Wars were to Force Others Doing His Will
War means conflict between two or more States which contrasted with the conflict
as "border skirmishes" or conflicts are temporary (Wells, 2005) (Latour, 2002). War
involves a country that fought against another State and not to a person, ranging from
individual or to a group in the country concerned (John A. McHugh, 1984). The essence of
war: War is nothing but a duel on a larger scale. The sense war involves two or more
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parties facing each other wherein each using physical force trying to force the other side to
do his will (Clausewitz, 1984). Thus Spake War is an act of force to compel our enemy to
do our will. War is an act of violence to compel the enemy submit to the will of a person or
group (Grossman, 2015), (Gabriel, 1987). That condition is the only way to be done to
achieve the desired objectives; therefore the war was a conflict between the interests of
large, which settled with bloodshed. War is an art not a science, Clausewitz said that what
distinguishes a war with another activity is the organized use of force causing bloodshed is
inevitable. No two wars are identical. No two wars are really Identics one another, this is
due to the characteristics of war will always be determined by the achievement of a
balance between the three elements in one country, namely: People, Military and
Government, referred to as The Paradoxical Trinity.
According to the researchers the purpose of the war solely to conquer enemies and
disarm. In practice there are three important factors that should be taken into account
separately distinguishable and affecting the war aims, among others: Armed Forces,
Countries, The Enemy's Will. It has been agreed that the purpose of any warfare in which
military activities are led and must be dedicated to the political objectives correctly, it was
found that the purpose of any warfare are very varied in accordance with the wishes of the
political and environmental conditions at the time (Clausewitz, Howard and Paret, 1984).
Origin of Allowable War Theory (Keegan, 1993), the majority of philosophers or
intellectuals theology agree that St. Augustine is the originator of the permissibility of war
(Neste, 2006). St. Augustine insists that the defense of his own lives and property can not
be and never can justify the killing of others. Love, ethics and morality in religion is an
underlying motivation. But when a problem regarding the state of a State has the obligation
to manage the security and welfare of its people, the bonds that underlie a country has the
right to declare war. While St. Thomas Aquinas, the greatest theologian and philosophy in
human history states that all the people being in the shade of the State is obliged to obey all
the rules set by the government, except on matters that are contrary to "God's law". For St.
Augustine (Lenihan, St. Augustine, 1988), the only reason that can justify war is to defend
the nation with the goal of peace that is threatened by serious destruction. The motivation
for a war is very important for St. Augustine; he stated that the passion for inflicting harm,
the cruel thirst for vengeance, an unspecific and Relentless spirit, the fever of revolt, the
lust of power, and such things, all these are Rightly Condemned in war.
War to Seize Economic Resources of Rich Region
Theories about the importance of the battle to seize the economic area based on the
theories of power, according to some expert opinion: Machiavelli XVII century, any way
permitted to seize and retain power, was passed for political provocations to maintain
power, in politics; certainly the strong survive and win (Machiavelli, 1921). Napoleon
Bonaparte XVIII century (Schneid, 2011), According to him, the war of the future is
exerting war effort, national strength. He argues that the political forces should be
accompanied by powers fields of logistics, economic, social, cultural, science, and
technology in order to strengthen defense and security in occupying a territory (Jean,
2013). General Clausewitz XVIII century, states in his book entitled "Vom Kriegen"
(Clausewitz, Hahlweg, 1991) about the war, that war is the continuation of politics. For
him the war is legitimate done to achieve the goal of a nation (Clausewitz, 1984). Fuerback
and Hegel stated that the description of the success of a country is how big surplus
economies, especially how much gold owned by the State. Vladimir Lenin XIX century
(Richman, 1981) in his History of Russia, Communism, and Lenin did favor or oppose war
of Communism? War is the continuation of politics by violent means. Bloodshed or
revolution is valid worldwide.
Some theories agreed the importance of the battle to seize the economic territory,
and are the right way. To take back the area that has been controlled by other States, can be
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done by means of warfare. Many fertile areas economically prosperous want to be seized
and controlled by other countries to obtain economic benefits. Many state governments
basically wanted to dominate the region that rich and abundant of natural resources to
improve their economic welfare.
Japan invaded the territory of Indonesia looking for oil, starting from the region of
Tarakan, East Kalimantan, which is the largest producer of oil in Indonesia, Balikpapan
area, Ambon, Kendari, and Pontianak can be controlled in the same month by the Japanese
Army. In February 1942 Japan also managed to dominate the region Palembang (I
Nyoman, 1975). On March 5, 1942 the Japanese overran the territory of Batavia. After
successfully mastering over Indonesia, Japan divides Indonesia into three parts, among
others: First, the area I consists of Java and Madura based in Jakarta and ruled by Rikugun
Sixteenth Army (Army). Second, the region II consists of Sumatra headquartered in Bukit
Tinggi and governed by the Second Army-five Rikugun. Third, Region III consists of
Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali and Nusa Tenggara South Second Fleet ruled by
Kaigun (Navy) based in Napier (Kartodiardjo, 1997: 176).
War to Seize the Economic Opportunity
The purpose of the war was for control of strategic regions usually economically
and politically. War was the imposition of the will of the state to the state attacker who
fought to always obey the state landlady. War usually also use economic means to destroy
the enemy state, done in various ways, such as economic blockade, halting economic
relations activities, halt exports and imports of goods and services to the State enemies.
Boycott means prevention purchase of imported goods in a wide range of products such as
food, clothing, shelter, weapons, or production machines.
Many of the events that show the relationship of war by economic interests, among
others: In 1596 the Dutch came to Indonesia in the Banten region under the command of
Cornelis de Houtman want to master Indonesian territory by means of war to acquire
natural resources spices such as cloves, cinnamon, tobacco and simultaneously want to
master Indonesian territory which at the time was not yet independent. Dutch forcely
taking the natural wealth of Indonesia has direct consequences on the economic life of the
people of Indonesia. The community's economy is very bad, and very dependent on the
Netherlands. All natural resources was colonized by the Dutch and brought to the
Netherlands for resale at a price many times over. The results are the Dutch economy
increased, otherwise the people of Indonesia economy collapsed because of losing the war.
In the 70s of Timor Portugal experienced a civil war (Kamah 2010) (Meshach,
2014) due to economic and political problems, the people of that State claimed not to be
considered by the government of Portugal to experience poverty, coincidentally the region
bordering the eastern region of Indonesia. While the case of war and economic crisis,
Indonesia tried to control the territory and fight for control of the main economies in the
Timor Gap oil. Many Indonesian citizens are victims of the war; the State of Timor
Portugal eventually became the territory of Indonesia, and then named the new province of
East Timor. Although it has been ruled by Indonesia, East Timor, but the region is still
ongoing conflict between the residents of the pros and cons of the Government of
Indonesia, so there were still frequent turmoil of war by residents pro Portugal against pro
Indonesia demanding economic welfare respectively. In 1992, future President BJ Habibie,
the UN held a poll. Finally province Timor Timur preferred independence and become the
new State of Timor Leste. Timorese society assume economic growth when it became part
of Portugal or Indonesia are not giving any prosperity, while the region has plenty of
natural resources as the State assets to be able to increase the economic growth of the
country.
The reality of war and Economic Progress
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Some of the data were due to the economic progress of the war. In the 18th century
the world economy began to grow, these conditions can be observed with the start of hectic
trading activities in many countries. development of the world economy beginning of the
industrial revolution Britain could encourage the growth of per capita income and the
world economy (Godechot; 1989) that are listed in the following table:
Table 1
The development of the 1990 World Population Per Capita Income
Year
World
population
(Million)
World GDP
(US $, Billions)
Income per capita
(US $)
1870
1913
1950
1973
1995
1.260
1.772
2.512
3.897
6.672
1.128
2.726
5.372
16.064
29.423
895
1.539
2.138
4.123
5.188
Sources: Furtado, Celso, 1994
The figures in Table 1 show the growth of GDP and income per capita of the world
population. GDP was rapidly increasing world population of about 25-fold from 1870 to
1995. However, GDP growth is not evenly distributed among the entire population of the
world, but can only be enjoyed by most nations of the world who live in parts of
continental Europe. The data shows that Europe's ability to develop its economy better
than people of other countries. European nations are better able to seize and control the
territory of other nations bigger so more able to gain economic prosperity when compared
with other nations. This opinion is supported by a wealth of data per capita income nations
of the world are listed in the following table.
Table 2 below illustrates the comparison of per capita income of the new countries
that enjoy the development of the world economy based on the results of World War such
as Western Europe, other European regions, and Russia in 1894 to 1895, 1938 and 1949.
Table 2
Comparison of per Capita Income As a result of World War
Region
1894-1895
1938
1949
New Countries
301
325
628
Western Europe
186
201
228
Other European regions
100
100
100
Russia
65
79
142
Sources: Furtado, Celso. 1994.
A combination of the figures in table 1 and table 2 shows that the countries of
Western Europe are better able to develop the economy and enjoy well-being better than
new countries such as Asia and Africa. Eastern countries in Asia and Africa have not
enjoyed economic growth as a result of the world war. These facts indicate that the
militarily powerful countries like Europe and America is more capable of carrying out a
war to seize territory and better economic progress.
Economic development strategy in Western Europe focus on to maximize the GNP
through the accumulation of capital and industrial, though the strategy has not been able to
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solve the economic problems in Newly Developing Countries for the decade 1950 to 1960
(Meier and Rouch, 2000).
Thus war is not always bad for the economy, even war can change the world
economy to grow and evolve into more powerful countries, especially in science and
technology in the capital to enjoy the effects of war for economic progress (World
Development Report, 1999). Iraq war fueled by competition over resources interests of oil
producers Invasion of Iraq was driven by oil (Greenspan and Adams, 2007).
The war had Destroying the Economy
The destruction of the world economy due to world war could happen because of
the relationship between European countries with colonized countries they left off after the
end of World War II. Most countries in Europe use the economic system that depends on
the countries of the former colonies to spur economic growth in the country. European
countries rely on satellite countries in Asia to fill the trade, the main activities of the
satellite countries, among others, a market for industrial products made and sold by
European countries. While the satellite countries exporting natural resources to Europe as
raw materials in the European industry. For European countries of Asia are driving the
natural resources industry products Europe, and a favorable market for European industry
products. After the end of World War II, many countries of the former European colonies
became independent and began to build the country's own economy.
Was actually war is a need? (Bingham, Chandler, Taplin, 2012) War is able to
change the political system, political competition and social conditions of the country's
economy is at war. Many losses caused by the war. There are the disadvantages of
economic, social, political, and cultural during and after the war. War can lead to negative
social and moral decadence so. Usually the most losses are the rabble (Encyclopedia of
Indonesia, 1997). Meanwhile the businessmen and politicians have been able to enjoy
upheaval conditions during the war and after the war (Rosalina, 2014). And experts say
that much harm to the people of war should not have happened.
War victims
Historical data show that although there were many casualties, but the war
continues because behind the events of war are economic opportunity. The parties to the
dispute and tried to seize the control of the targeted area for the expansion of the territory
of the colony for the sake of economic progress.
The number of war victims had not counted, but the war activities continued as if
human life is precious. 2,000,000 victims in 1978 Afghanistan war, victims of the Iraq war
in 2003 227,000 people, Boko Haram uprising in 2009 in Africa involving Nigeria,
Cameroon, Niger, Chad casualties 20,000 people, the Syrian civil war in 2011 320,000
victims, war victims Donbass in Ukraine in 2014 6334 people, the uprising in countries of
the North Caucasus 2009 European 3,069 victims of people (Wikipedia, 2015).
War Costs Very Expensive
A war needs a lot of money to spend. Costs incurred during the war are huge, but
even considering the war continued for reasons of economics and business interests. Costs
incurred for the efforts of the struggle for power, the struggle for territory, differences
ideology, political interests and economic interests is very expensive, but still must be paid.
Though war disadvantage, but remain to be done. Increased interest in business and
economic advantages which make the war continues.
After the Second World War the next battle continues. In 1990 there was the
invasion of Iraq to Kuwait. Iraq's post-war economic slump against Iran, pushing Iraq
invaded Kuwait. Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of Iraqi oil have taken as much as US $
2.4 billion (Hanish, 2013). World oil prices further down because Kuwait and the United
Arab Emirates to flood the world oil supply. Iraq is relying on oil as the main commodity
was devastated. Iraqi funds expended during the war against Iran and other needs such as
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increasing the supply of weaponry foreign debt reached US $ 75-80 billion (Mofid,
Kamran, 1990).
ISIS war in the Middle East, ISIS or the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, has waged
a war for control of oil fields, destroying the country's economy in the Middle East and
disrupt international trade between the Middle East countries. Two countries of Iraq and
Syria suffered the greatest loss as a result of the war. World Bank has reported the effects
of losses caused by the war in Syria, and the activity of ISIS makes six Arab countries
suffered a loss of US $ 35 billion. Lebanon and Jordan also suffered a significant loss (Sab,
2014) in the number of business, communications, finance, insurance, real estate and
transportation. In Iraq alone, ISIS has made productivity and national income per capita
fell by 5%. While Egypt is not affected by direct losses from the war, but the per capita
income of the population has been reduced by 9% due to the loss of trading activity.
Turkey also experienced the same thing, especially in business services and construction
which caused losses estimated at US $ 1.6 billion (Shaheed, 2014).
Conclusion
War used by the attacker country and the politically powerful military to seize and
control of natural resources in one region. War seizure of territory rich in natural resources
could make the country into a war winner getting richer in economics and business, could
have a broader market to sell their products, could have a political and economic alliance
broader always defend the interests of the state of war winner. Many powerful countries in
the world regard the importance of a strategic region with abundant natural resources,
politically controlled; satellite state policy always followed a policy of state support and
the landlord.
Subdued state of war became a satellite state of the conqueror. The country is a
market for the sale of industrial goods winner of the war. It is also an instrument to reduce
inflation in the country landlady, by way of lending money to the conquered country to
spread satellite reasoned social assistance and investment. Conquered territories also
become a supporter of the state of the landlord at the United Nations when voting
rulemaking.
But war can lead to the destruction of any party to the conflict. Casualties, and the
material is not counted, the environment is damaged, appears insecurity. War aims to
master, retaining property rights or to obtain more power for the benefit of richer future.
Not easily become richer through warfare that requires enormous costs to purchase various
weapons. If losing the war, the cost of the missing disappeared and did not return. War is
also aimed at achieving global political hegemony by maintaining territorial integration.
Competition countries and groups of countries at war used as a means to strengthen them,
subjecting the will of the parties considered the enemy, psychologically and physically,
involving oneself and others, either in groups or individually. In addition to positive
effects, the war also has negative effects for those who lost the battle and the winner of the
war. There is nothing good in war.
Recommendations
Every country should eliminate the desire to start a war in order to get extra
possessions. Better organize cooperation between countries can improve the economy and
other countries, improve international relations between countries to maintain peace
throughout the world. War becomes a valuable lesson for the people and rulers of the
world to a more moral, concerned with the rights and obligations of human remains
prosperous life without wars that afflict and economic turmoil that cause poverty on one
hand and on the other hand raises welfare. Economical turf war can be avoided by creating
economic production cooperation between the state capital rich countries rich in natural
resources and human resources.
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The division results of economic investment cooperation should be mutually
beneficial to all parties involved work together. Strong desire of the state to always receive
the profits greater should be avoided. They do have the money and technology, but it does
not mean to gain greater. They do not have natural resources. Owners of natural resources
should also be given the opportunity to obtain the same advantages with the right investor.
Technology and money is useless if you do not have a region rich in natural resources.
Both sides have each the same opportunity. So both parties to negotiate mutually respect
the rights of each opportunity. Each party is ethically having the right to obtain the same
section during the ongoing economic cooperation business.
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