Нурканова А.Н. - студент, специальность «Финансы»
АО «Финансовая академия», г.Астана
ailananurkanova@mail.ru
Докеев е. М. – студент, специальность «Финансы»
АО «Финансовая академия», г.Астана
dukeyev@mail.ru
Научный руководитель: к. филол. н., и.о.доцента Кущегалинова
ROLE OF INTERNET IN OUR SOCIETY
Nowadays internet technologies has been developed intensively. It helps people to accept
information immediately and communicate with people from all over the world. Using Internet
makes our life easier and more comfortable. However, nonsufficient usage of it can make damage
to our society.
Internet can be considered as the largest base of knowledge. There are many websites which
are ready to help us for free such as Google, Yandex, Yahoo and other. This research project will
reproduce top three worldly used websites such as Google, Youtube and Facebook.
Google is the most widely used search websites which was founded by Larry Page and Sergey
Brin in 1998. It takes the 1st place not only between searching, but among all websites. Google
now processes over 40,000 search queries each second, which transforms to over 3.5 billion per
day and 1.2 trillion searches a year.
Despite Yandex and Baidu grows faster than Google, the distance between Google and other
websites is large.
394
In 1999, Google was building an index of 50000000 pages in period of one month.
In 2012, the same task was achieved in less than one minute. 16% to 20% of questions that are
asked every day have never been asked before. Every questiontravels 1,500 miles to a data center
and back to return the answer to the user. A single Google question uses 1,000 computers in 0.2
seconds to get an answer. Google earns about 700$ a second.
Next one is YouTube. It is the largest video-sharing website. Users are able not only to watch
but also share their own videos. The website was created by three PayPal employees in 2005. In
2006 Google bought it for $1.65 billion.
The first video “Me at the zoo” was uploaded ten years ago, it was about a man in zoo looking
at elephants and talking about them. The month after YouTube was created it had three million
visitors. And after a year it had 38 million visitors. Today, there are about 140 million videos.
Every day people view more than two billion videos.
The video with the most number of views is “Gangnam Style” (2307000000+ views). In
addition, it is the most “liked” video on YouTube with over 2.2 million likes.
The video with the most number of views which is not a music video is “Charlie Bit My Finger”
(838000000+ views).829440 videos are uploaded every day.It would take more than 1,700 years
to watch all videos on YouTube.
The longest video lasts for 571 hours, 1 minute, and 41 seconds. The video is about one man’s
trip to Chili. About 44% of users are female and 56% are male.Some countries have blocked
YouTube, for instance, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, and
Turkey.Top 10 YouTube viewing countries are:
Facebook is a corporation and social network, created by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004.Let us see
the statistics:
395
Five new profiles are made each second.There are about 76% female and 66% male users.There
are about 83 million fake profiles.600000 hacking attempts to Facebook accounts occurs every day.
Every minute: 510 comments, 293,000 statuses, and 136,000 photos are uploaded. Facebook
has more monthly active users than WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram combined.
Interesting facts are the following. The most popular person on Facebook is Cristiano Ronaldo
with more than 109000000 likes.
A photo of Obama and the First Lady has the most likes of all time (4410548 likes).It is possible
to change the language into “pirate”, if the basic English has annoyed.
The study of Michigan University seemed to suggest that looking at other people’s Facebook
posts – often happy or bragging about achievements or accomplishments – may make people feel
more dissatisfied about their lives.
Facebook’s now iconic blue-and-white color scheme is the product of Mark Zuckerberg’s own
color blindness. A 2010 New Yorker profile revealed that the company’s CEO has red-green color
blindness. So Facebook’s cool blue is a color that works for him. In the article, Zuckerberg asserted
that “blue is the richest color for me . I can see all of blue.”
The most popular page in Kazakhstan has Fynn Jamal with 385188 fans. On the second place
is Sabina Altynbekova (277472 fans). Some people have been murdered because they did not add
someone to friends.
Nobody can block Mark Zuckerberg. There are more U.S. users, than U.S. citizens that voted
in the last election.
References:
1. Dougherty, C. Google to Reorganize in Move to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator/ The New
York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
2. facebook.com
3. Carlson, N. At Last – The Full Story Of How Facebook Was founded. 2010.
Рахманова А.Т., Аскаров Д.А. – студенты 1курса, специальность
«Финансы», «Менеджмент»
АО «Финансовая академия», г.Астана
daulet_askarov97@mail.ru
Научный руководитель: Кучербаева Д.К., магистр, преподаватель
THE USE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTICULTURAL
EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Nowadays a multicultural education in the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the main directions
in the educational system since the education is a critical step in the process of formation and
development of a multicultural nation. In fact, the Eurasian roots of Kazakhstani people allow to
connect the Eastern, Asian, Western, European flows and create multicultural Kazakhstan, thereby
making multiculturalism in Kazakhstan is a progressive factor in the development of the whole
society [1; 131]. Thus, The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev sets
the high standards for national education; the graduates must become competitive, highly qualified
396
specialists being able to continue their studies in foreign universities abroad.Teaching foreign
language as a mean of intercultural communication is a topical issue in the modern society.In fact,
it should be noted that almost all language policy document sare made up with the purpose to
acquire and master several languages.In this context, understanding of the role of languages forces
us to raise the issues of improving the language teaching methods. For example, in the Concept
of education system development in Kazakhstan till 2015 it was stated that: “Knowledge of the
native language, Russian as well as foreign ones broadenshorizons and promotes students’ personal
development”[2].It is worth mentioning that in accordance with a new concept of foreign language
education in Kazakhstan, English language is included as a compulsory course in a primary school
curriculum.This paper aims to present an application of creative approach in English language
teaching process, namely the use of phraseological unitsin the classroom settings.
Language has phraseological units that express its wealth, beauty, mentality and originality.
Idioms are soul and livelycharmof a language [3; 3].The use of phraseological units in English
lessonshas great cognitive value that helps to maintain students’ interest in language learning
process and facilitate the understanding foreign language and its culture. It can be suggested that
many phrases could have the same meaning in three languages Kazakh, Russian and English,
although theirdirect translation could vary.
For example:
To make a mountain out of a molehill;
Делать из мухи слона;
Туймедейді түйедей ету;
To be left holding the bag;
Остаться с носом;
Тақияда тамтығы қалмау;
They are hand and glove;
Водой не разлить;
Араларына ала жіп түсті;
East or west, home is best;
В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше;
Қайран менің өз үйім, кең сарайдай боз үйім;
To twiddle one’s thumbs; to waste time;
Бить баклуши;
Ас ішіп, аяқ босатар;
Everything comes to him who waits;
Терпенье и труд все перетрут;
Ерінбеген арыстанның аузындағысын алады;
Promise little, but do much;
Меньше говори, больше делай;
Арык сөйлеп, семіз шық;
To dance to someone’s tune;
Плясать под чью-то дудку;
Кұлдың ұру;
Stubborn as mule;
Упрямый как осел;
Бір сөзге тұру;
To “show” someone; to do someone in;
Показатьгдеракизимуют;
Есесін.
The same trend is observed in the following phraseological units in Russian and English:
1. Buy a big in poke– Купить кота в мешке.
397
2. The rotten apple injures is neighbors-Паршиваяовцавсестадопортит.
3. A knowing old bird – Стреляный воробей.
4. To kill two birds with one stone- Убить двух зайцев.
5. Raraavis- Белая ворона.
Moreover, it is worth mentioning that in English language as well as both in Russian and
Kazakh, birds and animals are commonly mentioned nouns in proverbs and sayings. Sparrow,
crow, falcon, dog, eagle, horse (horse), fish and cat are the most frequently mentioned ones among
birds and animals. Interestingly, that the word “pig” contains a negative concept which means
stupidity, arrogance, ignorance in Kazakh and Russian mentality, whereas in English its meaning
is neutral. Moreover, among the most popular animals in English proverbs are a donkey and a bird,
while in Russian and Kazakharea wolf and a mouse [3;26].
Such comparison of English, Kazakh and Russian phraseological unitssuggest that there is a link
between a languageand a culture. Moreover, learning English phraseological units in classroom
settings helps students to maintain their interest in English language and culture [3;27].
References:
1. Tran Dinh Lam (2013). Multicultural education – important strategy of Kazakhstan // Modern
natural sciences success. – 131
2. [Полиязычное образование – важнейшая стратегия развития Казахстана // Успехи со-
временного естествознания. – 131]
3. The Concept of ethnocultural education of the Republic of Kazakhstan on July 15, 1996 №
3058 [ОКонцепцииэтнокультурногообразованиявРеспубликеКазахстан]
4. YeleusizovaSaltanat (2005).Unpublished project work: Phraseological units in Kazakh,
Russian and English. Republican scientific conference among schoolchildren. Almaty [Фразеоло-
гизмы в казахском, русском, английйском языках].
5. Jack Tresidder (2005) The Complete Dictionary of Symbols– 154
Садуақасова К.Қ., Абдуова А.С. - студентки, специальность «Экономика»
АО «Финансовая Академия», г. Астана
korkem_0109@mail.ru
Научный руководитель: Кучербаева Д.К., магистр, преподаватель
APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE SHIFT
Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation (i.e. consisting
of bilingual speakers) gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other [1].
From the 1960s the process of language shift has become one of the interesting topics to
investigate by linguists, sociologists, sociolinguists, anthropologists. The earlier studies on
language shift were concerned with establishing its common patterns of causality such as migration,
urbanization, industrialization, assimilation [2]. Macro-sociological factors alone are not sufficient
enough to explain and predict language shift phenomenon, other researchers adopting ethnographic
observation approach, suggest that the social changes might influence people’s perceptions of
themselves which in fact, provoke shifting away from their mother tongues towards majority
language [2]. Gal [3] studied language shift from Hungarian to German in Austria. She states
“what is of interest to know is not weather industrialization, for instance, is correlated to language
shift, but rather: By what intervening processes does industrialization, or any other social changes
in the uses to which speakers put their languages in everyday interaction?” [3].
In the concept of ethnicity approach, abandoning of one’s language in favor of the other language
is closely related to the stigmatized one’s ethnic identity. In Dorian [4] it is indicated that Gaelic
language, having a low social status was associated with being ‘a fisher’, therefore the shift from
398
Gaelic language towards English was fostered as people ceasing to speak it as to avoid of being
stigmatized. Kulick notes that it is not always the case when the concept of ethnicity might explain
the abandoning one’s language in language shift process, since in some communities. The language
shift from Taiap towards Tok Pisin in the village of Gapun in Papua New Guinea, was analysed
in terms of people’s ideological transformations in new way of understanding themselves [5]. The
Gapuners embracing a new ideology of Christianity, modernity and knowledge, are ceasing to
speak in Taiap language, which is linked to paganism and backwardness.
Much of the descriptive foundation of modern linguistics is based on studies of dying languages,
particularly in the indigenous languages of the New World. Language death, however, has been
seen until recently as providing the linguist with more nuisance than opportunity. The sense of
urgency, the difficulty of finding “good speakers”, the impossibility of adequate variation studies,
all plague the linguist. In the last few years, however, dying languages have been found to offer
many opportunities, particularly in the study of universals in language change and the relationship
of linguistic structure to the functions of language. In order to test some of these methods and
hypotheses, we are working in Nahuatl-speaking communities in Central Mexico. Nahuatl (known
to most of its speakers as “Mexicano”, and as “Aztec” to many linguists) has nearly a million
speakers, distributed in hundreds of communities, ranging from isolated semi-speakers in Mexico
City itself to nearly monolingual Nahuatl towns in remote areas. Thus quantitative study and study
of diversity of functional range are both possible. Written records in Nahuatl date to the sixteenth
century, making possible comparison of today’s peasant language with the language of the late
Aztec empire and the early conquest period, when Nahuatl was used Jane Hill and Kenneth Hill in
the administration of the Spanish empire in Mexico [6]. The most striking feature of the research
in terms of investigation the language shift phenomenon is the relexification from Spanish of the
Nahuatl spoken in this area. This relexification is of extraordinary salience in the attitudes of the
people themselves toward their language, and is probably contributing to the decline of its use.
This results contradicts the previous studies on language shift on hispanisms in Tlaxcalan Nahuatl
reported by Bright and Thiel [7]. We believe that the difference is due to the more natural context
in which our data were elicited.
Thus, this paper reviews the studies of the researchers who have studied macro-sociological
factors and those who applied the ethnography method. For example, Gal considers the Hungarian-
German language shift phenomenon in-depth with the application of conversational analysis
whereas Kulick applied ethnography in the villages of new Guinea. Other researchers Hill and
Hill [6] raised the investigation of the issue of how language became extinct.
References:
1. Maya Ravindranath, University of Pennsylvania “Language shift and the speech community:
Sociolinguistic change in a Garifuna community in Belize” (January 1, 2009). Dissertations
available from ProQuest. Paper AAI3405395. http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/
AAI3405395. Accessed 15/04/2016
2. Kucherbayeva, D (2015) Instrumental VS Symbolic dimensions in language shift. Unpublished
MSc dissertation in Applied Linguistics. The University of Edinburgh.
3. Gal, S. (1979). Language shift: Social determinants of linguistic change in bilingual Austria
(Language, thought, and culture). New York: Academic Press.
4. Dorian, N. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
5. Kulick, D. (1992). Language shift and cultural reproduction: Socialization, self, and
syncretism in a Papua New Guinean village (Studies in the social and cultural foundations of
language; no.14). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Jane Hill and Kenneth Hill (7, Bailey, C. J. (1973), “The patterning of language variation”,
in: Varieties of Present-Day American English, ed. by R. W. Bailey and J. L. Robinson. New York,
Macmillan. Bright, W, Dressier, W. (1972), “On the phonology of language death”, Proceedings of
the Chicago Linguistic Society 8:448-57.]
399
7. Bright and Thiel [New York, Macmillan. Bright, W„ and Thiel, R. W., (1965), “Hispanisms
in a modern Aztec dialect”, Romance Philology 18:444-52.]
Хамитов А.М. – студент 1курса, специальность «Экономика»
АО «Финансовая академия», г.Астана
khamitov.aidar@mail.ru
Научный руководитель: Кучербаева Д.К., магистр, преподаватель
SOME ASPECTS OF CODE-SWITCHING IN BILINGUAL COMMUNITIES
What is the significance of code-switching in the daily life? In many occasions, people use code-
switching without being aware of it, especially in their daily conversations. Sometimes they use
it as it became people’s daily routine and more rarely it is employed for specific purposes, such as
telling jokes, strengthening the tone, and so on. These code switches occur by the involvement of
two languages. They are not arbitrary since they may depend on the situation of the conversation,
the topic of the conversation, the emotional aspects involved, the language preference of the
speaker and the need to express the own identity. Bilingualism and especially code-switching
were long considered as “a sign of linguistic decay” [1, 133].It was claimed that bilinguals are not
able to acquire two languages properly and language mixing was often considered ungrammatical.
However, both negative and positive views on the consequences of bilingualism have been studied
and many studies showed positive evidence on bilingualism and code-switching. In recent years,
many researchers agreed that code-switching even results from complex bilingual skills and is a
natural communicative strategy [2]. In this report, some results on the previous research on the
issue of code-switching in some bilingual communities are reported at the theoretical level to
provide a general overview on this wide-spread linguistic phenomenon.
According to the code switching in the group of Serbian-English bilinguals in the US, it was
determined that the structural convergence in Serbian is currently in progress way [3, 476]. Moreover,
the code switching data has indicated that this process of structural convergence is not complete or
absolute, which means that Serbian utterances were changing from non-English influenced structural
frames and morphological deviations (inflections) to structures with noticeable convergence in the
leveling and loss of inflectional paradigms in both in monolingual Serbian and in code-switching
utterances of the bilingual Serbian. As a solution for this occasion, M.Savie [3, 487-490] stated
that the MLF (Matrix Language Frame) is the only model of code-switching, which provides the
alternatives in order to minimize the patterns that occur in less stable bilingual communities.
Another research on code-switchingissue is done in Korean community where speakers tend to
switch to English language [4, 64].The analysis also applied Matrix Language Frame model as the
most applicable one to investigate code-switching phenomenon from its grammatical prospective.
However, the model seems to be not covering all the occasions that occur in the Korean-English CS
due to its unclear dichotomy between the EL (Embedded Language) and ML (Matrix Language).
Lee stated two reasons of CS in Korean. The first one is those bilinguals who have been exposed to
two languages from birth, and another one is the short exposure to the second language. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the communications and relationship influence the properties of particular
cases of the bilingualism.
The paper on code-switching in Persian- English applied the main three principles of the
MLF model: “the Uniform Structure Principle”, “themorpheme order principle”, and “the system
morpheme principle”. As a result, MLF model was considered as satisfied method, suggesting that
Persian-English CS to be “classic” type of code-switchingphenomen [5, 346-350].
In terms of the research on code-switching in Kazakh sociolinguistic context the following
seems to be worth reporting. Thus, according to Muhamedowa [6, 353-356], the Russian causal
400
conjunction (потомучто) and the complemetizer (что) are commonly used in the speech of the
bilingual Kazakh. Moreover, she presented three subordination techniques such as finite clause,
conjoining and juxtaposition, and supposed that the finite clause is correlated with Kazakh people.
However, the data analysis provided the inverse result to the hypothesis, where no case of the non
finite causal clauses were found. Furthermore, it can be stated, that the Russian conjunctions have
displaced Kazakh conjunctions due to their rare usage. Finally, this code switching, especially
insertion of the Russian conjunctions are leading to the gradual decrease of the Kazakh non-finite
subordination and the increase of the Indo-European subordination pattern.
On the other hand, in Kucherbayeva[7] it is argued that Kazakh-Russian code-switching is
the ‘classic’ type of code-switching according to the MLF concepts. Therefore, there was no
morphosyntactic influence from Russian to Kazakh language. Moreover, the impact is suggested
to be at the lexical level only. The classic type of code switching gives a variety of opportunities to
Kazakh language morphosyntax to produce the utterance framing by Kazakh ML. As a result, it was
stated that Kazakh- Russian long-term language contact has no expansion of the mixed language
variety, according to the MLF testing principles. In addition, Russian language has noticeable
impact on the Kazakh language at the lexical level only, which means that Kazakh language still
protects and preserves its own morphology and syntax, and acts as ML in the Kazakh-Russian
code-switching.
References:
1. Grosjean F. Bilingualism, biculturalism, and deafness. International Journal of Bilingual
Education and Bilingualism. 2010;13 (2):133-145. doi:10.1080/13670050903474051.
2. Bayley R, Schecter S. Language Socialization In Bilingual And Multilingual Societies.
Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2003.
3. M.Savie J. Structural convergence and language change: Evidence from Serbian/English
code-switching. Journalscambridgeorg. 2016. Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/
displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4177788&fileId=S0047404500018984 . Accessed April
14, 2016.
4. Lee M. An Analysis of a Common Structure in Korean-English Code-Switching: A Test of
the Matrix Language Framework. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education. 1997;3(1):53-68.
Available at: http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED416718 . Accessed April 14, 2016.
5. Rahimi M, Dabaghi A. Persian–English code-switching: A test of the Matrix Language Frame
(MLF) model. System. 2013;41(2):322-351. doi:10.1016/j.system.2013.01.023.
6. Muhamedowa R. The use of Russian conjunctions in the speech of bilingual Kazakhs.
International Journal of Bilingualism. 2009; 13(3):331-356. doi:10.1177/1367006909346613.
7. Kucherbayeva D. (2015) Kazakh-Russian code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame
(MFL). MSc essay on Language and Identity in Bilingual settings. The University of Edinburgh.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |