Preparation of legal documents: specific guidelines and examples on
how to prepare legal documentation for a newly formed co-operative, such
as the organisation agreement, articles of incorporation, bylaws,
membership applications and marketing agreements.
Financial support: advice on the various options available to obtain
financing for the co-operative, including grants, concessional loans,
subsidies, supply chain finance and equity finance.
In addition to preparing publications and brochures on these topics, the
government should develop a website with adequate online resources to support new
and existing co-operatives. Local governments should play an active role in
disseminating the information, helping small-scale producers to identify
63
opportunities to access new markets and services through co-operatives, and
motivating farmers to establish co-operatives and begin operations.
Although agricultural co-operatives are particularly relevant for small-scale
producers, it is important to note that co-operative enterprises are an organisational
form without reference to the size of the participating entities. Co-operatives that
include a mix of both smallholders and larger farm enterprises can have beneficial
effects, provided that safeguards are provided for the rights and interests of the
weaker partners. Raising awareness of the safeguards that are in place should be a
key element of the government’s education programme, to ensure adequate
participation of small-scale producers in agricultural co-operatives.
Action 2: Provide information services and technical assistance to co-operatives
To ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of agricultural co-operatives, the
government should complement educational programmes with the provision of
information services and technical assistance to existing co-operatives. Information
services can cover areas such as market prices, financial services, taxation and legal
matters. In addition, mechanisms to encourage exchanges of knowledge and
experience amongst existing co-operatives should be strongly encouraged.
Local governments can play an important role in providing technical assistance
to help small-scale farmers establish new co-operatives and support the members
and managers of existing co-operatives with specific regulatory, operational and
management issues. Technical assistance can be delivered by secondary co-
operative unions and co-operative federations in partnership with NGOs, and should
cover areas such as co-operative registration, preparation of legal documentation,
development of a feasibility study and business plan, and procedures to obtain
financial support.
Targeted financial support: government, donor and private sector financing
can facilitate the development of agricultural co-operatives
Co-operatives need adequate financial resources in order to effectively support
their members. In OECD countries, co-operatives have benefited from many
decades of investment from their members or from credit unions and co-operative
banks, which has allowed them to accumulate substantial capital reserves to finance
productive assets. In countries where the co-operative movement is still in its early
stages of development, co-operatives are typically unable to raise sufficient capital
for investment. As such, the provision of targeted financial support, either from
governments, donors or through external investment, can be helpful to encourage
greater adoption of the co-operative model in rural areas. Kazakhstan should
64
introduce a broad range of targeted financing instruments for co-operatives,
including seed capital, grants and concessional lending, and develop mechanisms to
encourage greater private sector participation in co-operative financing. In addition,
strategic support should be provided for the development of credit unions, savings
and credit co-operatives and co-operative banks.
International experience in financial support for agricultural co-operatives
Financial support for agricultural co-operatives often consists of targeted policy
instruments, such as seed capital, concessional lending or preferential access to
subsidies. Funds can be targeted to marketing, processing, improvements in quality
standards or the development of a specific local branding for small-scale farmers.
Support can also originate from a variety of sources, including the government,
international donors and the private sector.
Financing instruments for agricultural co-operatives
Financing programmes for agricultural co-operatives are an essential source of
start-up capital and funding for short and long-term investments. However, it is
important to ensure that financial support does not lead to dependency, and that co-
operatives remain financially sustainable in the long term, particularly after support
has ended. In this regard, governments and donors can employ a number of
techniques to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of financing programmes:
Co-financing of grants to co-operatives is a technique commonly
employed in the EU to encourage member-producers to take ownership
and show commitment to active participation in the co-operative. Partial
participation of governments and international donors can be developed for
a range of support instruments, including seed capital, grants for
machinery and equipment, leasing systems and access to concessional
lending for working capital. In all cases, funding should be conditional on
a co-contribution from the co-operative, to ensure adequate incentives are
built into the financing mechanism.
Combining financial support with technical assistance can be a useful
strategy to increase productivity, improve skills, promote financial
autonomy and support management independence within co-operatives.
This increases the likelihood that the co-operative’s activities will remain
sustainable in the long-term.
Targeting financing instruments to meet specific investment needs. In
the Republic of Moldova, for instance, co-operatives are eligible for
65
preferential access to government subsidy programmes, including credit,
risk insurance and investments into orchards, vineyards, greenhouses,
livestock, machinery and processing equipment (Millns, 2013).
Strict monitoring and evaluation of lending is necessary to ensure that
financial support is targeted to co-operatives that are economically viable,
and not distributed to unprofitable or inactive co-operatives. This includes
the collection of detailed structural statistics on agricultural co-operatives,
which is necessary to assess performance and identify policy and
regulatory barriers that impede co-operatives from operating effectively.
Targeted financing programmes for agricultural co-operatives are available in a
number of OECD member countries, and an examination of these instruments can be
instructive and informative for policy makers. Box 4 outlines some examples of
funding for co-operatives that are available through the USDA Rural Development
office.
Box 4. USDA financing instruments for agricultural co-operatives
The USDA Rural Development office provides a broad range of funding opportunities
for agricultural co-operatives. These grants are typically awarded on a competitive basis.
Some examples are listed below:
Rural Co-operative Development Grants. The main objective of this
programme is to support rural development by providing financial assistance for
the establishment, expansion or operational improvement of co-operatives.
Grants are awarded on annual basis to Rural Co-operative Development
Centres, and can be used to provide technical assistance to co-operatives and
their members. The programme provided approximately USD 5.8 million in
funding in 2014, with a maximum grant amount of USD 200 000. Grants are
provided with a minimum cost sharing requirement of 25% of the total project
cost.
Small Socially-Disadvantaged Producer Grants. This programme provides
technical assistance to small-scale producers. Eligible applicants include
agricultural co-operatives, co-operative associations and Rural Cooperative
Development Centres. The estimated size of the programme funding was USD 3
million in 2014, with a maximum grant amount of USD 200 000. Grants are
provided with a zero cost sharing requirement.
Value-Added Producer Grants. The primary objective of the programme is to
support agricultural producers and co-operatives in developing new products
and marketing opportunities. The maximum grant amount is USD 75 000 for
planning grants, and USD 200 000 for working capital grants. Grants are
66
provided with a minimum cost-sharing requirement of 50%.
In addition, co-operatives are also eligible to apply for financial support through a
number of targeted funding programmes, such as the Advanced Biofuel Payment Program,
the Biorefinery Assistance Program, the Business and Industry Guaranteed Loan Program,
Rural Business Opportunity Grants and the Rural Economic Development Loan & Grant
Program.
Source:
USDA
(2014c)
,
“Funding
for
Cooperatives”,
USDA
website,
www.rurdev.usda.gov/BCP_FundingForCoops.html
, accessed September 2014.
Private sector participation in co-operative financing
Involvement from the private sector, particularly foreign investors, is an
effective way to catalyse the formation of co-operatives in countries where the co-
operative movement is weak and underdeveloped. External investment from the
private sector often originates from large-scale players further downstream in the
agribusiness value chain, such as processing facilities, grain elevators, storage
facilities and wholesale and retail buyers. For instance, a processing facility can
establish contractual agreements with co-operatives that provide pre-season
financing, technological upgrading and technical assistance to their members, in
exchange for purchasing rights of the members’ production at predetermined prices.
Contractual arrangements provide clear benefits for private firms, co-operatives
and co-operative members. The firm gets access to a reliable supply of inputs,
increased compliance with sanitary and phytosanitary standards, and avoids many of
the risks associated with primary production. For foreign firms, contract farming can
also be a means to overcome legal restrictions on the ownership of agricultural land
(Prowse, 2008). Agricultural co-operatives play an important role in contract
farming, by acting as an intermediary institution between private firms and small-
scale producers. Rather than dealing directly with smallholders, private firms
generally prefer to work with co-operatives, as they help to reduce transaction costs,
mitigate lending risks, ensure the quality and traceability of products, and reduce the
likelihood of farmers defaulting on contracts (Coulter et al., 1999). In return for their
output, private firms can provide co-operatives with access to credit, inputs,
extension services and new technologies. As members of co-operatives, small-scale
producers can benefit from improved quality standards, guaranteed prices and
increased incomes.
There are therefore strong incentives for private firms to support the
development of agricultural co-operatives. Box 5 outlines the experience of Danone
67
Ukraine, Danone Ecosystem Fund and Heifer International in providing financial
support and technical assistance to support dairy co-operatives in Ukraine.
Box 5. Danone: financial support and technical assistance to strengthen dairy co-
operatives in Ukraine
Danone Ukraine, a dairy processing company, and Danone Ecosystem Fund, its
corporate social responsibility arm, have developed a unique partnership with Heifer
International, an international NGO specialising in reducing hunger and eliminating poverty.
The project’s original aim was to improve the incomes and
livelihoods of 2 200 dairy
farmers in Ukraine, by supporting the development of 20 agricultural co-operatives, each
with a membership of 60-80 smallholders. As of October 2012, more than 3 000 individual
dairy farms and 24 dairy co-operatives had benefited from the project. The total budget of
the project was EUR 1.1 million over a two-year period.
Danone invested in new equipment and infrastructure for dairy farms, including
equipment for milking cows and evaluating the quality of raw milk. The project also
financed the repair and refurbishment of milk collection points, the purchase of new
laboratory equipment, milking machines, fodder equipment and the construction of new
points for artificial insemination. Danone disbursed low-interest loans to family farms for
improving milk production techniques and improving animal treatment conditions. Danone
also provided co-operatives with fodder during the winter time and additional bonus
payments for good-quality milk.
In addition, the projects provided educational programmes related to dairy farming.
Co-operative members who were starting up family farms received consultations on small
farm creation, reconstruction, business planning and veterinary treatment. A 60-cow
demonstration farm was built in Dnepropetrovsk region (with a plan to increase it to 120
cows) to show farmers how a co-operative functions in practice. It was established as a
training centre where co-operative members can learn about management, accounting and
co-operative development. The specialists working at this farm provide co-operative
members with free consultations on how to design a family farm, how to register
documents, how to set up and operate a milk production facility, and how to sell milk to
regional processing plants through dairy co-operatives.
Source: Danone Ukraine (2011
), “Milk Cooperatives and Family Farms”,
Danone Ukraine website,
http://danone.ua/en/production/proekt-razvitie-molochnyh-kooperativov/
, accessed September 2014;
Danone Ukraine (30 October
2012), “Company
news
–
Danone continues with development of
Ukrainian villages”,
Danone Ukraine website,
http://danone.ua/en/media-center/press-center-
news/id/kompanija-danon-prodovzhuje-rozvivati-ukrajinske-selo-131/
, accessed November 2014;
Danone Ecosystem
e (2012), “Ukraine Milk Communities –
Phase 3”,
Danone Ecosysteme website,
http://ecosysteme.danone.com/project/ukraine-milk-communities/
, accessed September 2014; Heifer
International (8 December
2011), “Heifer and Danone Partner to Strengthen Ukrainian Dairy”,
Worldark blog,
www.heifer.org/join-the-conversation/blog/2011/December/heifer-and-danone-partner-
to-strengthen-ukrainian-dairy.html
, accessed September 2014.
68
Recommendations: provide targeted financial support for the establishment of
agricultural co-operatives
Financial resources are not widely available to agricultural co-operatives in
Kazakhstan. The government should introduce targeted financial support for new co-
operatives, and develop measures to reduce the prevalence of inactive co-operatives
by improving the effectiveness of current programmes. In addition, strategic support
should be provided for the development of credit unions, savings and credit co-
operatives and co-operative banks. Further support can also be obtained by
developing strategic partnerships with the private sector, in particular foreign
investors that have a strategic interest in co-operative development.
Action 1: Develop targeted financing instruments for agricultural co-operatives
Financial support can help to encourage the formation of new agricultural co-
operatives in Kazakhstan. The government should introduce a broad range of
targeted financing instruments for co-operatives, including seed capital, grants and
concessional lending. Financing should be targeted to existing co-operatives on the
basis of co-funding, to ensure the funds are not allocated to an inactive co-operative.
In addition, the government should introduce monitoring systems to ensure that
funds are being used effectively to support the operations and growth of the co-
operative.
However, it is important that government programmes do not focus solely on
the provision of subsidies. Governments can adopt a range of strategies to maximise
the effectiveness of financial support programmes. For instance, grants can be
combined with technical assistance, to upgrade the skills and capabilities of farmers.
This can lead to improved productivity, greater profitability and an increased
likelihood of the co-operative operating sustainably.
Action 2: Encourage greater private sector participation in co-operative financing
Private sector support provides clear benefits for co-operatives, including
enhanced sustainability and stronger incentives for farmers to participate in their co-
operative’s activities. There are significant incentives for food and beverage
manufacturers to support productivity growth in small-scale farms, and to use co-
operatives as a means to guarantee a steady supply of raw materials for processing.
This is particularly relevant to the meat and dairy sectors in Kazakhstan, where
households account for the majority of gross output.
The government should therefore introduce mechanisms to encourage more
proactive behaviour from large-scale processing facilities, wholesalers and retailers
69
to support the development and expansion of a co-operative movement in
Kazakhstan. This can be achieved by strengthening the quality assurance system,
improving the contract security system, and developing transparent and legally
binding mechanisms for resolving disputes between co-operatives and private firms.
Furthermore, specialised NGOs can play an important role in facilitating linkages by
encouraging the private sector to support the development of agricultural co-
operatives.
70
71
THE WAY FORWARD
This report presents a series of guidelines and policy recommendations to
strengthen agricultural co-operatives in Kazakhstan, and help small-scale producers
to benefit from increased bargaining power, greater efficiency and easier access to
supply chains and marketing channels. This section provides a suggested timeline
and outlines some guiding principles for implementation.
Summary of recommendations and suggested implementation timeline
This report has outlined the necessary reforms to strengthen agricultural co-
operatives in Kazakhstan. Figure 10 presents a roadmap for policy implementation,
outlining the expected timeframe for each of the individual policy actions.
Figure 10.
Possible implementation timeline
Source: OECD analysis.
72
Guiding principles for implementation
Successful implementation of the policy recommendations outlined in this
report will fundamentally be driven by the following factors:
Develop policies in consultation with relevant stakeholders. The
government should inform farmers, farmers’ associations, co-operative
organisations, government officials, educators, researchers, donors and
other relevant stakeholders well in advance of any upcoming policy
reforms. This is crucial to obtaining feedback and suggestions that can be
incorporated into the design of reforms.
Where possible, develop partnerships with the private sector. This step
is essential for securing additional resources for reforms and ensuring a
greater likelihood of success in their implementation. As outlined in this
report, the government should identify areas where its interests correspond
to those of the private sector, and develop strategic partnerships to reach
clearly defined objectives. For instance, the government can collaborate
with large-scale processing facilities, wholesalers and retailers to support
the development of co-operatives. This can result in improved quality
standards and higher incomes for small-scale producers, while ensuring
that processors and retailers have access to a reliable source of inputs.
Ensure that all policies and programmes are incentive-based.
Ultimately, the success of any policy to support agricultural co-operatives
depends strongly on farmers, particularly small-scale producers, wanting
to participate in the initiative. As such, any new laws, regulations and
government programmes should be designed and structured based on the
incentives of small-scale producers. An obvious example is the taxation of
co-operatives: policies should create incentives (or at the very least, should
not create disincentives) for small farmers to establish or join a co-
operative.
Use other countries’ experiences to inform policy design and
implementation. International experience and good practice are essential
to inform the design of new policies and programmes for agricultural co-
operatives. This report has provided a number of case studies and
examples of policies that have been introduced to support agricultural co-
operatives, both by OECD member and non-member countries. There are
many other examples that can be studied, from both developed economies
and emerging markets. However, not all policies are entirely applicable to
73
the situation in Kazakhstan. It is therefore important to take account of the
social, economic and political context in which reforms were introduced
before adapting and tailoring them to the local context.
Ensure adequate monitoring and evaluation of policies. Policies should
be regularly monitored and evaluated to ensure implementation is efficient
and effective. In particular, policy makers need to ensure that budgetary
resources are spent with care and that targets are being met. In this regard,
more detailed structural statistics are needed to assess the performance of
agricultural co-operatives and the specific role they play in supporting
small-scale producers. This can be achieved by conducting regular surveys
on active co-operatives to identify policy barriers preventing co-operatives
from operating effectively.
74
NOTES
1.
The definition of smallholders and household farms varies substantially according
to a number of factors, including income, land size, socioeconomic characteristics,
the type of production, etc. For example, the average farm size in many Asian
countries with high population densities is often less than a hectare, whereas farm
sizes of ten hectares or more may be considered as small in semi-arid parts of
Latin America (Cervantes-Godoy, Kimura and Antón, 2013).
2.
Small farmers typically have a number of competitive advantages over larger
producers, such as low labour costs and access to local knowledge. It is also
common for small farmers to exhibit higher physical yields than large-scale
producers. This phenomenon, known as the “inverse farm size-productivity
relationship”, was first studied in detail by Sen (1962) for the case of Indian
agriculture and has received considerable attention in the literature to date.
However, Sen (1962) also observed that overall profitability tends to increase with
the size of the land holding.
3.
“Land designated for agricultural use” represents Kazakhstan’s agricultural land
not currently occupied by located in land reserves, forest and water reserves,
special protected areas, urban and rural settlements, or occupied by industrial and
transport enterprises (OECD, 2013).
4.
In Denmark and Ireland, co-operatives function effectively without being
governed by a specific law. This situation is only possible if the Civil Code, Tax
Code and other commercial and non-commercial laws have included adequate
provisions for the regulation of co-operatives (Henrÿ, 2012).
5.
For an overview of information, publications and assistance provided by the
USDA for co-operative development, see USDA (2014d).
6.
For a list of publications prepared by Co-operatives UK, see Co-operatives UK
(2014).
75
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market-08-12-2014.pdf
, accessed August 2014.
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www.rurdev.usda.gov/BCP_Coop_TechAsst.html
, accessed September 2014.
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, accessed September
2014.
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www.rurdev.usda.gov/BCP_Coop_StartingACoop.html
, accessed September
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,
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, accessed November 2014.
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System”, Press Release, World Bank Group, Washington,
www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/29/world-bank-to-help-
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, accessed September 2014.
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-final.pdf
, accessed September 2014.
РУКОВОДСТВО
ПО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ
В СФЕРЕ РАЗВИТИЯ
ЧАСТНОГО СЕКТОРА
Укрепление сельскохозяйственных кооперативов
в Казахстане
Апреля 2015 года
2
Настоящий документ и приведенные в нем карты не ограничивают
статуса или суверенитета какой-либо территории, а также не затрагивают
вопроса международных границ и названия любой территории, города или
местности.
Документ составлен при финансовой поддержке Европейского союза.
Изложенные в нем взгляды не обязательно отражают официальное мнение
Европейского союза.
3
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящий доклад подготовлен в рамках Инициативы ОЭСР по странам
Центральной Азии с целью предложить практические рекомендации по
проведению реформ, направленных на укрепление сельскохозяйственных
кооперативов, и помочь мелким сельхозпроизводителям в Казахстане
преодолеть проявления неэффективности рыночного механизма и реализовать
хозяйственный потенциал в полной мере.
Инициатива ОЭСР по странам Центральной Азии, запущенная в ноябре
2008 года, входит в Программу ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности
стран Евразии и призвана ускорить процесс проведения экономических
реформ и улучшить деловой климат, чтобы в конечном счете достигнуть
устойчивого экономического роста и обеспечить рост уровня занятости
населения в странах Центральной Азии (Афганистане, Казахстане,
Кыргызстане, Монголии, Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Узбекистане).
Основная задача заключается в том, чтобы познакомить государства региона
со знаниями, методами и передовым опытом стран ОЭСР, способствуя
усилению конкурентоспособности, привлечению прямых иностранных
инвестиций (ПИИ), повышению производительности труда, развитию
частного сектора, укреплению предпринимательства и формированию
наукоемкой экономики.
Занимая лидирующие позиции в регионе, Казахстан активно сотрудничал
с ОЭСР, в том числе принял участие в Программе ОЭСР по повышению
конкурентоспособности стран Евразии и работе Комитета по инвестициям,
Комитета по сельскому хозяйству и Комитета по государственной политике в
области регионального развития. В 2015-2016 годах ожидается дальнейшее
укрепление сотрудничества Казахстана с ОЭСР в рамках Страновой
программы Казахстана, предусматривающей единый межведомственный
подход. Страновая программа отражает намерение и готовность государства
со всей ответственностью отнестись к программе реформирования, опираясь
на правовые инструменты и передовой опыт ОЭСР. Благодаря
дополнительным обзорам экономической политики, поддержанию диалога,
обмену передовым опытом и оказанию содействия в процессе осуществления
4
реформ, Страновая программа поможет другим странам Евразии определить
возможные способы обеспечения соответствия стандартам и практике ОСЭР.
Данная публикация основана на рекомендациях, разработанных в рамках
проекта «Повышение региональной конкурентоспособности в Казахстане».
Реализация проекта началась в 2011 году в целях укрепления региональной
конкурентоспособности и стимулирования сбалансированного роста в
регионах
страны.
В
рамках
проекта
«Повышение
региональной
конкурентоспособности в Казахстане» по просьбе правительства Республики
Казахстан был подготовлен и опубликован доклад «Обзор ОЭСР: Аграрная
политика Казахстана 2013» (OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Kazakhstan
2013). В обзоре рассмотрено текущее состояние и тенденции аграрной
политики страны, а также предложены некоторые указания по дальнейшему
реформированию данного направления государственной политики. В
частности, в нем подчеркивается необходимость выхода мелких
сельхозпроизводителей на сельскохозяйственные рынки, а также важность
диверсификации и повышения уровня доходов в сельской местности.
Работа над настоящим докладом велась совместно с правительством
Республики Казахстан в 2014 году и в тесном сотрудничестве с политическими
деятелями, сельхозпроизводителями, организациями сельхозпроизводителей и
другими заинтересованными сторонами. Он прошел экспертную оценку
27 ноября 2014 года на заседании Круглого стола ОЭСР по повышению
конкурентоспособности стран Евразии. Круглый стол представляет собой
аналитическую площадку, позволяющую представителям стран-участниц
ОЭСР и государств-партнеров из евразийского региона обменяться опытом в
области
реализации
реформ,
направленных
на
повышение
конкурентоспособности.
Проект осуществлялся при финансовой поддержке Европейского союза и
правительства Республики Казахстан.
5
ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ПРИЗНАТЕЛЬНОСТИ
В настоящем докладе подводятся итоги работы, проведенной
представителями Программы ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности
стран
Евразии
в
рамках
проекта
«Повышение
региональной
конкурентоспособности в Казахстане» под руководством Управляющего
комитета по Инициативе ОЭСР в странах Центральной Азии.
В подготовке настоящей публикации участвовали представители ряда
министерств, государственных органов, фермерских хозяйств и ассоциаций, а
также другие заинтересованные стороны в Казахстане. Среди них следует
особо отметить представителей Министерства сельского хозяйства (Его
превосходительство министр сельского хозяйства Асылжан Мамытбеков,
вице-министр сельского хозяйства Сапархан Омаров, директор Департамента
стратегического планирования Серик Ибраев, заместитель директора
Департамента стратегического планирования Айнур Ардабаева и эксперт
Департамента
стратегического
планирования
Азамат
Курманов),
Министерства национальной экономики (председатель Комитета развития
предпринимательства Галия Джолдыбаева и ведущий эксперт Комитета
развития
предпринимательства
Динара
Таженова)
и
Академии
сельскохозяйственных наук Республики Казахстан (президент Гани Калиев и
заведующая Отделом кооперации и интеграции в АПК Галия Акимбекова).
Кроме того, при составлении доклада учитывались точки зрения многих
фермеров и фермерских ассоциаций, в том числе Союза фермеров Казахстана
(президент Ауезхан Даринов и вице-президент Акжол Абдукалимов).
Помимо этого, ценный вклад в подготовку отчета внесли международные
эксперты, в том числе Дэвид Седик, старший специалист по аграрной
политике, Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация (ФАО),
ООН; Ричард Помфрет, профессор экономических наук Университета
Аделаиды, Австралия; Цви Лерман, профессор экономики сельского хозяйства
Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, Израиль; и Хаген Хенри, адъюнкт-
профессор
и
директор
по
научно-исследовательской
работе
Сельскохозяйственного института Университета Хельсинки, Финляндия.
6
Европейский союз, выступивший в качестве донора в рамках проекта
«Повышение
региональной
конкурентоспособности
в
Казахстане»,
предоставил ценные указания и поддержку (Лука Карапелли, руководитель
проекта, Представительство Европейского союза в Республике Казахстан).
Данный доклад подготовлен под надзором руководителя Секретариата
ОЭСР по международным отношениям Маркоса Бонтури, заместителя
руководителя Секретариата ОЭСР по международным отношениям Энтони
О’Салливана
и
руководителя
Программы
ОЭСР по повышению
конкурентоспособности стран Евразии Антонио Сомма.
Основным автором доклада является экономист и политический аналитик
Джибран Пунтаки (Программа ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности
стран Евразии). Проект курировал руководитель проектов Жан-Франсуа
Лянжелле (Программа ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности стран
Евразии). Доклад проверили и внесли в него ценные замечания аналитик по
сельскохозяйственной политик Далила Сервантес-Годой (Управление
торговли и сельского хозяйства ОЭСР), Ян Шуйер, Карл Доусон и Ванесса
Валле (Секретариат ОЭСР по международным отношениям), а также Грегори
Лекомт, Клемент Брено, Вутер Местер, Мартин Поспишил, Кирилл Коссев,
Ольга Олсон и Диана Крэчун (Программа ОЭСР по повышению
конкурентоспособности стран Евразии).
За редактирование доклада отвечала Салли Хинчклифф. Помощь в
реализации проекта оказали Салтанат Джаненова (региональный консультант
и инструктор, Высшая школа государственной политики, Назарбаев
Университет), Анна Шахтахтинская, Иоланта Хмелик и Элизабетта да Прати
(Программа ОЭСР по повышению конкурентоспособности стран Евразии).
7
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ........................................................................................................ 3
ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ПРИЗНАТЕЛЬНОСТИ .................................................................... 5
СОКРАЩЕНИЯ И УСЛОВНЫЕ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ .............................................. 11
КАЗАХСТАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ (2013 ГОД) .................................. 13
КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР .................................................................................................... 15
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