particles. 28. One has to make separate assumption in cach single ease.
29. It was on the basis of the electrolytic dissociation theory that the factor
/ was shown later by Arrhenius. 30. It is not uninteresting to note that the
subject of osmotic pressure of clcctrolytcs is discussed on the basis of the
theory put forward in 1883. 31. One should never forget that the Phase
Rule is based on thermodynamical considerations. 32. Unfortunately, this
formula is based on a number of assumptions which ncccssarily restrict its
applicability. 33. It should be admitted that the behaviour of matter at
-273°C is practically inconccivablc to us. 34. The behaviour of gases and,
to a less extent, the behaviour of liquids can, thus, be accountcd for. 35. The
authors were the first to endeavour to investigate the behaviour of liquids
and gases from the physical standpoint. 36. The behaviour of several gases
has been investigated but no definite conclusion could be drawn. 37. It is
not unlikely that when mercury and water arc brought together the two
liquids will remain side by side. 38. If alcohol and water be brought together,
complete miscibility takes placc. 39. The relation enables us to calculatc к
quite easily. 40. Lord Kelvin calculated that when the air spacc between
them was 1 O
'5
cm, the attraction was 2 grams weight. 41. One can calculatc
by Gay-Lussac’s law, what the density would be. 42. Let us now calculatc
the equilibrium constant for the above case. 43. It is essential that tlic ease
of mixed crystals of thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate should be taken
here. 44. Take the case of iodine and benzene. 45. In ccrtain cases, one
could find that in the mixed crystal one of the components would have a
smaller molccular weight than in the ordinary case. 46. Whatever reasons
may be given, Henry’s law is a particular case of the distribution law.
47. Whatever considerations may be presented, the case is different with
organic colloids. 48. If the experiment be earned out at a very low
temperature, hydrogen is found to behave like other gases. 49. The work
carried out is based on ccrtain relationships which proved to be incorrect.
50. Unless otherwise specified, the analyses arc carried out in an analogous
manner. 51. A scries o f freezing point determinations at various
concentrations was carried out which is consistent with the data from the
literature. 52. A further addition of phenol causcs a second liquid phase to
be formed. 53. Refer oncc more to Figure 2, it is seen therefrom what
made the gas concentrate in water. 54. A very striking confirmation of the
dissociation theory was afforded by the work o f Ostwald on the
permanganates in aqueous solutions. 55. Suffice it to say, this has been
confirmed in the case of the salts of quinic acid only. 56. It is small wonder
that the observed changc of degree of dissociation is likewise satisfactory
confirmation of the law of mass action. 57. In the present chaptcr, the
systems will be considered in which combination between compounds
can occur with the formation of definite compounds. 58. There arc three
separate curves to be considered in the ease of sodium sulphate and water.
59. Consider one molcculc moving in a straight line. 60. One might consider
253
gases simply as systems o f small particles. 61. The substancc obtained is
believed to be cither an impure form of Ag;0
3
or a basic sulphate of
tripositivc silver. 62. The residue left after most of the liquid air had boiled
away consisted largely of oxygen and nitrogen. 63. To obtain phosphoric
acid, one must dissolve the oxide of phosphorus in water. 64. To balance
an equation, the formulas of all reactants and products must be known.
65. The acidity of solutions is often expressed in terms of pH; the lower
the pH, the more acid in the solution.
66
. No precipitate forms unless the
value o f the ion product for the mixture is greater than Kps for the salt
being considered. 67. To destroy sulphur compounds, Courtois added
sulphuric acid, and on one eventful day in 1811 he must have added it in
cxccss.
68
. Bunsen’s early cacodyl researches were followed by a study of
blast fumacc gases. 69. It was not until 1870 that Bcrthclot began to study
the explosive force of powders. 70. Having added the ncccssary amount
of sulphur to bromine and mixed the solution obtained with icc, wc obtained
hydrogen bromide. 71. Compounds o f phosphorus arc likely to be reduced
by hot carbon. 72. Catalysts accelerate the reactions that otherwise would
be too slow. 73. Soon after hearing of the discovery of argon, Lccoq dc
Boisbaudran predicted that it might belong to a family of absolutely inert
elements, all o f which were then unknown. 74. Whether our observation is
of significance remains to be proved. 75. Should the Sun cease to give us
heat, the air and the whole surfacc of the earth would slowly cool off.
76. The pcrfcrritcs arc rather stable in alkaline media, but when acidified
evolve oxygen, the iron being reduced to the tripositivc state. 77. These
striking properties made him suspcct the presence of a new element. 78. For
many purposes, it is desirable that water should be pure. 79. Bccausc of
the complications introduced by operating at elevated temperatures it was
d ear that the reaction o f silver nitrite with alkyl halides ought to be
conducted at as low a temperature as possible. 80. The first step in the
reaction appears to be the formation of ferrite, which is followed by
atmoshpcric oxidation of the iron. 81. Increasing temperatures iip to 50° С
and high alkali concentration favour ferrate formation. 82. Upon washing
these plates with a little distilled water, one obtains the substancc in the
pure state. 83. For one substancc to dissolve in another their molcculcs
must attract cach other strongly. 84. Copper and gold oxides arc weak
bases, the basic charactcr decreasing as the atomic weight rises. 85. The
liquid a substancc dissolves in is callcd a solvent.
86
. That coppcr comcs
off the anode in the tripositivc form is confirmed by calculations involving
the anodic loss of weight and Faraday’s law. 87. The discovery of spectral
analysis increased Bunsen’s fame enormously and led to his being callcd
to Berlin.
88
. Having cooled the concentrated solution of naphthalene in
hexane wc obtained white precipitate of pure naphthalene. 89. During the
remaining years o f his life Franhofcr continued his studies o f spcctra
without ever realizing the significance of the lines which today bear his
name. 90. None of the fourteen colourless gases studied showed lines.
9 1. It was Bcrthclot who, starting from the elements, synthesized the various
hydrocarbons. 92. The initial rate is only slightly aflcctcd by the acid
concentration, or by the ionic strength of the solution. 93. Three products
arc likely to be formed by the clcctrolytic reduction at a lead cathodc.
94. Experiments similar to those just described were performed in aqueous
medium in the presence of various coordinating agents. 95. On adding
barium chloride reagent to the reaction mixture white barium sulphate is
formed if nitrite is present. 96. It was well known among silver miners
that a ccrtain ore found as a white mineral, horn silver, turned dark upon
exposure to sunlight. 97. In the early years of the scicncc o f chcmistry a
substancc was acccpted as an element so long as no reaction showing it to
be a compound had been observed. 98. To vaporize means to changc a
solid into a vapour by heating it. 99. Different elements consist of different
kinds of atoms, the most significant being their weights.
1
00. Mendeleyev's
succcss in working out the Periodic Tabic was largely due to the exhaustive
study he gave to the properties of the elements. 101. The explosion of a
mixture o f hydrogen and chlorinc might have occurred, had the ncccssary
precautions not been taken in time. 102. The policy of some countries
seems to favour agriculture more than all other employments, which results
in particular development of agricultural chcmistry. 103. The cathodic
reduction of Yb(IH) in a cell of a type similar to that used for the production
o f dipositive europium results in the formation of Yb(II). 104. The
spcctroscopc shows the outer atmosphere of the Sun to consist largely of
hydrogen. 105. Ramsay continued to search for other inert gases, and in
this he was aided by his assistant, Morris William Travers. 106. No
conclusion can be drawn as to whether chlorination occurred at the 9*position.
107. Tlircc presently unknown ionic spccics have to be prepared and
studied for a complete examination to be possible. 108. When an clement
exists in more than one form, it is said to be allotropic. 109. To measure
any quantity is to compare it with something already known, taken as a
standard. 110. This phenomenon is the more pronounced, tlic more non*
homogeneous the metal.
1 11
. Had the method of clcctrolytic reduction
o f the nitrobenzene been employed, the yield o f aniline would have been
considerably higher. 112. To separate the thorium from iron, this
precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 113. This group being inert
to most reagents, it is impossible to hydrolizc it. 114. Upon being warmed
with conccntratcd sulphuric acid, the ion is decomposed with the
liberation o f oxygen. 115. The alkali metals do form positive ions.
116. Hydrogen is placcd by itself in the periodic tabic bccausc its chcmical
behaviour is not closely similar to that of any other clement. 117. It is an
experimental fact that two fluorine atoms will combinc to form a diatomic
molcculc F;. 118. It was while systematizing his ideas for his famous
textbook, Principles o f Chemistry, that D. 1. Mendeleyev devised his
periodic tabic. 119. If Avogadro’s hypothesis had been accepted, chcmists
would have been spared half a ccntury of confusion. 120. Titanium seems
to combinc all the best properties of steel and aluminium with other
valuable ones of its own.
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