Литература:
1.
Шадриков В., Геворкян Е., Наводнов В., Мотов Г., Петропавловский А.О
видах высших образовательных учреждений. – М., 1996. – 250 с.
2.
Фрийхов В. Начало Нового времени: паттерны // Alma mater. – 1999. – №3. –С. 40-44.
3.
Майор Ф. Универсальный университет // Alma mater. – 1998. – №7. – С. 3-7.
4.
Хайдегтер М. Самоутверждение немецкого университета // Работы и
размышления разных лет. – С. 222-231.
5.
Карье Г. Культурные модели университета // Alma mater. – 1996. №3. – С. 28-32.
Сарсенбаева Б.И.
Қазіргі Қазақстандағы университеттік білім
Университеттік білім – бұл қағидатты да маңызды мәселе. Себебі бұл мәселе
тек өскелең жас ұрпақтың интеллектуалдық күш-қуатына әсер етіп қоймайды,
сонымен бірге Қазақстанның жалпы болашағын анықтайды.
Тірек сөздер: Білім, университеттік білім, қазіргі заманғы университет, білім жүйесі.
Sarsenbaeva B.I.
University education in modern Kazakhstan
University education is an important question of principal that influences not only
on intellectual potential of rising generation, but also on future of Kazakhstan.
Keywords: education, university education, modern university, system.
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
21
UDC:
37.01
Nurgaliyeva S. – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences,
Professor, East Kazakhstan State University
E-mail: sanianur@mail.ru
Kakabayeva D. – master of Education,
Kokshetau State University named after Sh.Ualikhanov
E-mail: dinara_s._82@mail.ru
Yespolova G. – master of pedagogy and psychology,
East Kazakhstan State University
E-mail: gulden.11@mail.ru
HUMAN CAPITAL IN KAZAKHSTAN: ESSENCE AND CHALLENGES
Annotation. In the present article we argue that nowadays the competitive ability of
a country is largely determined by the availability to apply modern tendencies and acquire
new competences. In this regard, the Kazakh economy is still experiencing a large number
of problems. One of the current issues one needs to consider is creating a more secure
labor market and introducing new human resource management standards.
Evidently in terms of an economy shift to an industrial –innovative type, human
capital turns to be a strategic resource for Kazakhstan. The issue about the generation of
new, bright and gifted specialists is currently on the agenda of the Kazakh government.
Taking into consideration the international experience in human resources area, and
attending to future economy’s needs we may expect that future development will be highly
oriented at harmonizing institutional approaches in human resource management as well
as at considering it as a longitudinal strategy of the country.
What matters is the recognition of the human resources as a significant factor for
the country’s competitiveness and success, treating it as the country’s key resource of
enhancing economic profit and social value.
Keywords: Human capital, investments, sustainable development, economy
competitiveness, industrial innovation.
Introduction. According to modern growth theory, the accumulation of human
capital is an important contributor to economic growth. Human capital plays a critical role
in economic growth and poverty reduction. From a macroeconomic perspective, the
accumulation of human capital improves labor productivity; facilitates technological
innovations; increases returns to capital; and makes growth more sustainable, which, in
turn, supports poverty reduction. Thus, human capital is regarded at the macro level as a
key factor of production in the economy wide production function. From a microeconomic
perspective, education increases the probability of being employed in the labor market and
improves earnings capacity. Thus, at the micro level, human capital is considered the component of
education that contributes to an individual’s labor productivity and earnings while being an important
component of firm production. In other words, human capital refers to the ability and efficiency of
people to transform raw materials and capital into goods and services, and the consensus is that these
skills can be learned through the educational system. That said, human capital development is
important for development for its intrinsic value as a development goal in its own right, not only
because of its instrumental value.
The integration of Kazakhstan into the world economy and its international
cooperation development largely increase the country`s competitive ability as well as
challenge its standards in financing science, education and healthcare. The new strategies
will help to set a favorable environment for a powerful intellectual, human capital growth.
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
22
In order to introduce these changes, the country needs to prepare a new generation of
skilled and creative specialists, a team of trained managers and high intellectuals.
In this domain, the Kazakh economy is still experiencing many problems. Firstly, we need to
consider creating a more secure labor market and secondly, introducing new human resource
management standards. Thereafter, the demands for human capital are constantly increasing.
The current issue acquires a special relevance for Kazakhstan considering the
country’s scarcity of population index in relation to its territory.
After the Soviet Union collapse Kazakhstan has increasingly suffered from large-
scale immigration of its own population. In the early 90s of the 20th century around 2
million people left the country. Those who fled were representatives of a high level human
capital, specialists in various fields of the national economy. As a result, the lack of high
skilled workers provoked regressive economical development and instability in the country.
Currently there have been developed special programmers and business plans of the
Strategy 2020 are especially important in the period of a new technological system transfer.
However, investing into the human capital development becomes a necessary but not
sufficient condition for the Kazakh sustainable development.
As far as the programmers “Strategy 2020” is concerned, its strategic priorities of
industrial–innovative modernization and upgrade should foster the developing of a policy
that aims at increasing economy competitiveness, modernization of the institutions and the
investment growth into the human capital [1].
Therefore, the country’s current objectives are to compensate for current gaps in a
short period of time, to outrun substantially the human capital level as well as to provide a
solid basis for innovative development.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the real possibilities of personnel due to the
low level of professionalism of employees with regard to the new issues of sustainable
development of Kazakhstan.
Background studies. Although the conceptual definition of human capital is clear, its
measurement is difficult because it is practically impossible to observe individual skill, and
even harder to design a metric that is comparable across individuals and countries. Thus,
various proxy measures of human capital have been proposed in the empirical literature,
such as literacy rates [2]; school enrollment rates [3]; years of schooling [4]; and test scores
[5]. While the literacy rate, which measures the proportion of the population who can read
and write, is an important measure of well-being, it does not measure the educational
attainment or skill level of the workforce. On the other hand, school enrollment rate is a
relevant metric only for school-age children and has little relevance for the workforce.
Although years of schooling can reasonably capture the human capital stock of the
workforce, this only reflects the quantity of human capital; it does not give an indication of
the skill level of the workforce. This brings us to test scores, an indicator of human capital
suggested by [6], which reflects the quality of education and is closely related to individual
skill. However, a problem with test scores is that it is very difficult to get a measurement
that can be reliably extrapolated for the entire workforce. Despite the vast number of various
international scientific resources, dedicated to human resource management issue, we still find a lot of
pending problems within it. First of all, one should consider the broad term «human resource» (HR)
and its vast rejection in some countries due to the reason that it is intolerable to equate people and
personnel with the managed and controlled “resources» [7, p. 59].
But this is purely a socio-psychological approach. From the economical point of
view, the term «human resources» (HR) is quite acceptable and is viewed as one of the
crucial factors for successful business operation. HR as well as financial and material
resources are commonly used in the production process.
So, we are constantly witnessing a continuous change, update and search for new
approaches, concepts, ideas in the area of human resource management as a key and
strategic resource of sustainable development.
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
23
Taking into account a variety of approaches to human resource management, the
differences in means and methods and its practical implementation, we argue on the
principle underlying the state-of-art conception of human resource management. What matters most
is the recognition of the HR as a significant factor for the country’s competitiveness and success,
treating it as the country’s key resource enhancing economic profit and social value.
Currently the main debate is concentrated on whether these are the human resources
or the human capital that are known to be found in hands of a manager.
The term “human capital” was first mentioned in the works by Shultz [8], whose
research interests were concentrated on underdeveloped states. He claimed, that in order to
improve the welfare of the disadvantaged states one should not rely on the land, technology
and its efforts only but on the knowledge itself.
The concept of human capital is crucial for Kazakhstan at a new stage of an accelerated
diversification of production and shift to the industrial–innovative type of economy. Needless to
mention, the sustainable development campaign will need a coherent and transparent approach.
According to Becker [9], human capital is an already accumulated stock of
knowledge, skills and motivation. The possible human capital investment areas are
education, enhancing professional experience, healthcare, internal migration and data
search. These investments promote high qualification, accumulate knowledge and improve
health and as an outcome lead to monetary income growth.
Education has been considered a key determinant of economic growth since the
introduction of Solow’s [10, p.72] growth model. Although Solow did not explicitly factor
in education in his growth theory, the central role of technology in his model provided the
impetus for the focus on education; after all, an educated population was necessary for
technological innovation. Nelson and Phelps [11, p. 84] made the link explicit in what they
termed “investment in humans”: workers needed education in order to utilize new
technologies (the development of which is considered exogenous), thereby increasing total
factor productivity and spurring economic growth. A few decades later, the endogenous
growth models played the central role of human capital in technological development and
economic growth. According to these new growth theories – such as Lucas [12, p. 15]; Romer [13,
p. 82]; Mankiw [14]; Barro and Sala-i-Martin [15, p. 18] – the accumulation of human capital
through education and on the - job training fosters economic growth by improving labor
productivity, promoting technological innovation and adaptation, and reducing fertility.
Another issue regarding studies on the relationship between education and economic
growth is the lack of consistency between human capital theory and empirical testing.
While the Solow and Nelson-Phelps models defined the basis of human capital theory,
testing them in practice has been a problem. Mincer [16] tested this relationship by
measuring human capital as years of schooling, and derived a log-linear specification for
output and schooling, respectively. This has been the traditional way returns to education
have been measured, as can be seen in the papers earlier mentioned. However, Hanushek
and Kimko [17] argue out that cognitive ability, as measured by achievement test scores, is
a more relevant measure of human capital, since cognitive ability directly relates to the
ability of a worker to implement technology, as required by the Nelson Phelps model. They
also point out that length of schooling is not comparable across countries because a year of
schooling in, say, Japan is not comparable with a year of schooling in, say, Bangladesh. On
the other hand, Schady [18] argues that the log linear specification – i.e., the assumed
Mincerian model of human capital–may be flawed, showing that returns to years of
education features significant convexities and sheepskin effects.
In short, human capital is the sum of knowledge, abilities, skills, values, personality,
ideas, motivation, behaviors and experiences owned and offered by the people within an
organization. All things being equal, the better the quality of an organization’s human
capital the more successful it will be. Experts now agree that human capital is the
fundamental factor of overall progress and long-term investment in human capital
development has effects on all levels: individual, organizational, national and global level.
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
24
Although the value of human capital or cost includes several components, the essential
active component is education and training. The extent of economic and social change in
contemporary society – a knowledge-based society - requires a different kind of approach
to education and training. This type of society requires a reconsideration of the importance
and role of human capital in the society and above all, education and training. Investing in
education and training means to promote growth, given that in the new knowledge-based
economy the basic factor of wealth is firstly, knowledge acquisition and use and not
material factors of production.
The empirical data. Evidently in the terms of economy shift to industrial –innovative
type, human capital is a strategic resource for Kazakhstan. The talented workers are on high
demand worldwide, at any workplace and position since within highly-competitive and
continuous cost optimizing conditions each worker’s contribution has a great influence on
the economy growth. The issue about the generation of new, bright and gifted specialists is
currently on the agenda of the Kazakh government.
The results of IMD World Talent Report 2014 prove that Kazakhstan for the very first time
has gained the 32 place among other 60 countries in the world competitiveness country rank [19].
The republic’s position in IMD rank is in the certain corridor since the year it started
participating in the rank. It proves its positive dynamics towards stabilization of a country’s economy
(2008 – 39
th
place, 2009 – 36, 2010 – 33, 2011 – 36, 2012 – 32, 2013 – 34, 2014 – 32).
However, these positive tendencies do not exclude the coming socio-economic
transformations with its difficulties and challenges.
The dramatic difference between the urban and rural living conditions and
insufficient social and special mobility of population that result in the significant
stratification of society largely prevent the country’s development.
The World Economic Forum research confirms this data. The respective report
contains two main indices GCI (Global Competitiveness Index) and BCI (Business
Competitiveness Index) on the basis of which the countries are ranked.
The Table 1 presents Kazakhstan evaluation data in the global competitiveness
ranking (The Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015) [20].
Table 1. – Kazakhstan rating estimation change depending on the number of
countries taking part in the rating
Number of countries
rated
Year
GGI
Place
Points
133
2009-2010
67
4,08
139
2010-2011
72
4,18
142
2011-2012
72
4,18
144
2012-2013
51
4,38
144
2014-2015
50
4,4
Note: compiled by the authors on the basis of World economic forum data
According to the World economic forum estimates, in 2014 the economy of
Kazakhstan has strengthened. According to Business Competitiveness Index ranking, the
country climbed 50th position among 114 countries. In other words, the country’s
competitiveness level has risen up 22 positions ahead.
We have identified a number of changes in the latest data compiled by the
Committee on Statistics of Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan №
41-7/ 494 12 November 2014 – the number of the economically active population at the age
of 15 and over in the third quarter of 2014 was 9.1 million people, which 0.7% bigger than
in the corresponding period of 2013. In the republic 8.7 million people had been in
employment, or 68,3% from the total number of population aged 15 and over. The number
has increased to 70.9 million people (0,8% over) comparing to the third quarter of 2013.
The 5.9 million people, i.e. 68% of working population, pursued higher, vocational
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
25
or special education. The share of employed women that received high and vocational
education is higher comparing to men.
Economically active employed population is young people that actively study and
keep pace with all modern changes. Nonetheless, they represent a vulnerable group of
society that suffers from risks. It is connected primarily with such factors, as a scarce length
of employment and a lack of work experience.
For instance, the number of unemployed ( people aged 15 and over that did not have
income source, were actively looking for it and were ready to start working) in the third
quarter of 2014 was 458,1 thousand people and has been reduced comparing to the
corresponding year of 2013 down to 10,2 thousand people (2.2%). The unemployment rate
came to be 5.0% (the third quarter of 2013 – 5.2%).
The human resource development is also determined by the quality of education in
the country. However, young people tend to perceive education as a way to obtain a
diploma for the sake of it (quite often with knowledge and skills insufficient for the
required level). Such approach to education results in low level of tuition that proves to be
insufficient for effective economy advancement.
The research conducted by Mozharovа [21] accounts for the above mentioned
arguments. The majority of interviewed experts (70%) endorse the on-going reforms in
education, where 53.3 % are sure that these reforms can raise the level of country’s human
resources professional development. The other group of experts opposing to the reforms
claim that the undertaking these will not prove beneficial due to the low professional level
of the reformers (50%) as well as out-dated content of education (50%). Among the other
remarks concerning current reforms in the educational field are: inability to satisfy the need
in professional staff, the absence of qualification development system for various technical
professions, poor linkages between educational establishments and employees etc.
The low marking of staff training in the countries was based on the following grounds:
the lack of interest or opportunities for staff training among employees, the lack of
financial capacity of the workers (77,1%), poor skills and abilities of university graduates
(57,1%), absence of a system for training and retraining of personnel (34,3%), lack of
worker’s motivation (22,9%).
As the survey findings showed, in the last 10 years 67, 6% of the interviewed have
never taken part in advanced re-skilling trainings, 18,1% - participated only once, 12,9% -
several times, and only 13,1% received it regularly.
According to the author, the main obstacles are: lack of priority for long-life learning
policy among staff and employees, a poor thought-out of policies, lack of skilled workers
for its fulfillment. As a result, a modern educational system of Kazakhstan is viewed as
ineffective at all its levels. There is a problem of access to education; two thirds of the
respondents do not have possibility to pay the tuition fee due to a low income.
Reaching for a comparative analysis, there has been implemented a study of received
value judgments in relation to the similar data of previously conducted research projects.
According to the findings of the company advisor Fuad Gadjiev from the Energy
Research Centre of the joint stock company “Nazarbayev University” the vast majority of
HR-specialists and business executives (67%) practice employing the recent university
graduates. In doing so, almost one third of Kazakh companies (30%) while re-equipping
their staff prefer to hire experienced workers. In the meantime Kazakh recruiters often
mentioned that the CEOs are not eager to employ young professionals without previous
work experience [22].
Also, it is to be noted that a vast majority of young graduates prefer not to develop
their expertise in the fields such as science, education, healthcare due to low pay rates. Young degree
holders have nothing else but get employed at various enterprises and be simply used a labour force.
Needless to mention, that a large number of graduates remain unemployed.
That is why one of the main priorities of innovative development of Kazakhstan is a
creating a strategy for developing human resources. Reformation of such sectors as science,
БҚМУ Хабаршы №3-2016ж.
26
education and healthcare at the national level should be regarded as the prior area of
capitalization of human potential in the independent Kazakhstan.
Conclusions. All in all, the article discussed the increasing role of human capital and
its impact on Kazakhstan’s sustainable development. While searching for new tools
enhancing the effectiveness of sustainable development, we should consider the need for a
state to invest into human resource development with its subsequent capitalization and
receiving maximum benefit from this investment. Taking into consideration the
international experience in human resources area and prospective needs of Kazakhstan’s
economy, it is expected that future development will be highly oriented at harmonizing
institutional approaches in HRM as well as at considering it as a longitudinal strategy of the
country. What matters most is the recognition by the Kazakh authorities of the human
capital as a significant asset for the country’s development and success, treating it as a key
resource of optimal economic performance and social value.
The employers need to realize the importance of human capital and recognize it as
critical to strategic success and competitive advantage of their business. Thus, all the
Kazakh companies should create a human resources department headed by the HR director
and staffed with a number of talented and efficient associates.
Human resources management is about attracting, selecting, orienting, training,
developing and evaluating the performance of employees. Contemporary HRM and
development processes include: task analysis; job description; establishment of productivity
standards; recruitment and selection of the most suitable employees; proper orientation and
training; performance appraisal; employee development and motivation.
Taking into account a variety of approaches to human resource management, the
differences in means and methods and its practical implementation, we argue on the
principle underlying the state-of-art conception of human resource management. What
matters most is the recognition of the HR as a significant factor for the country’s
competitiveness and success, treating it as the country’s key resource enhancing economic
profit and social value.
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Available at Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |