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6. Руководство и управление проектом. Что я узнала о работе с
другими и вопросах, связанных с руководством и управлением проектом
исследования практики в действии? Что является необходимым для
успешного проведения и обмена результатами проекта исследования
практики в действии?
Достаточно глубокое изучение вопроса моего исследования позволяет мне
сделать следующие выводы и дать рекомендации тем, кто желает заниматься
поиском путей решения проблем, и улучшить практику преподавания.
Итак, что необходимо знать новичкам:
1. Совершать обзор литературы, который позволит найти ответы, и
возможные пути решения проблемы.
2. Вести рефлективный дневник, что в свою очередь позволит вести
исследование планомерно, целенаправленно, глубинно.
Рефлективный дневник – заметки, аналитического характера,
исследование уже осуществленной деятельности с целью фиксации ее
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результатов и повышения в дальнейшем ее эффективности. По итогам
рефлексии можно не только обдумывать будущую деятельность, но и
выстраивать ее реалистичную структурную основу, напрямую вытекающую из
особенностей деятельности предыдущей работе. Это позволит рефлективно
анализировать проделанную работу и собрать доказательную базу. 4. И как
показало мое исследование, именно сбор Рефлексия помогает сформулировать
получаемые
результаты,
переопределить
цели
дальнейшей
работы,
скорректировать свой дальнейший исследовательский путь. Если физические
органы чувств, для человека являются источником его внешнего опыта, то
рефлексия — это источник внутреннего опыта, способ самопознания и
необходимый инструмент мышления [3], на уровне метасознания.
3. Вести сбор данных и материала о проделанной данных научил меня
определяться с вопросом исследования, и как сузить его. Что в свою очередь
стало для меня ключевым элементом исследования в действии.
7. Создание новых знаний из проекта. Кто должен узнать о том, что
узнала я? Как я могу поделиться своими знания?
В своем рефлективном дневнике, на завершающем этапе моих действий я
запланировала
осуществить
обмен
полученными
результатами
по
исследованию с учащимися и коллегами. Следующие рефлективные вопросы,
позволили подготовить презентационный материал, который раскрывал суть
исследования в действии. Итак, что нового я узнала из обратной связи с
учащимися и коллегами, что является ценным, а что несущественным? Как
поделились учащиеся, в процессе нашего эксперимента им стало понятно, что
надо вырабатывать силу воли, работать над собой, научиться планировать свой
учебный день, и только тогда чтение будет плодотворным. Получилось ли у меня
вызвать у учащихся желание читать, позволили ли приемы рефлективного
чтения развить умение читая, размышлять, и анализируя свой учебный
прогресс, делать выводы об успешности или провале нашего эксперимента? На
эти вопросы могут ответить записи бортовых журналов отдельных учащихся.
Приложение 7 Записи рефлективного ежедневника учащейся 7 класса Асем
Аружан 7 класс
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Вести дневник размышлений не все хотят. Но нам просто необходимо
научить учащихся рефлексировать. Продолжаю работу в этом направлении, а
поддержкой для меня являются данные. Их анализ позволяет находить новые
приемы, и разрабатывать результативные стратегии.
Для коллег школы мы организовали семинар с мастер-классами о ведении
исследования в действии. Наши работы были названы в числе актуальных,
значимых и действенных. Полагаю, после публикации этого материала, я найду
последователей и желающих осуществить исследования в этом направлении. В
процессе своего исследования, я задалась кучей вопросов, на которые хочу
найти ответы, так как я осознаю значимость своей помощи в овладении
английским языком учащимися.
8. Каковы мои окончательные размышления об использовании
исследования практики в действии в школах? Чем я могу поделиться,
чтобы другие могли узнать и улучшить свою практику?
Эксперимент продолжается, его значимость определили сами дети. На
вопрос «Есть ли необходимость в продолжении эксперимента?», 72 процента
учащихся ответили «Да», 20 – воздержались, 8 – ответили отрицательно. Я
поддержала учащихся, кто возжелал продолжения эксперимента, но мне
необходимо поменять ход эксперимента, внести корректировки в список
литературы. Не хотелось бы потерять последователей нашего эксперимента.
Также необходимо найти ответы на решение проблемных вопросов и
«устранение» причин, препятствующих плодотворному чтению. Возможно
равнодушные и пассивные читатели будут в ряду активных.
Система моей педагогической деятельности базируется на идеи опоры,
самостоятельного овладения знаниями и обучения в радость. Реализовать идеи
можно только в том случае, если мы будем искать ниточки к каждому
учащемуся, чтобы помочь ему преодолеть затруднения познавательного
характера. А найти настоящие формы гуманного преподавания, мы сможем,
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если будем проводить педагогическое наблюдение - исследование в действии,
основанное на методах эвристики.
Литература
1. Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. Toronto: Collier-MacMillan Canada Ltd.
2. Lewin M. The Impact of Kurt Lewin's Life on the Place of Social Issues in this Work // The
Heritage of Kurt Lewin: Theory, Research, and Practice / Journal of Social Issues. 1992., vol. 48.
No 2, p. 15-31.
3. Parsons, Rick D., and Kimberlee S. Brown. Teacher as Reflective Practitioner and Action
Researcher. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002
4. http://infed.org/mobi/kurt-lewin-groups-experiential-learning-and-action-research/
http://www.psylab.info/
http://www.elitarium.ru/2011/08/03/refleksija_v_obuchenii.html
http://sbonn.k12.va.us
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UDC 372.881.111.1
HOW TO TEACH STUDENTS CRITICAL THINKING
AT THE LESSON OF ENGLISH
Master of Pedagogical Sciences, А. Abilova,
Nazarbayev Intellectual School, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
Түйін
Қазiргi қоғамға бәсекеге қабiлеттi, алғыр, терең ойлы, жаңа ауқымды ұрпақ қажет. Бұл
мақала сыни тұрғыдан ойлай алатын ойшыл ұрпақты дамтуға қызығушылығы бар ағылшын
тiлi пәні мұғалiмдерiне арналған. Мақалада сын тұрғысынан ойлау дегеніміз не және оны оқу
бағдарламасына не үшін міндетті түрде енгізу қажет деген сұрақтар қарастырылады.
Сонымен бірге ДББҰ "Назарбаев зияткерлік мектептерінің" 9 сынып оқушыларын сыни
тұрғыдан ойлау оқыту әдістемесінің тәжірибеде қолданылуы сөз болады.
Резюме
Современное общество требует поколение нового масштаба, имеющее высокий
уровень мышления, устойчивое к конкурентоспособной среде и способной адаптироваться к
современным условиям жизни. Данная статья предназначена для учителей английского
языка, для которых развитие критически мыслящего поколения вызывает большой интерес.
Статья рассматривает такие вопросы как, что такое критическое мышление и почему важно
внедрять обучение критическому мышлению в учебную программу. Статья также
иллюстрирует практический опыт использования методики преподавания критического
мышления в АОО «Назарбаев Интеллектуальные школы» на примере работы с учащимися
9х классов.
The future of the nation is destined by the competitiveness of the young
generation – the youngest representatives of our society, or to put it into other words,
how well they will be taught and educated. English is supposed to be a compulsory
subject for many years in school programs. It is true that English was a mandatory
subject, but the content of the subject varied due to the call of the times or financial
constraints. The ability to read in English and translate from English has been highly
appreciated recently. Later in the years people’s interest was focused on the ability to
talk on different issues and speaking was demanded in society.
Nowadays all the debates concerning the significance of this or that skill came
to an end and all the four skills of the English language were supposed to be equally
important. It has been established that English is assessed by the core four skills:
listening, reading, writing and speaking. Based on the above we are to teach students
these skills following Bloom’s taxonomy which is recognized by the teachers of
Nazarbayev Intellectual school network. The taxonomy can be used as a teaching tool
to help balance assessment and evaluate questions in class, assignments and texts to
ensure that all of the areas of thinking are exercised in a student’s learning. A
generation of modern teachers is not only familiar with the general categories of the
Taxonomy, but is also persuaded that the Taxonomy has identified high-order skills
of analysis, and evaluation that are essential to education at all levels. And for these
teachers, critical thinking is essential because higher-order thinking skills are
essential.
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Critical thinking skills are skills that students need to learn to be able to analyze
the information from the logical perspective, to express their judgments and opinions,
find solutions, apply their findings to standard and nonstandard situations, issues and
problems. The openness to accept to new ideas is also implicated in this process.
Teaching our students critical thinking is one of the main aims of the modern
education system in Kazakhstan.
Through technology, the amount of information available today is massive. This
information explosion is likely to continue in the future. Students need a guide to
weed through the information and not just passively accept it. Students need to
"develop and effectively apply critical thinking skills to their academic studies, to the
complex problems that they will face, and to the critical choices they will be forced to
make as a result of the information explosion and other rapid technological changes"
[1].
The actual teaching of critical thinking is a function of many situation-specific
factors: teacher style, teacher interest, teacher knowledge and understanding, class
size, cultural and community backgrounds and expectations, student expectations and
backgrounds, colleagues’ expectations, recent local events, the amount of time
available to teachers after they have done all the other things they have to do, and
teacher grasp of critical thinking, just to name some of the major factors.
Critical thinking skills are important both for students and teachers. On the one
hand evaluating and analyzing information, students are highly motivated to
comprehend the studied material. They can think, speculate on the topic, work in
teams, and improve their knowledge. On the other hand teachers are given the
opportunity to experience open attitudes and responsible collaboration to activate the
learners. They can use methods and approaches that fit critical skills development.
On the whole, all the opportunities of comfort are available for students and teachers
as well.
American teachers J. Steele, K. Meredith and Ch. Temple highlight three
stages of critical thinking development:
Stage I. Challenge. The teacher announces the learning and lesson objectives.
Then forwards the discussion and elicits the topic of the lesson. All of this is
discussed for their further activities;
Stage II. Consciousness. Students are taught new information. They solve the
set problem using the data and knowledge given by the teacher and / or the course
book;
Stage III. Reflection. At this stage students are corrected for erroneous
conclusions: on the basis of the covered new lesson material students summarize the
information and have a big picture of the situation [2].
Critical awareness assets are included in the Course Plan for all grades in
Nazarbayev Intellectual schools. Based on the experience of our English teachers this
asset became an undivided part of lesson planning. I here suggest some activities I
use in my classes that are fit the situation.
One of the most well-known activities is ‘K.W.L.’ chart that is used by me in
the 9
th
grade. This activity prepares students to research a topic, analyze and select
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their findings. ‘K.W.L.’ helps students to confirm what they know about the topic and
encourage them to think how they want to form their research. From my personal
experience, at the beginning of the lesson I give out to the students handouts with a
table with ‘What I Know’, ‘What I Want to Know’ and ‘What I Have Learned’
columns. At this stage students fill in only the first column ‘What I Know’ where
they write all their background knowledge concerning the topic of the lesson, their
associations and ideas. Then after a whole class discussion, they come to the next
column, ‘What I Want to Know’. This is an important part of the table as students
have different expectations and a teacher should be aware of all of the issues that
interest the students the most. To measure the students understanding at the end of the
lesson, as a way of reflection the last ‘What I Have Learned’ column is used. This
information provides a clear vision of the students’ knowledge they were taught in
the lesson. As a tip for stronger students it can be suggested to have one more column
‘Still’ (K.W.L.S.) focusing on what student ‘still’ may want to learn after completing
the chart.
Group collaboration teaches consensus-building and task management skills
and allows students with different backgrounds and levels of experience an
opportunity to come together to create something that is greater than each member
could achieve alone. The curriculum at NIS leaves open the possibility to have
challenges for groups of students with a range of expertise, to share and create new
knowledge while working together towards a solution. Group work can be
implemented in teaching students different thinking. The ‘Story Frame’ activity is
designed to focus on the content of the reading passage, and the required questions.
In this activity students are divided into two groups and given different texts for
reading. After reading, students discuss what they have remembered from the text
and write the information in the table. In small groups using these key words students
should retell the story sentence by sentence in a chain, the whole content of the story.
For example, ‘Setting’, ‘Characters’ ‘Problem’, ‘Event (-s)’, ‘Resolution’.
Teaching critical thinking is at one with a teaching vocabulary. To express
ideas and thoughts students should have an expansive range of words, sets of
expressions, synonyms and idioms. With this aim to make students remember new
lexis and revise the familiar one a ‘Vocabulary Pyramid’ is used. The pyramid is
made up of new vocabulary that students have learnt and then discussed on the lesson
and its topical vocabulary. Students write one word in a line, then two on the second,
three on the third and so on. Moreover, due to this pyramid students should retell the
whole content of the read material. For example,
Billy Elliot
boxing, ballet
miner, spin, go on strike,
punch bag, drum, bang, trouble
audition, court, stretch, competition, etc.
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‘Story maps’, ‘Spidergrams’ and ‘Cluster’ charts are also widely used in
lessons that help to raise students’ interest in the lesson and develop their critical
thinking skills.
In discussion of any issue to develop students’ abilities to think critically and
creatively we use ‘Brainstorming’. First students write all their ideas and put them
into the ‘Ideas box’, then with the whole class they discuss these ideas one by one,
and, finally, they choose and vote for the one with the best perspective. The other
way to have such kinds of discussions can be organized with ‘Associations’ and
‘Mind Map’, etc.
One more technique that helps to identify all of the causes of problems in deep
analyses is ‘Fishbone’. This is the most popular activity that interests my students in a
lesson, when I set a problem for analysis. In their turn students divide the problem on
a range of reasons and arguments. To visually imagine the diagram it looks like as a
‘fish bone’. The research stage can be utilized in groups, pairs or individually
depending on the group characteristics and the teacher’s decision. When students
have done their research they write their findings in the scheme that they are
responsible for in the presentation. In the box on the handout one of the students
writes the problem itself. Students discuss the reasons and arguments that support
their ideas by analyzing the resources they have used. In the last box they write the
conclusion that the group came to after they have analyzed the reasons and
arguments. They synthesize all of the information.
In our course plan there is a learning objective that aims students to ask and
respond with appropriate vocabulary to open-ended, higher-order thinking questions
on a range of familiar and unfamiliar topics. This objective is practiced by asking
‘Thin’ and ‘Thick’ questions that are turned to in teaching critical thinking skills. The
questions are used in discussion of any of the issues. Students are asked different
questions of who, when, where, what, was, will, etc. that are supposed to be thin
questions. When the students have discussed this range of questions they move on to
the higher one. Therefore, to have a more detailed talk and profound discussion, and
let to students express their ideas and opinions they are asked Thick ones as ‘Why do
you think?’, ‘What is the difference?’, ‘What if?’, ‘Explain why’, etc.
Another way of forming independent ideas, evaluations and judgments can be
taught with a ‘For and Against’ exercise. This type of activity has been practiced by
my students a good many times. We start with discussion noting positive and
negative arguments on the topic. One of the volunteers or sometimes I myself, writes
all the ideas on the whiteboard. Then from ‘For’ notes the students state the thesis
‘For’. Then ‘Against’ contradictions are listened to. After the students have discussed
all of the ‘For’ and Against’ options they come to a conclusion by summing up all of
the information.
The Graphic method is also widely used by me in teaching critical thinking in
English lessons. Mostly we use a ‘summary table’ and ‘conceptual table’. A
‘Conceptual table” is offered to students when we compare three or more questions.
Horizontally on the table we write the object to be compared and vertically the
characteristics and features that are used in comparison. For example, in the third
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term my grade 9 students were working on a ‘Traditions and Languages’ unit and had
applied this table in comparing Kazakh national traditions. Students were given an
article about the different Kazakh traditions and customs. Then after they had read
the article they filed in the table with the columns of ‘Name of tradition’, ‘Aim of
tradition’, ‘Who takes part?’, ‘What is needed?’ etc.
A ‘Summary table’ is mostly used in group work that allows students to work
with higher level articles for comparison. Each of the students is given their own
object for comparison. After the analysis of the article, that is supposed to be told to
another student, they highlight the main information from the article. When students
have shared the information that they think of the question, emphasizing the
comparison and fill in the table.
Critical thinking skills cannot be taught spontaneously. The process needs to be
monitored and facilitated by the teacher. Due to its specification the English language
teacher involves the use of diverse resources and an interactive approach.
Teachers can promote critical thinking in a lesson helping students to sort out
their feelings and the outward world around them; tackle with comprehension,
hypothesis, prejudices, assets; break settled habits to create a new view point.
Teaching critical thinking in English language teaching allows a teacher to build
social and moral behavior, increase social growth levels, develop creativity and
reflection, and teach leadership. Nowadays a person with a high level of critical
thinking is highly appreciated within society. The teachers of Nazarbayev Intellectual
School make every effort to teach and educate students who can see the problems and
perspectives, set the mission and work out the ways of their achievement. These
students are aimed to possess a clear, different and independent mentality, and be
always ready to realize their personal potential and self-expression.
Reference:
1.
Oliver, H. & Utermohlen, R. An innovative teaching strategy: Using critical thinking to give
students a guide to the future. 1995.
2.
Mushtavinskaya, I. Critical thinking technologies at the lesson and teacher training system. 2009.
3.
Atkinson, D. A Critical Approach to Critical Thinking. 1997.
4.
Benesch, S. Critical Thinking: A Learning Process for Democracy. 1993.
5.
Brookfield, S. Developing Critical Thinking: Challenging Adults to Explore Alternative Ways of
Thinking and Acting. San Francisco: Jossey – Bass. 1987.
6.
Kopytova,
N.
Using
critical
thinking
technologies
at
the
English
lessons.
http://novokik.ning.com (Internet resource).
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