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research. Some authors recommend conceiving reliability in the scope of
qualitative research as ‘a fi t between what researchers record as data and what
actually occurs in the natural setting that is being researched, i.e. a degree of
accuracy and comprehensiveness of coverage’ (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992,
cited in Cohen et al., 2007). Furthermore, Cohen et al. (2007) suggest that
in order to maximise validity it is important to use respondent validation, to
avoid poor coding and making inferences and generalisation.
To ensure reliability and validity the researcher, fi rstly, provided the
same standardised questions to all interviewees, which were carefully worded
beforehand (Robson, 2002). Then, interviews were accurately transcribed and
returned to participants for verifi cation. Research instruments were double
checked for clarity and the time taken to administer them.
2.7. Ethical considerations
Lankshear and Knobel (2004) highlight that ‘ethics is concerned with
ensuring that the interests and the well-being of people are not harmed as
result of the research being done’. As this study requires the interaction with
people some ethical issues need to be addressed. All participants were engaged
in the research on voluntary basis and were well informed of the purpose of
the research, their role in it and the signifi cance of their contribution through
informed consent. Interviewees were sent an e-mail with copies of a signed
consent form together with the interview schedule. To ensure the privacy the
participants were guaranteed to remain anonymous. Therefore, numbers were
assigned to participants where necessary. The data gathered were secure and
confi dential; nobody had an access to it except the researcher.
2.8. Data analysis
Prior to data analysis it must fi rst be turned into transcripts and
carefully organised (Lankshear and Knobel, 2004). All the interviews were
recorded which allowed detailed transcription later. Transcribing was useful
to become familiarised with the content and to indicate key ideas (Ary et.
al., 2006). Transcribed data were then analysed utilising thematic analysis.
Gibson (2010) states that thematic analysis is based on creation of themes or
in other words categories (cited in Hartas, 2010). Thematic analysis includes
coding. Lofl and et. al. (2006) report that coding is ‘the process of sorting your
data into various categories that organize it and render it meaningful from
the vantage point of one or more frameworks or sets of ideas’. Once the data
were categorized, the items with similar coding were placed together. After
all it was possible to see the relationship between the various categories and
identify the major themes (Ary et. al., 2006). As a fi nal stage the data were
Раздел 3.
Вопросы реализации компетентностного подхода
в преподавании иностранных языков
265
summarized and interpreted.
3. Findings and analysis
3.1. Data presentation and interpretation
This part of the research focuses on the fi ndings with regards to
the purpose of the study, which is to examine teachers’ perceptions of an
infl uence of CPD on their teaching practice. Five individual interviews were
carried out to address the research question. Thematic analysis, which is the
main method of data analysis, allowed arranging data according to emerging
themes. Therefore, fi ndings were organized thematically under the research
questions and are supported by quotes made by respondents.
1. What CPD courses have teachers had?
Answers to this question showed a wide range of CPD courses
available to teachers of the tested school, which are given below:
Professional development through work.
Professional Development Workshops within the school.
Professional Development Courses within the country.
Overseas Professional Development Courses.
Action Research.
Formal education.
From the interviewees’ responses it became apparent that professional
development through work is the most popular form of professional
development. All teachers highlighted that teaching is an inexhaustible
source of professional development. It includes interaction with students,
various types of teaching, and multiple teaching roles. Interviewees revealed
that teaching and daily interaction with their students within the classroom is
an essential source of learning. Teachers are able to acquire knowledge doing
practical experiences in the classroom. For example, ET2 stated:
‘Science lessons imply experimenting with different things. So my
students and I are exploring the theory by using real components putting
them into real life situations. We are able to do it in the laboratories as well
as outside. The students conduct research and make presentations, so each
student becomes a researcher of the fi eld. For me it is a great opportunity
to develop professionally as it is a chance to refresh the basics and learn
something new in depth. Consequently, my students and I benefi t from that
kind of activities.’ (ET2).
Interviewees also noted that team teaching and peer observation are
opportunities for CPD. As mentioned by NQT1:
‘Team teaching gives me an opportunity to develop as a teacher.
Жунусова А.К.
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Especially, when a teacher has not so much experience as me. Team teaching
is about sharing the experience and learning from your colleagues, from
experienced teachers as well as from newly qualifi ed. While, peer observation
is a chance to refl ect on your own teaching or on your colleagues.’ (NQT1).
Teachers can participate in CPD events within the school and outside.
CPD outside the school includes events organized in other cities of the country
leaded by international tutors from partner institutions such as Cambridge
University or Johns Hopkins University. Moreover, courses arranged abroad,
mostly in the UK, the USA, Singapore, etc. DH in charge of CPD in school
claims:
‘The school administration always tries to make various professional
development courses available to the teachers, as we understand that it is
the key to high achievement of our students and for school improvement and
effectiveness. All teachers have equal opportunities to take part in CPD in
school as well as outside.’ (DH)
School teachers are also engaged in formal higher education as CPD
activity. Interviewees reported that teachers have an opportunity of studying
for a higher degree such as a Masters, a PhD or have traineeship within the
home country or abroad. Some are going to study, while some had already
completed their diplomas or higher degrees. NQT2 emphasized:
‘After this academic year fi nishes I am going to study for my Masters
degree in one of the partner universities of our school. I am so excited and
looking forward for new experiences. I highly appreciate the assistance that
school gave me while the process of applying for university.’ (NQT2)
Action research is the CPD form, which became available to teachers
in past 2 years. Despite this fact, more and more teachers are becoming
engaged in action research. The research is either part of their teaching or the
formal higher educational degrees that they were studying for. ET1 explains:
‘I am in action research team from its beginning. It allows us to
conduct research within the institution, without interrupting the learning
process.’ (ET1)
2. What other CPD provisions are available?
The detailed analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that teachers
indicated all CPD provisions that are available to them and it was described
while discussing previous research question.
3. What are the forms of CPD delivery?
Responses to this question showed that CPD is delivered in different
forms, these are:
Раздел 3.
Вопросы реализации компетентностного подхода
в преподавании иностранных языков
267
Training: large group presentations and discussions, seminars,
workshops, master-classes, demonstrations, role-playing.
Mentoring
Observation
Involvement in a development/improvement process.
As claimed by all interviewees, training in forms of seminars,
workshops, master-classes, large group presentations and discussions is the
most common CPD. NQT1 mentioned:
‘From the fi rst month of getting this job I have attended various
seminars and workshops with different content. All of them were leaded by
tutors, who came abroad, or experienced teachers, who completed some
studies in this fi eld. However, there were some newly qualifi ed teachers, who
leaded such trainings.’ (NQT1)
It appeared that both newly qualifi ed and experienced teachers most of
their time, are involved into development or improvement processes. These
include design of a new program, curriculum review, strategic plans of school
improvement and others. ET2 said:
‘I have been in the study group, which is responsible for developing
new programs such as integrated program of teaching or program for gifted
children for about 4 years.’ (ET2)
4. How effective was delivery?
The fi ndings regarding this research question showed that teachers
generally have positive attitudes towards CPD opportunities offered.
Nevertheless, teachers indicated that there were some experiences when CPD
provisions were not effective and did not for them. In addition, interviewees
mentioned that the effectiveness might depend on different factors such as the
facilitator (indicated as the main factor that can infl uence the effectiveness),
content, duration, and venue. As commented by interviewees:
‘In general… I think that CPD offered to the teachers of our school is
quite effective. For example, for me being involved into program development
process is very useful, as I understand new programs inside out and so making
my lessons more effective. On the other hand I remember when the training
was complete rubbish, I mean it was just wasting of time. I went to another
city, the facilitator was absolutely not interactive.’ (ET1)
‘I guess the training sessions organized by international teachers
invited to our school to teach and share experience with us are not effective
at all. I think they do not take into account our needs and needs of our
students. Moreover, they do not consider differences in culture and do not
Жунусова А.К.
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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON TEACHING
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SCHOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN
268
adapt material they present to our context. That is why me and most of our
colleagues complain that this training sessions are useless.’ (NQT2)
5. To what extent and how CPD had affected teachers teaching
practice?
Interviewees expressed various opinions regarding the infl uence of
CPD on their teaching practice. It can be summarized as follows:
Applying new approaches to teaching.
Become more confi dent in teaching.
Become refl ective practitioner.
Enhancing content knowledge.
Some interviewees admitted that CPD has either direct or indirect
impact on the teaching. From the interview analysis it became evident that
CPD assisted teachers in becoming confi dent and refl ective. For instance, as
indicates NQT2:
‘After attending CPD training sessions which are well organized and
bear interesting content, I become so motivated and inspired to bring huge
changes into classroom.’ (NQT2)
‘Before peer coaching and observations I didn’t know how refl ect on
my own practice and how can I benefi t from it. Luckily, now I am actively
practicing it, and I can see positive changes in my teaching style and in my
students achievement.’ (NQT1)
3.2. Discussion
The emphasis of this part is an interpretation of the fi ndings in the
context of the purpose of the study with reference to the literature. Overall,
fi ndings of the research demonstrated that the participants believe that there
is a positive impact of professional development on their teaching practice.
Several authors (Hustler et. al., 2003; Gabriel et. al., 2011) support this
claiming that the majority of teachers are satisfi ed with their professional
development experiences. Analysis disclosed that CPD could affect teaching
in four ways. Interviewees reported that constant refl ection on their teaching
practice helped to assess the impact of professional development. Teachers
can assess the effectiveness of the new teaching methods when they practice
doing self-refl ection. Consequently, professional development positively
impacts teaching practice since it promotes the practice of self- refl ection.
Powell et. al. (2003) support this view by claiming that teachers identify
refl ection on teaching as the immediate impact of professional development.
As analysed data revealed, all the respondents agreed that their CPD
experiences have assisted them in becoming more confi dent with their
Раздел 3.
Вопросы реализации компетентностного подхода
в преподавании иностранных языков
269
teaching. This concurs with the literature where professional development
is explained as a tool of increasing teachers’ confi dence in relation to their
teaching practice (Powell et. al., 2003; Buczynski and Hansen, 2010; Harris
et. al., 2010).
According to interview results, the participants have an opportunity
of team teaching and observing more experienced teachers. As noted
by respondents, collegiality and collaboration help them to develop as
professionals, learn from colleagues and share experience. Studies of Guskey
(1995), Helmeret. al. (2011), Timperley et. al. (2007) confi rm that collegial
professional development is an opportunity for teacher to discuss their
practice, which in its turn enhances teachers’ knowledge and skills. Desimone
(2009) suggests that collaborationis critical for increasing the knowledge,
skills and practice of teachers. Furthermore, Desimone (2009) highlights that
it is one of the characteristics of CPD, which might positively affect student
achievement.
The research showed that some participants were not satisfi ed with
some CPD training, claiming that they fail to meet the needs and interests
of teachers. There is the study where teachers also had negative experience
linked to the ‘one size fi ts all’ approach which does not consider existing
knowledge, experience and needs (Hustler et. al., 2003). On the other
hand, there are some authors who are opposed to the view that professional
development has to be designed to meet the teachers’ specifi c needs. Wayne
et al (2008) assert that tailoring professional development to teachers’ specifi c
needs as lacking practicality and costly.
Despite the time constraints and workload were not included in the
research questions and not in focus of this research, it is worth pointing as the
respondents frequently mentioned these factors. Interviewees emphasized that
time and huge workload impede them to participate in CPD. Some empirical
studies also revealed that time and workload are the major constraints that
teachers encounter while CPD (Carney, 2003; Day et al., 2007).
3.3. Strengths and weaknesses of study
One of the major strengths of this research is applying case study
approach. In spite of many critics, case study approach has ‘…greater
opportunity to delve into things in more detail and discover things that might
not have become apparent through more superfi cial research.’ (Denscombe,
2010) The main limitation of the study is using of single research method. In
case of this work applying only qualitative method may result in data being
less representative, decontextualizing and oversimplifying (Denscombe,
Жунусова А.К.
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2010). Moreover, it could be hard to generalise the fi ndings to a larger
population owing to the small sample size.
REFERENCES:
1. Ary D., Jacobs L.C., Razavieh A., Sorensen C. (2006) Introduction to
research in education. 7th Ed. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
2. Ball D., Cohen D. (1999) Developing practice, developing practitioners. in
Darling-Hammond L., Sykes G. (Eds.), Teaching as the learning profession:
Handbook of policy and practice, p. 3-32. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Publishers.
3. Bell L., Day C. (1991) Managing the professional development of teachers.
Philadelphia: Open University Press.
4. Bolam R. (2002) Professional development and professionalism. in T. Bush
& R. Bell (Eds.), The principles and practice of educational management, p.
103-118. London: Paul Chapman.
5. Borko H. and Putnam R. (1998) Professional development and reform-
based teaching: Introduction to theme issue. Teaching and Teacher Education,
14, p. 1-3.
6. Boyle B., While D., Boyle T. (2004) A longitudinal study of teacher change:
what makes professional development effective? The curriculum Journal, 15
(1), p. 45-68.
7. Bredeson P. (2002). The architecture of professional development:
materials, messages and meaning.
Раздел 3.
Вопросы реализации компетентностного подхода
в преподавании иностранных языков
271
Раздел 4.
Развитие устной речи
на уроках естественно-
математического
и гуманитарного циклов
272
Крушинская О.И.,
КГУ «Средняя школа № 24» акимата г. Усть-Каменогорска
НОВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ В ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ МАТЕМАТИКИ,
ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ДЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ УЧАЩИХСЯ
В связи с возрастающим темпом жизни современное общество
делает ставку на выпускника – независимого, самомотивированного,
увлеченного, уверенного, ответственного, с развитым критическим
мышлением, проявляющего компетентность в цифровых технологиях,
способного результативно действовать в нестандартных ситуациях. Для
этого необходимо у учащихся сформировать навыки (так называемые
«Навыки широкого спектра») обучения тому, как обучаться:
- творческое применение знаний;
- критическое мышление;
- выполнение исследовательских работ;
- использование IT-технологий;
- применение способов коммуникативного общения, включая
языковые навыки;
- умение работать в группе и индивидуально.
Эти навыки, как результаты на «выходе» из школы, и используя
высказывание А. Эйнштейна о сути образования, можно считать тем,
«…что остается после того, когда забывается все, чему нас учили в шко-
ле».
Сформированные эти качества позволят ребенку принять участие
в международных сравнительных исследованиях TIMSS и PISA и помо-
гут получить хороший результат.
Раздел 4.
Развитие устной речи на уроках естественно-
математического и гуманитарного циклов
273
Таблица 1 «Составляющие современного урока».
Используемые на практике современные технологии, активные
формы и методы (групповая деятельность, обучение через диалог, стра-
тегии критического мышления, критериальное оценивание, само- и вза-
имооценка, проектная деятельность), позволяют учителю помочь уча-
щимся понять изучаемый материал и взять на себя ответственность за
собственное обучение, чтобы в дальнейшем ученик смог продолжить
обучение самостоятельно.
Для того чтобы ученик смог самообразовываться, логически
мыслить, на своих уроках создаю атмосферу, позволяющую ученикам
чувствовать себя свободно и безопасно в процессе обучения, а также,
используя на своих уроках вышеперечисленные формы и методы, фор-
мирую у них умение и желание учиться всю жизнь, работать в команде,
способность к саморазвитию на основе саморегуляции.
Одним из важных моментов в процессе обучения, является целе-
полагание. Именно данная часть урока позволяет концентрировать вни-
мание ученика и развить у него такие важные качества, как умение пла-
нировать свою деятельность, определять задачи, поставленные на урок,
рефлексировать свою деятельность. Для того чтобы ребятам интересно
и легко было определять задачи на урок, использую следующую форму
работы: предлагаю им объединиться по четыре человека и разгадать ре-
бусы, в которых зашифрованы ключевые понятия, относящиеся к дан-
ной теме. Эта работа увлекает ребят, так как ребусы умеют разгадывать
Крушинская О.И.
НОВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ В ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ МАТЕМАТИКИ,
ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ДЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ УЧАЩИХСЯ
274
все, а решив данные ребусы, ученикам легко определить тему урока, а
также набор задач, которые им предстоит решить в течение урока.
Для развития навыков самоконтроля, а также навыков ведения
беседы учащимся предлагается работа в парах, группах. Во время груп-
повой и парной работы за основу беру идеи диалогового обучения, что
способствует развитию у учащихся собственного мышления. Напри-
мер, на уроке геометрии в седьмом классе по теме «Окружность» ребя-
там необходимо было составить вопросы, опираясь на домашние «заго-
товки» с использованием ключевых слов, которые обязательно должны
были присутствовать в вопросах:
Дайте определение…
Назовите…
Напишите формулу…..
Объясните, как….
Расскажите ….
Такая форма работы помогает ученикам вспомнить материал, а
также способствует формированию таких важных качеств, как развитие
умения учиться друг у друга, уважать и ценить идеи других учеников;
любознательность и стимул к исследованиям; умение рассуждать пред-
метно. После того как вопросы составлены, составы групп меняются,
и ученики выступают в роли учеников и учителей. Такая работа имеет
свои плюсы: в классе создается особая атмосфера сотрудничества и до-
верия.
Раздел 4.
Развитие устной речи на уроках естественно-
математического и гуманитарного циклов
П р и
организации
г р у п п о в о й
работы
на
каждого уча-
щегося возла-
гается ответ-
ственность не
только за свое
обучение, но
и за обучения
одноклассни-
ков. При от-
работке полу-
275
ченных знаний и навыков ученикам предлагается следующее задание:
(в парах) ответить на «толстые и тонкие вопросы»: как называется отре-
зок, которой соединяет центр окружности с любой точкой окружности;
как найти диаметр; объяснить, как расположены касательная и радиус,
проведенный в точку касания; если необходимо найти расстояние между
центрами окружностей, то сколько решений может иметь данная задача.
Крушинская О.И.
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