Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
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and preterite-present verbs. The division into strong and weak verbs was based on the way the verbs built their principal forms. Let us compare the principal forms of the Old English strong verb helpan (help) and the weak verb macian (make): Present Tense /Infinitive Past Tense Participle II Strong helpan healp, hulpon (ʒe) holpen Weak macian macode (ʒe) macod It is seen from the table that the strong verb helpan had a different root vowel in each of its 4 forms; besides, every form is characterized by a specific ending. The weak verb macian did not change the root vowel; it added the dental suffix - d- and personal endings. Thus it follows that strong verbs in OE formed their principal forms by means of vowel gradation in the root. 24 Etymologically, strong verbs are older than weak verbs. All strong verbs were divided into 7 classes according to the character of the root vowel gradation. Class Infinitive Past tense, singular Past tense, plural Past Participle 1 wrītan „писать‟ wrāt writon written 2 cēōsan „выбирать‟ cēās curon coren 3 sinʒan „петь‟ sanʒ sunʒon sunʒen 4 niman „брать‟ nam nōmon numen 5 cweðan „сказать‟ cwæð cwǣdon cweden 6 faran „ехать‟ fōr fōron faren 7 hātan „называть(ся)‟ heht, hēt hehton, hēton hāten The number of weak verbs in Old English was bigger than that of strong verbs and was obviously growing. Weak verbs built their principal forms by adding the dental suffix, -d or -t , to the Present Tense stem. All weak verbs were divided into 3 classes; the variant of the dental suffix and the ending added to build the principal forms of the weak verb depended on the class to which the verb belonged. A peculiar place within the OE morphological system was taken by preterite- present verbs. Their present tense corresponded to the past of strong verbs, while their past was derived according to the past of weak verbs. Thus, in OE the present tense of the verb witan „know‟ was wāt for the Singular and witon for the Plural, while its past was wisse or wisste . In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in MnE: OE āʒ; cunnan, cann; dear(r); sculan, sceal; maʒan , mæʒ; mōt (MnE owe, ought; can; dare; shall; may; must ). Most of the preterite-presents did not indicate actions, but expressed a kind of attitude to an action denoted by another verb, an Infinitive which followed the preterite-present. In other words, they were used like modal verbs, and eventually developed into modern modal verbs. (In OE some of them could also be used as notional verbs). In OE there were two non-finite forms of the verb: the Infinitive and the Participle. In many respects they were closer to the nouns and adjectives than to the finite verb; their nominal features were far more obvious than their verbal features, especially at the morphological level. 25 The Infinitive had no verbal grammatical categories. Being a verbal noun by origin, it had a sort of reduced case-system: two forms which roughly corresponded to the Nominative and Dative cases of nouns. The Participle was a kind of verbal adjective which was characterized not only by nominal but also by certain verbal features. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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