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Education", the State Programme for the Development of Education of the Republic
of Kazakhstan for 2005-2010, a new state comprehensive standard 12-year secondary
education, in which the expected results defined in as core competencies of the
graduate:
- value-oriented competence;
- general cultural competence;
- cognitive competence;
- information technology competence;
- the competence of social interaction;
- the competence of personal self-development;
- communicative competence.
Elementary School - an organic part of the first stage of secondary school. It is
in it lays the groundwork for the subsequent stages of education. Reform has
provided for the primary grades is extremely clear educational goals and objectives:
to lay the foundations of a comprehensive development of children, to ensure the
formation of strong numeracy skills, literate writing, language development, cultural
behavior.
These requirements emphasizes the importance of building students' skills of
rational organization of labor training, general training and skills, which together
provide a reliable basis for further learning and cognitive activity of pupils, contribute
to the acquisition of deep and lasting knowledge.
Realize all the possible competence in mathematics lessons in elementary
school. Technique of formation of key competencies includes 5 stages:
Stage 1 - Cable-motivational.
Are effective instructional techniques to attract involuntary attention of
students to initiate their positive emotional relationship to the studied material and the
inner need of his knowledge. At this stage, students have to understand why and what
they need to study the subject, and of learning what is the main learning objectives
for future work.
Stage 2 - the opening of mathematical knowledge.
At this stage the crucial techniques that require concentration, holding,
independent research, stimulating the growth of cognitive needs.
Stage 3 - formalization of knowledge.
The main purpose of receptions at this stage - the organization of activities of
students, is aimed at the full-term study of the established mathematical fact, the use
of analytical and systematic search method.
Stage 4 - the application of mathematical knowledge.
Techniques for creating problematic situations Nada stage should intensify
research activities of students and to promote deep learning.
Stage 5 - generalization and systematization.
Procedures must establish a link between the study of mathematical facts lead
in knowledge, self-education students to carry out management.
It is best to implement value-semantic competence suitable holding Olympiad,
which includes non-standard tasks requiring the use of a pupil is subject logic, not
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material from a school course. At first glance, it is difficult to realize the general
cultural competence in math class. However, usage problems with hidden
information part.
For example: "It is known that the student class 2 should be given every day
for two hours of homework. How many hours per week student spend on
homework?".
Thus, while working on this task, the pupil learns unwittingly accepted norm. It
is an organization of educational work, the distribution of their time during the day,
doing homework for some time. Problem with a hidden, implicit information part are
simple in operation, and this technique is quite applicable to the school. It is only
important when summing up the lesson students focus not only on the mathematical
components of the lesson, but also on the general cultural. The implementation of
educational and cognitive competence does not cause too much difficulty, because its
formation by a variety of practical techniques for the organization of the students.
One way to accomplish this is to conduct a competency verification activities in the
form of the test. The expediency of this work in terms of competence-based approach
is that the work pupils acquire educational skills. And it is the ability to deal with
tests for children will be very useful in the future, because they will take the SNT (a
single national test).
Educational and cognitive competence is realized in the modern school, she has
a practical orientation in the work of students, research activities. After school
organized work on the creation of research projects in mathematics. But we should
not forget the importance of this sector in the future life of the child.
Information competence involves the use of various information resources
child. Optional use of the Internet. After all, you can start with newspaper clippings.
Thus, the main objective of the lesson of competence will not be found by the
study material and the formation of skills of work with information sources. The
main thing is to observe the sequence complexity of tasks from lesson to lesson.
Necessary to carry out the approach to the student, taking into account its capabilities,
both physical and intellectual. Communicative competence is not new in the school
education system, because its implementation involves the use of various methods of
collective work (such as discussion, group work, pair work, etc.). These techniques
are widely used in different stages of a lesson of mathematics in primary school.
Social and Labour competence can be implemented as follows. The class is
held a few lessons with the use of the different options on the stage of the oral
accounts. Then the children are encouraged to control work with several types of jobs
oral account, result, we obtain feedback with good results.
Thus, children develop the ability to apply skills calculated in different
situations. If you constantly work to improve the oral accounts of the children, they
will learn how to calculate the amount of purchases in the store until the moment how
to approach the box office, this skill refers to the social and labor sphere, ie using
knowledge in practice.
Competence of personal self-improvement means mastering apprentice in the
ways of activity that will be useful to him in a certain contemporary situations.
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Implementation of this competence can be considered at the stage of the lesson as a
reference for the independent solutions represented by three levels: on the evaluation
of "satisfactory", "good", "excellent." Select the level must be carried out by the
student. If the student felt that it is easy enough to cope with the task selected
difficulty, he can move on to more complex, thereby allowing it to get to work a
higher mark.
It should also be noted that it may be the opposite situation. It is possible that a
student will choose a job can not afford and then be forced to return to a lower level.
There is an active assessment of their own strengths and capabilities. Child, without
any clue without "labeling" really analyze what he has accomplished in this relatively
short period of time. Sure, he draws conclusions about how to work the next time in
order to achieve high results. Therefore, the work at this stage promotes the formation
of the competence of personal self-improvement.
The modern world is changing at a tremendous speed, and thus methods of
obtaining knowledge and understanding must change. The learning process should be
dialogical, search, project. Educational technology must meet the following
requirements: be directed to the development of thinking, teaching analysis, help
yourself to gain knowledge, to make choices, engage in debate, to disagree with the
dogma, to participate in the discussion.
The main line of the reform of elementary school today is the tendency to
change the priority goals of education of younger students, where the fore the task of
development of their personality, the formation of strong numeracy skills, literate
writing, language development, cultural behavior.
These core competencies, personal self-improvement as competence, social-
working, communication, value semantic, informational, educational and cognitive,
general culture can be implemented in math class.
In elementary school, children learn to solve the problem of finding the length
of an open and a closed polyline, moving gradually to finding the perimeter of a
polygon.
In the course of studying the considered geometrical material students master
the following competencies:
1 describe the studied knowledge of different ways of fixation;
2 reliably justify them;
3 to use the acquired knowledge and execute practical actions;
4 draw conclusions and generalizations, to present convincing them;
5 seek rational solutions to the problem.
In the context of a powerful flow of information, diversity of its sources, it is
important to inculcate students ability to provide important, independently find the
necessary information quickly process scientific information, to use this knowledge
in real-life situations. Creative, transformative activity is closely linked to the activity
and autonomy of the individual. A. Disterveg wrote: "The development and
education of any one person can not be given or reported. Anyone who wants to join
them, should reach this own activities, their own, their own stress. From the outside it
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can only get excited ... Because amateur - means and at the same time the result of
education. "
If in order to identify the degree of cognitive independence younger students,
to offer third-graders to answer the question: "What is called the perimeter?", Write
the formula of finding the perimeter of a rectangle and solve the problem, which is
required to find the length of a rectangle if you know its width and the perimeter, we
can see that most students know what is the perimeter, but the students who can apply
the knowledge gained in the changed situation, much less.
This is due to the fact that the lessons neglected the development of cognitive
autonomy of students. Cognitive independence - is the quality of the individual,
reflecting the level of self-development of the student in his readiness for
autonomous learning activities, the ability to self-learn new knowledge and skills.
Internal readiness for cognitive activity depends on a combination of knowledge,
skills and abilities of educational work.
In order to increase students' interest in mathematics should be at this stage, to
invite them to find information on the measures of length, which were used in ancient
times. Students can learn this information from parents to use children's
encyclopedia, to request information by using search engines. For the answer to any
question of our proposed list of students will have to take the help of classmates or
parents. Thus, in primary school children formed the ability to organize their work,
cooperate and work in a group, and to use appropriate measuring instruments.
Finding the answer to at least one of the questions shows that the acquisition of
competences is based both on experience and on the activities of the students
themselves.
In our opinion, it is an organic synthesis of cognitive interests, needs and
learning opportunities can boost student self-reliance, initiative in learning, facilitate
productive cognitive activity. These components are formed not only in the
classroom, but also outside school hours.
In order to generate self-management skills and communication skills in the
study of mathematical material, I propose to use the lessons of the following
instructional techniques: exercise with a number-Controller, circular examples.
The essence of the task with the number-CONTROLLER is that each student
has learned to control any intermediate action, as in the case of discrepancy between
the number of students prepared to the controls, they are required to check the
performance of each of the five examples.
Assignments of the second type represent circular examples. In the process of
decision you must make sure to answer the first example was the beginning of the
second, the second answer - the beginning of the third, and so on, the answer is the
latter - the beginning of the first.
Therefore, the student who decides not true one of the examples will not be
able to
complete the
solution of
the circular reference. Baby monitors itself,
checking the correctness of performing arithmetic operations each example.
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In mathematics it is expedient to provide students with various types of
"circular" examples. For example, the "circular" with examples of geometric shapes
each of which corresponds to the predetermined number.
As shown, the particular interest in students' assignments for the development
of computational and algorithmic culture, in particular, the "circular" examples using
flowcharts. Students are asked to solve the first oral examples, and then fill in the
blanks in the block diagram.
Mutual testing in mathematics lessons can be arranged as follows. For one or
two days before mutual testing for some traversed topic or section of the program,
students who were most active and found a good knowledge of, get a card with
questions, tasks for which they will be asked, for example, a neighbor's party (this
option is simply more convenient in terms of organization). These one or two days
will allow this student himself to test their knowledge on the issues proposed: he will
act as a teacher. And prepare students who will be asking. At the appointed day for
10-15 minutes before the end of the lesson student asking his charge, puts pencil
against any given issue "+" or "-". Students who received all "+" have the right to the
next day to interview someone who was not yet sufficiently prepared.
This work allows you to:
1 check knowledge at half the class of students, the other half has already been tested
as pre-prepared to conduct the survey;
2 by the number of signs "+" and "-" can navigate, what material is digested well and
above what is necessary to work more.
3 during the peer review revealed the individual characteristics of children, their
relationships with friends.
Mutual testing as one of the techniques of self-control, in math class promotes
the formation of skills to control their actions and fosters qualities such as honesty,
truthfulness, self-discipline. Observations and interviews with children show that
mutual testing knowledge will significantly increase their activity, increases the
interest for knowledge, and love them. This is due to the emerging appreciation in
children a sense of maturity and independence, because every student in one way or
another considers himself a teacher's aide.
Ongoing work and its results suggest that the use of instructional techniques as
a means of developing core competencies younger students in math class increases
children's interest in learning, provides access to the study of program material,
activates mental activity students develop observation, wit, logical thinking.
Today, according to the State standard of general education of 12-year
secondary education, the school must form a coherent system of universal
knowledge, skills, and experience of self-employment and personal responsibility of
students, that is, the core competencies that define the modern quality educational
content. Learning success is possible only if the needs, level of training, cognitive
features of the pupil and optimal conditions for the acquisition of knowledge and
development of skills.
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Obviously, the activities aimed at the formation and development of key
competencies of students requires teachers as deep mathematical knowledge and
careful preparation for the lesson.
References:
1. Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan NA Nazarbayev to the people of
Kazakhstan from 28.01. , 2011.
2. State Program of Education Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020. - Astana
2010.
3. Gosudarstvenny educational standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan. General secondary
education. Basics. - Astana. In 2008.
4. Zeer EF modernization of vocational education: kopetentnostny approach: Proc. Manual / EF
Zeer, AM Pavlov, EE Si-Manyuk. M .: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2005. - 216 p.
5. Zimnyaya IA Key komptetentnosti how to effectively target-competency-based approach in
education / IA Winter // Rector of the university. 2005. - № 6. - S. 13-29.
6. Zimnyaya IA Educational Psychology / IA Winter. TH .: Logos, 1999.-384p.
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UDC 37
DEVELOPING TEACHER LEADERSHIP
MSc, B. Amirova
Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Chemistry and Biology, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Түйін
Мақала Қазақстандағы білім берудің реформаларында мұғалімнің көшбасшы рөліне
арналған.Қазіргі уақытта мұғалім көшбасшылығы сынып шеңберінен шығып, заманауи ұстаз
білім беру жүйесіне инновацияларды енгізуші ретінде қалыптасуда. Өкінішке орай,
Қазақстандағы ұстаздардың аз ғана бөлігі білім реформаларының қозғаушы күші бола алады.
Резюме
Данная статья посвящена роли учителя, как лидера в реформах образования в
Казахстане. В настоящее время лидерство учителя выходит за рамки класса, современный
учитель и внедряет инновации в системе образования. К сожалению, не все учителя в
современных школах могут стать движущей силой образовательных реформ в Казахстане.
Change has become the norm of our modern life. Schools and their staff are not
an exception. Shifts in responsibilities have taken place in the educational systems of
many countries. The conventional role of a teacher as a classroom leader has been
transformed into a school leader who is in charge of decision making and policy
implementation. The majority of educational reforms were initiated and implemented
by professional teachers. Due to the changing status of teachers, they are not a weak
link within the school administration but highly skilled individuals whose passion as
much reflects their effectiveness as the reverse [1].
About two decades ago Kazakhstani teachers were supposed only to educate
children and implement the policy initiated by the policy makers. Teachers’ job was
undervalued and no one considered teachers’ voice as something worth attention and
that teachers could play a significant role in education system. Such attitude was
inherited from the Soviet Union. Today, being an independent country Kazakhstan
tries to improve educational system and teachers have an opportunity to attend
professional development courses and obtain Master’s
degree in the world’s top
Universities. Such experience results in teachers’ confidence and ability to make
decisions, not only class- oriented but decisions that influence educational system of
the country. Teachers have become true leaders of education and associate
themselves with the ones who propose initiatives as well as implement them.
Teachers know better what school life is, what should be done to make learning and
teaching sufficient and effective. That is why they are in the best place to make
changes.
It is of great importance for school leaders to be skillful and professional as well
as having great passion and dedication towards school goals and values. “Career
capital” which is defined as “ the skills you have that are both rare and valuable
and that can be used as leverage in defining your career,” should be sufficient in
order to define your passion and “make a difference in an area that has meaning for
you and that you are good at” [1]. To make decisions and create initiatives that
influence educational system of the country, teachers should be effective leaders
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having a set of skills to lead the changes. According to Kirtman (2013), there are 7
competencies which define a leader. They are:
1.
Challenges the status quo.
2.
Builds trust through clear communications and expectations.
3.
Creates a commonly owned plan for success.
4.
Focuses on team over self.
5.
Has a sense of urgency for sustainable results.
6.
Commits to continuous improvement for self.
7.
Builds external networks and partnerships [2].
By analyzing some of these qualities, we can create an image of a true leader.
This person can be described as the one who takes risks, is accessible, monitors
situations, and is reflective and collaborative. Having such characteristics makes for
an effective team, working towards one common goal.
Among all the competencies proposed by Kirtman (2013) building external
networks and partnerships is one key to success. What makes leaders different from
others is their sense of unity and readiness to collaborate with other colleagues since
they realize that professional alliances have power to propose the policies and
implement them if it is found to be effective and is acceptable in society.
According to recent surveys, a main concern of Kazakhstani teachers is that
there is no professional network through which they are free to suggest initiatives,
analyze their implementation and possible outcomes and get feedback later on. The
system within Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) has been successful in
organizing forums for NIS teachers. In these forums, participants have the
opportunity to share their views, discuss the difficulties teachers face and suggest
initiatives to improve learning and teaching. Unfortunately, teachers who do not work
within the NIS system do not have these opportunities. My hope is that very soon all
teachers will be able to join a professional community in order to become change
agents of educational system.
Another concern is that majority of Kazakhstani teachers are reluctant to
promote leadership outside the classroom. It would appear that teachers still need to
be guided through the changes and are not ready to accept the responsibility to
transform into active stakeholders and make educational reforms. It is more
comfortable for such teachers to rely on a school’s administration instead of
implementing the changes themselves. Hopefully, this trend will decrease in the
foreseeable future. As K. Lukacs nd G. Galluzzo (2014) remarked, “the potential of
teachers as agents of school change is vitally important if continuous improvement
and school reform are to be achieved” [3]. It is important to realize the power that is
concentrated in the teachers’ hands as they are best placed to know what should be
changed for the benefit of learners’ academic achievement and teachers’ professional
development. Which steps might be taken to awaken a true leader in average
Kazakhstani teacher? It is of high importance for all teachers to learn more about the
role of teachers as leaders; there is much research dedicated to teacher leadership and
how to promote sustainable leadership in school. Teachers should explore the
strategies and international experience that will be helpful to develop leadership
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