профессиональная компетентность.
competency.
312
PECULIARITIES OF COLLOQUIAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
IN THE ENGLISH AND KAZAKHLANGUAGES
Д. К. Шалова
НУО Экономический лицей, г. Астана, Dikosy-94@mail.ru
As it is known nowadays the knowledge of an English language is an integral part of an educa-
tional system in Kazakhstan. In order to know a foreign language as an advanced speaker, it is impor-
tant to start at an early age that was emphasized in one of the messages of the President Nursultan-
Nazarbaev. In the process of learning any foreign language we have to listen to songs, see videos or
watch films and even play games in English. Due to all of these today students know a lot of colloquial
words and expressions not only in the Kazakh, Russian languages but also in English. Nearly every-
one use them in everyday speech.
As the author of the book “Usage and Abusage” E. Partridge proposes most of the words of any
language are characterized by ambiguity. This is true for the words of the literary language, as well
as for colloquial lexical units - colloquialisms which held intermediate position between the literary
language and slang in the English language [1, p. 54].
1
Colloquial vocabulary is being studied more intensively, because the literary language and speech
are investigated thoroughly, while colloquial speech contains a large amount of characteristics inher-
ent in itself only, which should be carefully considered.
Colloquial vocabulary is diverse in its semantics and structure; it is out of place in the literary
speech. Analysis of colloquialisms used by contemporary American, British and Kazakh authors, as
well as materials of special colloquial dictionaries illustrate this position.
Multidimensionality and heterogeneity of colloquial vocabulary are evident when analyzing the
oral speech containing spoken lexical units, as well as neutral words, which actually exceed colloquial
words.
According to S.B. Flexner, colloquial vocabulary is about 10% of the words known to the average
American; colloquial vocabulary belongs to the most frequently used part of the vocabulary [2, p. 14].
2
At the same time, colloquial vocabulary is one of the most important areas of semantic speech. Col-
loquial vocabulary is only a part of conversational style, their integral component. Given all this, as
well as stylistically lowered characteristics of conversational speech in American and British English,
we can conclude that in the speech of the native speakers there are more colloquial words. However,
it should be noted that «colloquialisms ... vary tremendously from class to class, set to set, group to
group, family to family, individual to individual, and even according to the individual’s mood or aspira-
tion, from one alter ego to another» [3, p. 55].
3
Colloquial words are different from each other in semantic and stylistic parameters, in the degree
of expressiveness, in valuation, in quantity of connotative semes, in focus on the verbal semantics.
Some colloquialisms are lexical units of neutral language given a new meaning: break - неуместное-
действиеилзамечание, dig - упорноработать, clue - снабжатьнеобходимойинформацией, horse
- шпаргалкаидр. [4, р. 21]
4
In different dictionaries these words can have different lexical marks, but “fluctuations in the des-
ignation of a word to a particular stylistic category of words is a natural phenomenon, as the language
is in the process of constant development, and speech communication from one sphere to another
will inevitably fall the scope of dialogue and begin their existence as independent and have full rights
of its members” [5, p. 14].
For colloquial words are characterized by the presence in the word structure of a large number
of components of speech meaning. When translated into a codified language, they usually lose their
seme components, i.e. they are subjected to certain simplification [5, p. 48].
5
The examples of this are
the following colloquialisms: flophouse - a very cheap hotel frequented chiefly by vagrants; monkey-
shine - a mischievous or playful trick, joke.
1
Partridge E. Usage and Abusage. London, 1994. - 247 p.
2
Flexner S.B. The Dictionary of American Slang. NewYork, 1992. - 587 p.
3 Flexner S.B. The Dictionary of American Slang. NewYork, 1992. - 587 p.
4 СалейE.B. Особенности разговорной лексики американского варианта английского языка.
5 Земская Е.А. Русская разговорная речь: лингвистический анализ и проблемы и проблемы обучения.
М., 1999. - 188 с.
313
Vocabulary of the living language is in constant motion, it reflects all the processes taking place
in society, which owns the language. Colloquial speech is particularly sensitive to all changes and in-
novations, being the most vibrant, dynamic and mobile [6, p. 24].
6
Thus, for example, the influence of extra linguistic factors on the semantics of colloquialisms de-
tects the following lexical items arising from addiction in the United States and used as nouns: eighth,
N - eighth of an ounce of a powdered drug; sixteenth, N - one- sixteenth of an ounce of a drug, usually
heroin.
The semantics of numerals is of great interest in spoken variant of American English.
Conventional serial or cardinal numbers appears in conversation with a new meaning, sometimes
as a noun: in phrases nineteenth hole - any place, as the bar of a clubhouse, where golfers meet for
drinks and conviviality after playing a round of golf; number one - the first, usually the very best, qual-
ity or grade; take the Fifth - to decline to answer a question which might place one in a compromising
situation; five-by-five - short and obese.
Increasing dynamism of modern life, the pace of scientific and technological progress has impact
on the development of the semantics of words and phrases, especially in colloquial speech. Lack of
time leads to the usage of a larger number of abbreviations in colloquial speech. The consequence
of this process is that semantics of words, phrases, and expressions is transmitted by morpheme or
short word: info - information, prep - preparatory (a prep school), prof - professor, grad - graduate,
deb - debutante, DDT - drop dead twice! - an exclamation expressing failure, rejection, mistrust.
According to I.R Galperin colloquial vocabulary of the English language divided into the following
groups:
a)
Slang
b)
Jargonisms
c)
Professional words
d)
Dialect words
e)
Vulgar words
f)
Colloquial coinages
According to A.КAhanov colloquial vocabulary of the Kazakh language falls into the following
groups:
a)
Jargonisms
b)
Professional words
c)
Dialect words
The role of colloquial expressions in speech is the following:
•
they serve as the means of semantic attraction: money - molar, green, dough, bones, beens,
stamps, mazuma, mazulla, lettuce, bucks, қуғынбай, крышасыбар,
миді шіріту, жылауық
•
stylistic reducing of speech: Cool (клевый), pan (табло, моська- «лицо»); don’t get hyper
(
незаводись), шпора/жасау, гудоктастау
•
making speech more informal and quick:
Wanna = want to: I wanna stay here for a couple of days.
Gonna = going to: I gonna study tonight.
Gotta = have got to or have to:Gotta go!
The Role of Colloquial Words and Expressions in Literary Language:
•
making characters’ speech more natural:
•
speech characterization of the character:
•
creation of the comic effect:
In conclusion we found that colloquial words and expressions in the English and Kazakh languag-
es, along with literary language reflect the lifestyle of a linguistic community.
Therefore, a total vocabulary of colloquial words can be divided into the following main lexico-
semantic groups.
1.
The relationship between people.
2.
Physical activity.
3.
Interests.
4.
Man and the world around him.
5.
Intellectualactivity.
6 Ахманова О.С. Экстралингвистические и внутрилингвистические факторы в функционировании и раз-
витии языка. М., 1964. - 187 с.a