Учебное пособие для спо под редакцией Г. В. Шевцовой 2-е издание
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Find in the text words or phrases which mean the same as:низкий уровень мастерства высокая цена приблизительно совершенствовать технологическое мастерство низкий стандарт раскрашивать узор вручную переводить оттиск, рисунок Choose the correct word to complete the sentences:Up until the Industrial Revolution objects were made by . a. craftsmen, b. artists, c. industrial workers There were a few rich merchants producing objects based on designs and technology taken from . a. native towns, b. other countries The Industrial Revolution took place during the early part of the 1700’s with the invention of . a. a wheel, b. a railway, c. mechanical processes of production All the plates of the early period are . a. white, b. blue, c. red Divide the text into logical parts and give each a suitable title. Work in pairs, think of some questions to review the contents of the text and ask each other. Read the text below to find answers to the given questions: Text 1 B The Arts & Crafts Movement What was the Arts & Crafts Movement? The Arts and Crafts Movement was one of the most influential, profound and far-reaching design movements of modern times. It began in Britain around 1880 and quickly spread across America, Europe and Japan. It was a movement born of ideals. It grew out of a concern for the effects of industrialisation: on design, on traditional skills and on the lives of ordinary people. In response, it established a new set of principles for living and working. It advocated the reform of art at every level and across a broad social spectrum, and it turned the home into a work of art. The Movement took its name from the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, founded in 1887, but it encompassed a very wide range of like-minded societies, workshops and manufacturers. Other countries adapted Arts and Crafts philosophies according to their own needs. While the work may be visually very different, it is united by the ideals that lie behind it. This was a movement unlike any that had gone before. Its pioneering spirit of reform, and the value it placed on the quality of materials and design, as well as life, shaped the world we live in today. What is the main idea of the Arts and Crafts movement? During the early part of the Industrial Revolution, it was natural for manufacturers to use the ever-increasing technological advances to produce more for greater profit. The products looked like they did because that’s how they were made. Any decoration was an attempt to make the product to look good. It was often over elaborate with mixed styles from previous ages. The role of good artistic design was never felt to be important as it cost money and manufacturers had little competition throughout the world. A group of artists reacted against these poorly designed machine products and started up the Arts and Crafts movement. They wanted to create a style that reflected the old ideals of craftsmanship with artistic form, shape and colour. What is William Morris famous for? The main figure associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement is William Morris — a designer, writer and poet. He was a man idealizing the traditional life of England while all around him raged the Industrial Revolution; a very new phenomenon, being the first nation to experience rapid industrialization. William Morris saw the over-ornamentation of mass produced goods of that time as symptomatic of the alienation of workers from the products they made. In the factories, designs were drawn from pattern books; workers and designers had no individual control over the finished article, so quality suffered. The answer, Morris believed, was laid in a return to the crafts traditions of old England. In 1861, William Morris started up a design company to produce handcrafted furniture, metalwork, jewellery, textiles and his famous styles of wallpaper in order to create a new aesthetics for design, substituting well-made, well-designed products for the mass- produced goods of the factories. His designs recaptured the beauty and quality of medieval craftsmanship. Why did the Arts and Craft movement fail? The reasons why this movement failed were that it was looking backwards and had no way of transforming itself into modern styles. It was not really practical, suitable for mass production and was only available to the wealthy. It just became out of date. The Arts and Crafts movement was formally re-organized in 1915 into the Design & Industry Association and its influence remains with us today. Its unique style is always being rediscovered. The Arts and Crafts movement was mainly a British movement. Other countries, especially North Europe and the USA used its ideas and developed them into their own style called “Art Nouveau” 1880—1918. So strong was its influence that the European “Art Nouveau” style was hardly used in Britain. TEXT AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES жүктеу/скачать 0,57 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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