Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
Participle I was formed from the Present tense stem (the Infinitive without the
жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
New ÐоÑгÑÐ»Ñ Ð.Ð. ÐоÑобие по оÑновам ÑеоÑии изÑÑаемого ÑзÑка
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- § 2. The Noun
Participle I was formed from the Present tense stem (the Infinitive without the endings –an, -ian ) with the help of the suffix –ende. Participle II had a stem of its own – in strong verbs it was marked by a certain grade of the root-vowel interchange and by the suffix –en; with weak verbs it ended in –d/-t. Participle II was commonly marked by the prefix ʒe -, though it also could occur without it, especially if the verb had other word-building prefixes, e.g.: Infinitive Participle I Participle II bindan bindende Ʒ e-bunden NE bind ā-drencan ā-drencende ā-drenced NE drown § 2. The Noun The noun in Old English had the categories of Number, Case and Gender. The category of number consisted of two forms: Singular and Plural. The noun had four cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative and Accusative. The category of gender was represented by three distinct groups of nouns: Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. The difference between them was grammatical rather than semantic. Yet, nouns indicating males were usually Masculine, and those indicating females – Feminine. E.g.: Masculine Feminine OE widuwa (widower) OE fæder (father) OE brōþor (brother) OE widowe (widow) OE mōdor (mother) OE swēostor (sister) But since the category of gender was grammatical rather than semantic, the gender of Old English nouns did not always depend upon biological sex, e.g.: mæʒden (maiden), wīf (wife), cild (child), instead of being Feminine or Masculine, were Neuter. Nouns indicating inanimate things were not always Neuter: stæn (stone), fōt (foot), mōna (moon) were Masculine, but hand (hand), dæd (deed), sunne (sun) were Feminine. Compound nouns followed the gender of their second element: wīfman (woman) formed from wīf (Neuter) + man (Masculine) was also Masculine. In late OE one can see some attempts to adjust the gender of nouns to their semantics: wimman began to be treated as Feminine instead of Masculine. The most peculiar feature of Old English nouns was their division into several types of declension, known as “stems”. 26 The names a-stems, o-stems , etc, have purely historical significance and point to the origin of the different paradigms, as the stem-suffixes cannot be distinguished in the nouns of written Old English. The division of nouns into declensions was as follows: a) strong declension - the declension of nouns with vocalic stems comprising a-stems, ō-stems, u-stems and i-stems , with some variants within the two former groups ( ja- and wa-stems , jō- and wō-stems ); b) weak declension – the nouns whose stems originally ended in consonants and including such stems as: n-stems,r-stems, nd-stems ; c) root-stems – the declension of nouns which never had any stem-suffix and whose root was, thus, equal to the stem. The division into stems did not coincide with the division into genders: some stems were confined to one or two genders only: thus a-stems were only Masculine and Neuter, ō-stems were always Feminine, others included nouns of any gender. Every declension was characterized by a specific set of case-endings. Within the declension there was further differentiation between the endings of different genders, so that the system of noun declensions in Old English comprised all over twenty paradigms. However, the relative importance of the declensions in the language was not the same, as some of the declensions were represented by large numbers of nouns, whereas others were confined to several words. The majority of Old English nouns belonged to the a-stems , ō-stems and n- stems . Nouns of other stems were far less frequent. Of special significance are the paradigms of a-stems , n-stems and root-stems whose traces are found in Modern English. We may conclude that the system of declensions in Old English in many respects lacked consistency and precision. Numerous homonymous forms occurred systematically or sporadically in all the paradigms. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|