Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»

28 
Masc. 
Fem. 
Neut. 
All genders 
Sing 
Nom. 
sē 
sēo, sῑo 
ðæt 
ðā 
 
Gen. 
ðæs 
ðǣre 
ðæs 
ðāra, ðǣra 
 
Dat. 
ðǣm, ðām 
ðǣre 
ðǣm, ðām 
ðǣm, ðām 
 
Acc. 
ðone, ðǣne 
ðane 
ðā 
ðæt 
ðā 
 
Inst. 
ðӯ, ðon, ðē 
- 
ðӯ, ðon, ðē 
ðǣm, ðām 
The use of the old Instrumental case could be found in adverbial expressions 
like “
the
more 
the
easier”. 
Although the usual meaning of 
sē, sēo, ðæt 
is 
the, 
it was originally a 
demonstrative pronoun, surviving in the Modern English demonstrative 
that. 
In Old 
English it was also used as a relative pronoun (
who, which, that
) and occasionally 
even as a personal pronoun (
he, she, it
). 
 
§5. The adverb 
The use of adverb in Old English is not very different from that in Modern 
English; in both, the adverb takes inflections to show degrees of comparison. There 
were, however, several inflections employed in Old English for the purpose of 
forming adverbs. Adding the Dative Singular ending 
–e
to an adjective formed an 
adverb, e.g. 
beorht
(bright) > 
beorhte
(brightly). The addition of this ending 
–e
to 
adjectives ending in the suffix 
-lῑс
, as 
glædlῑc
(glad) > 
glædlῑce
(gladly), resulted in 
lῑce
becoming an adverbial ending added to adjectives to turn them into adverbs, as in 
earnost
(earnest) > 
eornostlῑce
(earnestly). In time this became the most common of 
all adverbial endings, living in its shortened form as the adverbial suffix 
–ly
in 
Modern English.
Just as the Dative Singular ending was added, so was the Plural 
–um
, as in 
hwῑl 
“time” (MnE 
while
) > 
hwῑlum
“at times”. The Genitive Singular ending
-es
also had 
adverbial force, as in 
dæg
(day) > 
dæges
(by day). These inflections gradually 
disappeared, leaving the archaic form 
whilom
, in which the 
–um
is present in a 
modified form. The genitive adverb construction survived in expressions like 
He 
works evenings 
(more typical for the American variant of the English language).

жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb.

Достарыңызбен бөлісу: