documents of the municipal educational institution - a multidisciplinary lyceum
Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region. p.24 - magazine "The director of studies» №6, 2003.
3. Bronevschuk SP Profile education and the unified state exam // Internet magazine "Eidos" of April.
4. Kuznetsov AA, AA Pinsky, Ryzhakov MV, Filatov LO Profile training. Responses to some questions
(for educational institutions). - M .: Russian magazine 2004.
5. Danilov M. A. Didactics K. D. Wşïnskogo M .; L., 1948;
MV Klarïn Innovative modelï Teaching in foreign pedagogïçeskïx poïskax. M .: Arena, 1994. - 78 c.
ӘОЖ 372.8:811.111
THE GERUND IS A NON-FINITE FORM OF THE VERB WITH SOME NOUN
FEATURES, IT IS FORMED BY ADDING THE SUFFIX –ING TO THE VERB
Магистрант Әмірбекова Ардақ Қасымбекқызы
Аға оқытушы Ӛтеген Роза Керімбекқызы
In English, there are words ending in -ing, which are sometimes combined title -
ing-form (in the form -ing). This same suffix forms is a gerund. There isn’t a gerund
in the Russian language. Ing-form of the verb is derived from the first form of the
verb, which forms a simple moment.
At the ing-form of the verb there are 3 applications: the build Participle,
gerund, tenses of Continuous group. Gerund advocates a kind of intermediary
between the verb and the noun. In English, the gerund have almost every verb, and
it is used very widely. Some of speech required is a gerund, another verbal form
where applicable. Leventhal VI English: simple to the complex.
Gerund (the Gerund) - is a non-personal form of the verb, is an intermediate
form between the verb and the noun. The gerund has the properties of both a verb
and a noun.
The English Verbs can be divided into two main groups, according to the
function they perform in the sentence - the finite forms and non-finite forms.
The finite forms have the function of the predicate in the sentence and may also be called
the predicate forms.
The non-finite or non-predicative forms can have various other functions. These
forms are also called the verbals.
The non-finite forms or the verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verbs do not
express person, number or mood. В.Л. Каушанская и др. Грамматика английского
языка (на английском языке). 1973 M., c. 159 Therefore, they cannot be used as the
predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verbs the verbals have tense and voice
distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ from those of the finite verb.
There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund, and the infinitive. In
Russian there are also three non-finite forms of the verb, but they do not fully coincide
with those in the English language.
In English the verbals have the following characteristic traits:
a) They have a double nature: nominal and verbal. The participle combines the
characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective; the gerund and the infinitive combine
the characteristics of a verb with those of a known.
b) The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute like those of the finite verbs, but
relative. The form of a verbal does not show whether the action it denotes refers to the
present, past or future. It shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is
simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it. В.Л. Каушанская
и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке). 1973 M. С. 161
The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. It is formed by
adding the suffix-"ing" to the stem of the verb.
The gerund has the following verbal characteristics.
1) It has voice and tense distinctions:
Active / Passive
Indefinite writing being written
Perfect having written having been written
The indefinite gerund expresses that the action denoted by the gerund is
simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb.
He tells (told, will tell) me of his writing a report.
She is very fond of being read too.
The indefinite gerund may also refer to the future when it depends on such
verbs as: to intend, to insist, to object, to suggest, to look forward to, to rely on.
I intend going there tomorrow.
We are looking forward to visiting new places.
I rely on his doing it properly.
The same occurs after noun suggesting futurity such as plan, intention, hope,
prospect.
There is some hope of catching the last train.
The perfect gerund indicates that the action of the gerund precedes the action of the
finite verb in the sentence.
I’ т surprised at his having done it.
I regret (regretted, will always regret) having uttered these words.
The indefinite gerund is commonly used instead of the perfect gerundafter the
prepositions "on (upon)","after", "before", and "without" because the meaning of the
preposition itself indicates that the action of the gerund precedes that of the finite
verb.
On reaching the end of the street we turned towards the river.
After walking about ten yards he met them
The indefinite gerund is generally used after the verbs of recollection,
gratitude, blame, reproach, punishment: to remember, to forget, to thank, to
recollect, to excuse, to forgive, to reproach, to blame, to punish.
Thank you for helping me.
I’ll never forget taking this exam.
Note: but the perfect gerund may also be used after the above mentioned
prepositions and the verbs.
After having answered my question he left.
Suddenly he remembered having heard the name before.
2) The gerund of transitive verbs has voice distinctions: active and passive.
The use of the perfect passive gerund is very rare.
The active gerund points out that the action is directed from the subject, whereas the
passive gerund indicates that the action is directed towards the subject.
I hate interrupting people. -I hate being interrupted.
I'm not used to talking in that way. - I'm not used to being talked to in that way.
There are some verbs (to want, to need, to require, to deserve) and the
adjective"worth"which are followed byan active gerund with passive meaning.
Your hair needs cutting.
She deserves punishing.
Your shoes require repairing.
The film is worth seeing.
The gerund may be modified by an adverb.
I was surprised at his speaking English so fluently.
He objected to going there immediately.
3)
The
gerund
of
a
transitive
verb
takes
a
direct
object.
I walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
The boy has made progress in reading and speaking English.
In the sentence a verbal may occur.
a) singling (without accompanying words)
Eg. She went away smiling. - Она ушла, улыбаясь.
Reading is out of question, I can't fix my attention on books. - О чтении не может быть и
речи, я не могу сосредоточить свое внимание на книгах.
b) in phrase (i.e. with one or several accompanying words - an object or an adverbial
modifier to the verbal). The phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the
sentence. A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction. Between the
elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not include a noun or pronoun
expressed by a verbal.
Eg. Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter. - Чтобы не
тревожить сестру, он ничего не сказал ей об этом.
c) in predicative constructions.
Eg. She heard him open the door and go out the yard. - Она услышала, как он открыл
дверь и вышел во двор.
All the verbals can form predicative constructions. They consist of two elements: a
nominal (noun or pronoun) and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive). The verbal
element stands in predicate relation to the nominal element. That is to say it stands in the
subject and the predicate of the sentence. It most cases predicative constructions form
syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence.
Eg. The sat down to supper, Jerry still talking cheerfully. - Они сели ужинать; Джери
продолжал весело разговаривать.
―Jerry still talking cheerfully‖ is a predicate relation to the noun Jerry, which denotes the
doer of the action expressed by the participle.
Lexically non-finites do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically the difference
between the two types of forms lies in the fact that non-finites may denote a secondary
action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.
Non-finites possess the verb categories of voice, perfect, and aspect. They lack the
categories of person, number, mood, and tense.
None of the forms have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech,
neither nominal, adjectival or adverbial. In the sphere of syntax, however, non-finites
possess both verbal and non-verbal features. Their non-verbal character reveals itself in
their syntactical functions. Thus, the infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical
functions of the noun, which are those of subject, object and predicative. Participle I
functions as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier; participle II as attribute and
predicative. They cannot form a predicate by themselves, although unlike non-verbal parts
of speech they can function as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Syntactically the verbal character of non-finites is manifested mainly in their
combinability. Similarly to finite forms they may combine with nouns functioning as
direct, indirect, or prepositional objects, with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as
adverbial modifiers, and with subordinate clauses.
Non-finites may also work as link verbs, combining with nouns, adjectives or statives as
predicatives, as in: to be/being a doctor (young, afraid). They may also act as modal verb
semantic equivalents when combined with an infinitive: to have/having to wait, to be
able/being able to stay. So the structure of a non-finite verb group resembles the structure
of any verb phrase.
All non-finite verb forms may participate in the so-called predicative
constructions, that is, two-component syntactical units where a noun or a pronoun and a
non-finite verb form are in predicative relations similar to those of the subiect and the
predicate: I heard Jane singing; We waited for the train to pass; I saw him run, etc.
Резюме:
В этой статье рассматривается
Герундий и его основные функции в
предложении.Общее понятие о герундии, его признаки и свойства. Герундий –
особая грамматическая категория, не имеющая прямого аналога в русском языке.
Это неличная глагольная форма, выражающая название действия и обладающая как
свойствами
глагола,
так
и
свойствами
существительного.
По форме герундий совпадает с причастием
Герундий - наиболее своеобразная
неличная форма в системе английского глагола.
Тҥйіндеме
Бҧл мақалада идиоматикалық сӛздер тараған тілдік бірліктер, сӛздер мен
сӛйлемдер тҧрақты ҥйлесімділігіне іргелі қасиеттерін бірі болып табылады
идиоматикалық. Ағылшын сӛздерінің кӛптігі идиоматикаға тән . Лексикалық
идиома толық немесе ішінара семантикалық тҧтастығын бар сӛздің немесе лексика-
семантикалық вариант ретінде анықталады. Семантикалық тҧтастығы сӛздердің
қҧрылымдық және семантикалық қасиеттерін болуы семантикалық ретінде
кҥрделінуін білдіреді.
Bibliography
1. Vladimir Alimov Translation theory. Translation in the field of professional
communication: Textbook. Ed. 5th. - M .: Book House "LIBROKOM", 2009. - 160 p.
2. English-Russian dictionary. VK Muller, 13th ed. M .: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1967.
3. Big Oxford Dictionary of English, ed. AST 2005.
4. Comprehensive English-Russian phrasebook. Kunin AV, 4th Edition, Revised. And
add. - M .: "Russian language" 1984.
5. English-Russian phrasebook. Kunin AV, 4th Edition, Revised. And add. - M .:
"Russian language" 1984.
6. John Galsworthy. From "Five Stories" collection: "The first and the last" (translated by
G. Zlobin), "Color apple" (translated by R. Wright). - [Electronic resource] - Access
mode. - URL: http://lib.ru/INPROZ/GOLSUORSI/golsworthy12_3.txt Oxford American
Dictionary (En-En). By Oxford University Press, Inc. 2005.
7. LF Dmitriev, Kuntcevich SE, Martinkevich EA, Smirnova NF English for students.
Translation Course. Publishing Center "March" Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, 2005. - 304 p.
8. TJ Drozdov, Mailova VG Berestova AI English Grammar: Reference and Practice.
Version 2.0. - SPb .: Anthology, 2009. - 424 p.
9. Kaushanskaya VL, RL Kovner, Kozhevnikova ON, Prokofiev EV Reiners ZM,
Skvirskaya SE, Tsyrlina FY English grammar. Handbook for students of pedagogical
institutes and universities. Ed. 7th. - M .: The company "Start", 2007. - 319 p.
10. VN Komissarov Translation theory. M .: Higher School, 1990. - 253 p.
ӘОЖ 372.8:811.111
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF BRITISH AND
AMERICAN ENGLISH.
Магистрант Бухарбаева Гауһар Қайратқызы
Lexical items that reflect separate social and cultural development.
Education
School
Primary education, Secondary education in the United Kingdom, and Secondary
education in the United States
The naming of school years in British (except Scotland) and American English
Age range British English American English
Name Alternative name Syllabus Name Alternative name
1 - 4 Preschool (optional)
Nursery Playgroup Foundation Stage 1
4 - 5 Primary school Preschool
Reception Infants reception Foundation Stage 2 Pre-kindergarten
5 - 6 Year 1 Infants year 1 Key Stage 1 Kindergarten
Elementary school
6 - 7 Year 2 Infants year 2 1st grade
7 - 8 Year 3 Junior year 3 Key Stage 2 2nd grade
8 - 9 Year 4 Junior year 4 3rd grade
9 - 10 Year 5 Junior year 5 4th grade
10 - 11 Year 6 Junior year 6 5th grade
11 - 12 Secondary school Middle school Junior high school
Year 7 First form Key Stage 3 6th grade
12 - 13 Year 8 Second form 7th grade
13 - 14 Year 9 Third form 8th grade
14 - 15 Year 10 Fourth form Key Stage 4, GCSE High school
9th grade Freshman year
15 - 16 Year 11 Fifth form 10th grade Sophomore year
16 - 17 Sixth form (optional) 11th grade Junior year
Year 12 Lower sixth Key Stage 5, A level
17 - 18 Year 13 Upper sixth 12th grade Senior year
In the UK, the US equivalent of a high school is often referred to as a secondary
school regardless of whether it is state funded or private. Secondary education in the
United States also includes middle school or junior high school, a two or three year
transitional school between elementary school and high school.
A public school has opposite meanings in the two countries. In the US this is
a government-owned institution supported by taxpayers. In England and Wales, the
term strictly refers to an ill-defined group of prestigious private independent schools
funded by students' fees, although it is often more loosely used to refer to any
independent school. Independent schools are also known as private schools, and the
latter is the correct term in Scotland and Northern Ireland for all such fee-funded
schools. Strictly, the term public school is not used in Scotland and Northern Ireland
in the same sense as in England, but nevertheless, Gordonstoun, the Scottish private
school which Charles, Prince of Wales attended, is sometimes referred to as a public
school. Government-funded schools in Scotland and Northern Ireland are properly
referred to as state schools - but are sometimes confusingly referred to as public
schools (with the same meaning as in the US); whereas in the US, where most
public schools are administered by local governments, a state school is typically a
college or university run by one of the states.
University
In the UK, a university student is said to study, to read or informally simply
to do a subject. In the recent past the expression 'to read a subject' was more
common at the older universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. In the US, a
student studies or majors in a subject (although concentration or emphasis is also
used in some US colleges or universities to refer to the major subject of study). To
major in something refers to the student's principal course of study, while to study
may refer to any class being taken [26, 125p].
BrE:
"She did biology at Warwick." (informal)
"She studied biology at Cambridge."
"She read biology at Cambridge."
AmE:
"She majored in biology at Harvard."
"She concentrated in biology at Harvard."
At university level in BrE, each module is taught by a lecturer or tutor, while
professor is the job-title of a senior academic. In AmE, each class is generally taught
by a professor (although some US tertiary educational institutions follow the BrE
usage), while the position of lecturer is occasionally given to individuals hired on a
temporary basis to teach one or more classes and who may or not have a doctoral
degree.
General terms
In the UK, a student is said to sit or take an exam, while in the US, a student
takes an exam. The expression he sits for an exam also arises in BrE, but only rarely
in AmE; American lawyers-to-be sit for their bar exams, and American master's and
doctoral students may sit for their comprehensive exams, but in nearly all other
instances, Americans take their exams. When preparing for an exam, students revise
(BrE)/review (AmE) what they have studied; the BrE idiom to revise for has the
equivalent to review for in AmE.
Examinations are supervised by invigilators in the UK and proctors (or (exam)
supervisors) in the US (a proctor in the UK is an official responsible for student
discipline at the University of Oxford or Cambridge). In the UK, a teacher sets an
exam, while in the US, a teacher writes or gives an exam.
BrE:
"I sat my Spanish exam yesterday."
"I plan to set a difficult exam for my students, but I don't have it ready yet."
AmE:
In both the US and UK, college can refer to some division within a university
such as the "college of business and economics". Institutions in the US that offer
two to four years of post-high school education often have the word college as part
of their name, while those offering more advanced degrees are called a university.
(There are exceptions, of course: Boston College, Dartmouth College and The
College of William & Mary are examples of colleges that offer advanced degrees,
while Vincennes University is an unusual example of a "university" that mostly
offers only associate's degrees.) American students who pursue a bachelor's degree
(four years of higher education) or an associate degree (two years of higher
education) are college students regardless of whether they attend a college or a
university and refer to their educational institutions informally as colleges. A
student who pursues a master's degree or a doctorate degree in the arts and sciences
is in AmE a graduate student; in BrE a postgraduate student although graduate
student also sometimes used. Students of advanced professional programs are
known by their field (business student, law student, medical student, the last of
which is frequently shortened to med student). Some universities also have a
residential college system, the details of which may vary from school to school but
generally involve common living and dining spaces as well as college-organized
activities.
"Professor" has different meanings in BrE and AmE. In BrE, it is the highest
academic rank, followed by Reader, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer. In AmE
"Professor" refers to academic staff of all ranks, with (Full) Professor (largely
equivalent to the UK meaning) followed by Associate Professor and Assistant
Professor.
Among high school and college students in the United States, the words
freshman (or the gender-neutral term frosh or first year), sophomore, junior and
senior refer to the first, second, third, and fourth years, respectively. For first-year
students, "frosh" is another gender-neutral term that can be used as a qualifier, for
example "Frosh class elections". It is important that the context of either high school
or college first be established, or else it must be stated directly (that is, She is a high
school freshman. He is a college junior.). Many institutions in both countries also
use the term first-year as a gender-neutral replacement for freshman, although in the
US this is recent usage, formerly referring only to those in the first year as a
graduate student. One exception is the University of Virginia; since its founding in
1819, the terms "first-year", "second-year", "third-year", and "fourth-year" have
been used to describe undergraduate university students. At the United States
military academies, at least those operated directly by the federal government, a
different terminology is used, namely "fourth class", "third class", "second class",
and "first class" (the order of numbering is the reverse of the number of years in
attendance). In the UK, first year university students are often called freshers,
especially early in the academic year; however, there are no specific names for those
in other years, or for school pupils. Graduate and professional students in the United
States are known by their year of study--such as a "second-year medical student" or
a "fifth-year doctoral candidate." Law students are often referred to as "1L", "2L",
or "3L" rather than "nth-year law students"; similarly, medical students are
frequently referred to as "M1", "M2", "M3", or "M4").
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