Thus, a neologism is a newly coined word or phrase or a new meaning for an
existing word, or a word borrowed from another language. The intense development
of science and industry has called forth the invention and introduction of an immense
number of new words and changed the meaning of old ones, e.g. aerobics, black hole,
computer, hardware, software, isotope, feedback, penicillin, pulsar, super-market and
so on.
For a reliable mass of evidence on the new English vocabulary the reader is
referred to lexicographic sources. New additions to the English vocabulary are
collected in addenda to explanatory dictionaries and in special dictionaries of new
words. One should consult the supplementary volume
of the English-Russian
Dictionary edited by I.R.Galperin, the three supplementary volumes of The Oxford
English Dictionary, The Longman Dictionary of New Words and the dictionaries of
New English which are usually referred to as Barnhart Dictionaries. The first volume
covers words and word equivalents that have come into the
vocabulary of the English-
speaking world during the period 1963-1972 and the second-those of the 70s.
There is a considerable difference of opinion as to the type of system involved,
although the majority of linguists nowadays agree that the vocabulary should be
studied as a system. Our present state of knowledge is however, insufficient to present
the whole of the vocabulary as one articulated system, so we deal with it as if it were
a set of interrelated systems.
By a lexico-grammatical group we understand a class of words which have a
common lexico-grammatical meaning,
common paradigm, the same substituting
elements and possible characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical
meaning. These groups are subsets of the parts of speech, several lexico-grammatical
groups constitute one part of speech. Thus English nouns are subdivided
approximately into the following lexico-grammatical groups: personal names, animal
names, collective names (for people), collective names (for animals), abstract nouns,
material nouns, object nouns, proper names for people, toponymic names.
Another traditional lexicological grouping is known as word-families in which
the words are grouped
according to the root-morpheme, for example:
dog, doggish,
doglike, dogg), to dog, dogged, doggedly, doggedness, dog-days, dog-biscuit,
dogcart, etc.
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