1. Коммуникативтік құзыреттілік
Қазіргі кезде мәдениетаралық коммуникация облысында коммуникативтік құзырлықты
қалыптастыру шет тілін оқытудың мақсаты болып тұр. Бұл өзгемәдениет өкілдері мен тілдік
әрекеттестікке қабілеттің болуын меңдейді.
Оқушылар да ұлттық - мәденикомпонентті қалыптастыру тілін үйреніп жатқан елдің атақты
адамдары-мен, тарихымен, салт-дәстүрімен таныстықтан ғана тұрмайды. Бірінші кезектетура
қарым-қатынас жағдайында оқушы қажетіне жарайтын білім беру болып табылады.
2. Әлеуметтік-мәдени құзыреттілік
Әлеуметтік-мәдени құзырлық астарында «әлеуметтік-мәдени контексте пайдаланылған
тілмен таныстықтың біршама дәрежесі» жатыр. Студенттердің әлеуметтік-мәдени дамуында ана
тілімен туған мәдениетін және шет тілі мен өзге халықтармәдениетінқатар үйреніп жүреді.
Әлеуметтік-мәдени құзырлық үш блок білімнен тұрады: лингвоелтанымдық білім,
әлеуметтік-психо-логиялық білім және мәдениет танымдық білім. Лингвоелтанымдық білімдер
ұлттық-мәдени-семан-тикалық лексикалық бірліктер білімі және оларды мәдениетаралық
қатынас жағдайларында пайдалана білу дағдылары. Тілін үйреніпжатқан елхалқының
менталитетінің көрінісі ұлттық мақал-мәтелдер. Олар студенттерге халық қатынасы
ұстанымдары мен ережелері туралы, құндылықтары туралы, сөзге беріктігі туралы
жорамалдауға мүмкіндік береді. Әлеуметтік-психологиялық білім-берілген мәдениетте қалып-
тасқан коммуникативті лексиканы пайдалана отырып жүріс-тұрыстың әлеуметтік-мәдени
белгіленген сценарийін, ұлттық өзгеше үлгісін игеру.
Мәдени танымдық білімдер әлеуметтік-мәдени, тарихи-мәдени, этномәдени ортаның білім
және сол мәдениет иелерімен өзара түсіністікке жету үшін оларды қолдану шеберлігі.
3. Әлеуметтік-лингвистикалық құзыреттілік.Әлеуметтік-лингвистикалық құзырлық тілдің
әлеу-меттік-мәдени жағдай шарттарын пайдалануды көрсетеді (әртүрлі ұрпақ, жыныс, класстар
мен әлеуметтік топтар арасындағы қатынастың әлеуметтік нормаларға бағдарлау, салт
жораларды рәсімдеуге).
Диалект пен акцентке қатысты әлеуметтік лингвистикалыққұзырлыққа әлеуметтік топтардың
тілдік ерекшеліктерін, өмір сүру орындарын, шығу тегін, қызмет түрінанықтау қабілеттілігі
жатады. Мұндай ерекшеліктер лексика, грамматика, фонетика (сөйлеу мәнері, паралингвистика)
деңгейінде, сөйлеу мәнерінде, паралингвистикада, дене қимылы тілінде кездеседі. Әлеуметтік
лингвистикалық құзырлық аймағына педагогикалық қатынас ұйымдастыру мен нақты
педагогикалық жағдайды ескеру шеберлігі кіреді. Яғни мәдениет, дәстүрлердің әсерін
куәлендіретін тілдегі өзгешеліктер. Әлеуметтік ережелерге (әртүрлі жыныс, ұрпақ, әлеуметтік
топтарөкілдері арасындағы қатынас ережелері, жақсы әдеп ережелері, аталмыш қоғамда
қабылданған арнайы салтжоралардың тілдік бекітілімдер) байланысты әлеуметтік
лингвистикалық компонентәртүрлі мәдениет өкілдері арасындағы қатынасты тілдік дайындауға
зор ықпал жасайды.
Қорыта келгенде, шет тілін оқыту мазмұнының әлеуметтік -мәдени компонентіоқу
жағдайларында үлгіленетін кәсіптік мәдениетаралық әрекеттестікте зерттеулі социум
өкілдерінің құндылық бағдарлары, коммуникативті жүріс-тұрысының ұлттық-мәдени
өзгешелігі, өзге тілді тілдік ортадағы тұлға аралық және әлеуметтік интеграцияшарттары туралы
білімдерді көрсетуі керек.
1.
Пассов Е.И. Коммуникативный метод обучения иноязычному говорению, 2-е изд. - М.: Просвещение, 1991.
2. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация. – M.: Слово/ Slovo, 2008.
3. Қамбарова З.Ж.Шетел тілін оқытудатілдік университеттегітөменгі курсстуденттерініңәлеуметтік -
мәденибіліктілігін қалыптастыру .МагистрлікДиссертация, А,2010
4. Құнанбаева С.СҚазіргішет тілдік білім берудіңтеориясы мен практикасы. –Алматы: ҚазХҚ жӘТУ,2010.
5. Смағұлова А.С.Шетел тілісабақтарындамәдениетаралыққарым –қатынастыдамыту және лингво елта
нымдықақпараттар кезіндемәдениетаралыққарым–қатынасты үйрету әдістемесі. Магистрлік Диссертация, А.
2010.
6. Ариян М.А. Лингвострановедение в преподавании иностранного языка в старших классах средней школы //
Иностранные языки в школе 1999 - №2.
Аннотация. Основная цель обучения иностранному языку -формирование межкультурной и профессионально-
коммуникативной компетенции у студентов (обучающихся). Коммуникативно-направленное обучение иностран-
ному языку основан на комплексной интегративной целостности который состоит из лингвистического (языкового),
дискурсивного (говорение), социокультурного и других компонентов. То есть, лингвистический компонент обучает
учащихся использовать фонетические, лексические, грамматические явления изучаемого языка и установленные
закономерности в общении друг с другом. Дискурсивный компонент направлен на умении пользоваться языковыми
единицами, встречающихся в социокультурном контексте в процессе устной разговорной речи. Социокультурный
компонент обучает культуру, традиции, обычаи, государственное строение, законы, правила изучаемого языка и
правила поведения представителей языка. Формирование социокультурной компетенции основано на национально-
культурных различиях, которые отражаются в их образе жизни: общение с окружающими людьми, отношение к
пространству и времени; стиль учебно-профессиональной деятельности. В сегодняшнее время в области
межкультурной коммуникации формирование коммуникативной компетенции является главной целью обучения
иностранному языку. Это указывает на способность быть в языком содействии с представителями другой культуры.
Межкультурная коммуникация - это взаимопонимание двух участников коммуникативного акта, принадлежащих к
разным национальным культурам. Поэтому главная цель обучения иностранному языку - это приспособление
взаимопонимания между партнерами и межкультурной коммуникации. Учащиеся вместе со своим родным языком и
культурой изучают и иностранный язык с культурой другого народа. Также у студентов развивается умение
показывать свою культуру.
Ключевые слова. Социокультурная компетенция, лингвистический компонент, дискурсивный компонент,
социокультурный компонент, коммуникативная компетентность,коммуникативно-направленное обучение, социо-
лингвистическая компетенция, межкультурная коммуникация, социо-культурная компетенция, национальная куль-
тура, языковые средства, социо-культурный компонент, межкультурный диалог, познавательно-поисковые задачи.
Abstract.The main purpose of teaching foreign language is the formation of intercultural and professional-communicative
competency of students (learners). Communicatively-oriented teaching foreign language based on complex integrative
integrity which consists of linguistic (language), discursive (speaking), socio-cultural and other components. In this way,
linguistic component teaches a student to use the phonetic, lexical, grammatical phenomena of the studied language andset
conformities to law in intercourse with each other. A discursive component is directed on ability to use linguistic units,
meetings in a sociocultural context in the process of verbal colloquial speech. A sociocultural component teaches a culture,
traditions, consuetudes, state structure, laws, rules of the studied language and rule of conduct of representatives of language.
Formation of sociocultural competency is based on national and cultural differences which are reflected in their way of life:
socializing with surrounding people, attitude toward space and time; style of educational-professional activity.Nowadays in
area of intercultural communication formation of communicative competence is the primary objective of teaching a foreign
language. It specifies on ability to be in by a language assistance with the representatives of other culture. Intercultural
communication is the mutual understanding of two participants of communicative act, belonging to the different national
cultures. Therefore a primary objective of teaching a foreign language is adaptation of the mutual understanding between
partners and intercultural communication. Students together with the mother tongue and culture study a foreign language with
the culture of other people. Also ability to show the culture develops for students.
Key words:Sociocultural competence, linguistic component, discourse component, sociocultural component,
communicative competence, communicatively-oriented language teaching, sociolinguistic competence, intercultural
communication, socio-cultural competence, national culture, language tools, socio-cultural component, intercultural dialogue,
information-seeking tasks.
УДК: 378.016:811.111
LEARNING TO TEACH WITH CASES
А.Т. Әлжанова – магистрант, Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ
Resume
This article reflects onone of the interactive methods of teaching – case-study. The case method is a participatory,
discussion-based way of learning where students gain skills in critical thinking, communication, and group dynamics. Not
only does this approach raise the likelihood of greater retention—it also allows for learning that goes beyond the transfer of
knowledge to include the development of analytical, decision-making, and communication skills, and the cultivation of self-
awareness, judgment, and the capacity to lead.
Key words: case-study method, situational analysis of problem-solving.
Cases are narratives, situations, select data samplings, or statements that present unresolved and
provocative issues, situations, or questions. A good case study, according to Professor Paul Lawrence is:
«the vehicle by which a chunk of reality is brought into the classroom to be worked over by the class
and the instructor. A good case keeps the class discussion grounded upon some of the stubborn facts that
must be faced in real life situations». The case method is a participatory, discussion-based way of
learning where students gain skills in critical thinking, communication, and group dynamics. It is a type
of problem-based learning. Often seen in the professional schools of medicine, law, and business, the
case method is now used successfully in disciplines such as engineering, chemistry, education, and
journalism. Teaching and learning styles are, by their very nature, changing and in recent years there has
been a noticeable move from lecture-based activities towards more student-centered activities. Case
studies are an increasingly popular form of teaching and have an important role in developing skills and
knowledge in students.
It is now documented that students can learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning
process. The case study approach is one way in which such active learning strategies can be
implemented in our institutions. There are a number of definitions for the term case study. For example,
Fry et al describe case studies as complex examples which give an insight into the context of a problem
as well as illustrating the main point. We define our case studies as student centered activities based on
topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This definition of a case study covers
the variety of different teaching structures we use, ranging from short individual case studies to longer
group-based activities. Examples of different styles of case studies are given at the end of this guide.
There are a number of ways to develop case studies, some more successful than others. The following
list covers the main methods and also discusses other options and experiences external to our institution.
1. Developing a case study based on the research interests of staff. For example, the research area of
one of our lecturers is polymeric foams; he is now responsible for a sports and materials science case
study analyzing running shoe performance including the behavior of the polymeric foams in the soles.
We have found this to be a good method of case study development, as it is easier to locate resources for
the case study and the lecturer's in-depth knowledge and interest in the topic add to the case study.
2. Requesting students to develop case studies based on personal interests. This is a method we have
not tried, but is an interesting way to develop case studies and one promoted by Smith. However,
problems may arise when trying to involve students.
3. Develop from scratch, maybe following interests/ideas picked up from elsewhere. This approach
may involve contacting or visiting other institutions to find out what methods and topics they are using.
4. Involving external sources can add new dimensions to the learning activity. One of our case
studies looks at materials used in tennis equipment and we invite a tennis coach to brief the students on
the topic at the start of the case study. This has been well received by the students who felt it added
further insights into the topic. Another approach is to use real-life examples from industry such as
described by Raju and Sankerfor. Care is needed if an external lecturer is asked to develop the entire
case study to ensure they understand what is being requested of them.
5. Developing a case study to replace more traditional teaching on the same topic.The topics covered
in this case study were previously taught through lectures. We decided to adapt this part of the module
to a team case study approach that is continuously assessed with no examination question.We have
found the case-based approach to be a useful method to develop transferable skills. Key skills we have
embedded into our case studies include:
1. Group working. The benefits of group working are well documented, and we have found that a
team case study approach can add to the learning experience. Care is needed with group working
activities e.g. selecting group membership to ensure smooth group operation/training of students in
group working skills. This is particularly important for longer case studies.
2. Individual study skills. Case studies are a good vehicle for encouraging students to carry out
independent research outside of the lecture/tutorial environment.
3. Information gathering and analysis. Many case studies require resource investigation and
encourage students to utilize a number of different sources, i.e. Internet, library, laboratory results and
contacting experts in industry.
4. Time management. Longer case studies require students to really consider how best to carry out
the work so that it is completed to the set deadline. Interim meetings with academic staff ensure
progress is made during the case study rather than all the work being left to the last week.
5. Presentation skills. Most of our case studies require students to present their work in a variety of
formats, these include oral presentations, articles, posters and reports.
6. Practical skills. Some of our case studies involve practical work on the components that are being
studied. Feedback has shown that many students enjoy the hands-on approach.
It is all very well to promote case studies as a good form of teaching, but how do you evaluate
whether they are meeting the objectives set for them in terms of increasing student
enjoyment/motivation, content coverage and depth of learning? Evaluating students' learning can be
problematic but essential to ensure good teaching. Some suggestions for evaluation are as follows:
Questionnaire (closed questions): These ask for a specific answer ─ a circle round an option, items to
be ranked. There are many standard university versions of this type of questionnaire. This approach can
be cost-effective for processing the data and interpreting the results. However, they limit the responses
from the students to predetermined answers.
Questionnaire (open-ended questions): These allow students to fully explain their views and justify
their answers. However, it can take time to analyze and interpret the results. We tend to use this
approach, particularly with the introduction of new case studies, as we feel the questions evoke more
personal and informative answers from students.
Interviews and discussion: Tutorials and student liaison committees offer a good opportunity to
discuss the learning experience with students. If assessing a specific case study, it is often better to use a
member of staff who is not directly involved in the case study so that students do not worry that
negative feedback may affect their assessment.
Feedback from both student and lecturers has highlighted areas for improvement in our case study
teaching. Some of these will equally apply to other forms of teaching, for example problem-based
learning, small group tutorials, project work.
Group working. The subject of group working comes up time and time again in student feedback.
We originally provided no formal training for group work and soon recognized that this was an area we
needed to address.
Depth of learning. When examining student use of resources, we found that many of the research-
based case studies led students to derive all their information from the Internet. Whilst this is a valuable
resource we feel that it can often result in only surface learning. We have found that one way of
addressing this is to specify to students that we are expecting critical analysis in their work. Including a
practical component is also a useful way of achieving more in-depth study. Ensuring that there is
progression of learning skills development when using a series of case studies is important, rather than
repetition of the same skills.
The basic requirements for a successful case teaching experience are:
1.
an appropriate case
2.
students who are prepared to engage with the material in a discussion
3.
an instructor who knows the case, has a plan for the discussion, and ready to deal with the unexpected
situations.
To be most effective, use of the case method should be embedded in the course syllabus, so that learning to
learn in this way is one of the objectives of the course, and students have ample opportunity to practice their skills
as case discussants. Going through the following steps, in order, will help you achieve that goal.
In a case discussion, students «do» the work of the discipline, rather than watch or read about how it is done by
others. By engaging in the case, students apply the concepts, techniques and methods of the discipline and
improve their ability to apply them. Case discussions bring energy and excitement to the classroom, providing
students with an opportunity to work with the range of evidence, and improving their ability to apply the
vocabulary, theory and methods they have learned in the course. Introducing the case method, like any change in
pedagogical practice, represents an investment of faculty time and energy. Advantages of incorporating the case
method in a fully lecture-based course are best understood as part of the bigger case for active learning techniques
in general.
The case method gives students the ability to quickly make sense of a complex problem, rapidly
arrive at a reasonable solution, and communicate that solution to others in a succinct and effective
manner. In the course of doing this, the case method also accomplishes a number of other things, each
of which is valuable in its own right. By exciting the interest of students, the case method fosters interest
in professional matters. By placing such things in a lively context, the case method facilitates the
learning of facts, nomenclature, conventions, techniques, and procedures. By providing both a forum for
discussion and concrete topics to discuss, the case method encourages professional dialogue. By
providing challenging practice in the art of decision-making, the case method refines professional
judgement. By asking difficult questions, the case method empowers students to reflect upon the
peculiar demands of their position. The case method is a form of instructor-guided, discussion-based
learning. It introduces complex and often ambiguous real-world scenarios into the classroom, typically
through a case study with a protagonist facing an important decision. The case method represents a shift
from the traditional, instructor-centered model of education to a participant-centered one in which
students play a lead role in their own and each other's learning. Case method instructors use questions,
dialogue, debate, and the application of analytical tools and frameworks to engage students in a
challenging, interactive learning environment. Not only does this approach raise the likelihood of
greater retention—it also allows for learning that goes beyond the transfer of knowledge to include the
development of analytical, decision-making, and communication skills, and the cultivation of self-
awareness, judgment, and the capacity to lead. At its best, the case method enables students to develop
what Harvard Business School Professor Tom Piper calls "the courage to act under uncertainty." The
role of the case method instructor is captured by the Latin verb "educare"-to lead out. A good discussion
leader does not seek to cover material in the classroom, but instead to guide students toward
the discovery of critical insights and uncovering of broader lessons through thoughtful questioning,
listening, and responding. The case method instructor must be well-prepared for both the content
associated with each class session and the process for guiding the participant-centered learning
experience. Students act as co-creators of the learning process in the case method. They are responsible
for preparing the case in advance, first individually, and then often in small study groups. During the
class session, students are expected to participate as contributors and as listeners to help advance their
own learning and that of their classmates. Ideally, learning should continue after class as students reflect
on the discussion and apply insights and lessons in the broader context of their academic, professional,
and personal lives. The extensive preparation carried out by case method instructors prior to a class
session culminates in the real-time discussion of the case. Implementing the teaching plan involves
challenges and opportunities along two dimensions. On the one hand, the class flow provides a temporal
dimension to execution as the instructor moves through time from pre-class arrival, to the opening,
through sequences of questioning, listening, and responding, to transitions and, ultimately, to the closing
of the class. At the same time, there are discussion management issues that cut across the entire class
session, including the management of time, student participation and engagement, and the use of
boards.. A case discussion class is not merely an intellectual exercise, but also an emotional and
interpersonal experience that requires trust and collaboration. To develop and reinforce an effective case
learning environment, instructors should arrive early to the classroom before every session, at least ten
minutes prior to the scheduled start of class. This practice helps support the instructor's transition from
planning to execution, enhances the instructor's relationship with students, and provides time to prepare
the physical environment of the classroom. An early arrival allows the instructor to move
psychologically and emotionally from the self-focused nature of the teaching plan ("this is what I am
going to do") and concerns about teaching performance ("how well am I going to do?"), to become
immersed in, and connected to, the collective energy of the class.The additional time also strengthens
the relationship with students. It sends a powerful signal that the instructor truly cares for the students as
individuals, not anonymous members of the class. Talking informally with participants, instructors get
to know them better and have the opportunity to sense where they are in their hearts and minds on that
particular day.
From a practical perspective, early arrival makes it possible to attend to the physical environment of
the classroom. Pre-class preparation may involve organizing notes and papers for easy reference, setting
up videos or other resources, checking classroom equipment, and perhaps pre-setting one or more
boards with information the instructor would prefer to record in advance. By allowing ample time for
these activities, the instructor can avoid delaying the start of class or interrupting the flow of the session
to attend to logistical distractions.
Experienced case instructors evaluate class participation based on a student's contribution to the
collective learning during class discussions. Establishing objective assessments of these contributions
can be challenging. The quality of individual contributions relates not only to the content, but also the
delivery and timing of comments within the flow of the class discussion. More frequent participation is
often a positive factor, although excessive attempts to comment may lead to lower quality contributions
and may reflect a bias toward speaking over listening. In assessing participation, instructors should be
aware of the critical role they play in shaping student performance through calling patterns and the types
of questions and follow-ups they use with individual students. Also, the quality of the instructor's
participation tracking system may significantly affect the reliability of the overall performance
evaluation.
From a student perspective, the participant-centered nature of the case method generates greater
expectations and opportunities for feedback as compared to lecture-based pedagogies. As students
participate in class discussions, they receive immediate feedback in the form of instructor and student
responses to their contributions. This type of feedback, however, may be ambiguous and indirect,
leaving students uncertain as to the impact of their participation and how they might enhance their
effectiveness. To some extent, this is not a bad thing, since it encourages students to develop their own
capabilities for reflection and self-assessment. Students may actively seek additional feedback from
peers and the instructor outside of class. Ideally, instructors will be able to provide both evaluative and
developmental feedback in a manner that helps students discover further insights regarding their
strengths and opportunities for improvement.The most relevant indicators of success as a case method
teacher may only be available several years after the course has ended, as students apply what they have
learned in the classroom in their professional lives. In the meantime, instructors can continue to develop
their teaching effectiveness through openness to feedback, and learning by doing in an on-going process
of experimentation.
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