Objectives of intercultural communicative competence in the context of the
foreign language classroom and Teacher’s role
In Byram’s Model of Intercultural Communicative Competence [6], foreign language teachers
are asked to guide learners through the process of acquiring competencies of attitudes, knowledge,
and skills related to intercultural competence while using a foreign language. Teachers should
facilitate different activities which form positive attitudes about the “other” and learner experience
interest towards different cultures. Students should begin with questioning their preconceived
ideas before they start to discover about other cultures with the intent to seek out and be involved
with others in order to experience the relationships of reciprocity [6]. In order to become engaged
in exploration of other cultures learners should have certain knowledge about them. So teacher
should give time and opportunities to explore home culture and the target culture. The teacher
should give activities which will prepare students for real interaction with people from different
cultural backgrounds when learners had chance to gather knowledge and see the similarities and
differences between their and other culture [6].
After gaining some attitudes and knowledge students must be provided the time and
the space to develop skills of interpreting and relating. It is important because at the first stages
students consider some differences from ethnocentric perspectives and face some difficulties and
misunderstandings related to cross-cultural situations. If they have positive attitude and enough
knowledge of culture they become able to understand the differences and interpret situations
appropriately in order to avoid misinterpretations. Another important aspect of teaching ICC is
providing learners with opportunities to meet individuals from diverse cultures in order to share
information through communication in a foreign language
.
Defining the cultural content for FL classes
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One of the most difficult problems that foreign language teachers face is the selection
of adequate or appropriate instructional materials. What should students learn about a foreign
culture or what should be included in cultural dimension of the lesson so students will be able to
function freely in that particular culture? Many scholars have searched the answer for this question
and in order to find it is important to look carefully or examine FL textbooks as they are considered
to be main agents of language education. While analyzing we should consider the level to which
culture is reflected in textbooks and if it seems irrelevant or not enough we should be able to adapt
or prepare some supplementary materials which include cross-cultural aspects and facilitate
development of intercultural competence in students.
Patrick Moran [9] offers four categories where culture is identified as:
• “knowing about”, relates to culture general information: facts, history, perspectives of the target
culture and of learner’s own culture;
• “knowing how”, refers to developing behavior which will help students in the everyday life when
interacting with someone from different culture.
of the target culture;
• “knowing why”, refers to developing explanations of fundamental cultural
perspectives as beliefs, values and attitudes;
• “knowing oneself” or learner’s self-awareness. In other words, learners need to know themselves
and their own culture in order to get better understanding of the target language culture.
Methodology
In this study, a content analysis of two cultural units of EFL course book “English in mind” adapted
for Kazakhstani learners for identifying presence and of cultural elements or gaps was conducted.
Namely, the selected course book units are designed for intermediate language learners. These
units were analyzed according to a checklist of basic intercultural components and principles
which was adapted on the basis of major intercultural competence models and frameworks. The
first unit is about animals, and second one about social networks. The unit about animal was chosen
as it if the first cultural unit in the book so that it gives us approximate image of books cultural
materials. And the second unit “Social networks” was chosen as it contains and reflects the
experience of the students’ peer-group. This aspect is considered to be very important as learners
usually tend to learn better if information is closely connected to their everyday’s lives.
The cultural content of these units were analyzed in accordance with Byram’s model
of intercultural communicative competence in terms of Attitudes, Skills and Knowledge which
lead to a Critical Cultural Awareness. Then, the cultural components of each unit were developed
according to the foundational principles of models and frameworks of intercultural language
learning which were set during their analysis. The development of the intercultural components in
activities are mainly based on gaining learners’ own attitudes and knowledge by means of
reflecting on one’s own culture, exploring and understanding own and the target culture’s values
and beliefs. This is done by incorporating different language tasks and activities which may
develop learner’s cultural awareness and engage them in culture learning.
Discussion
Methodological considerations
Integrating intercultural principles and components
Cultural awareness of one’s own culture
One of the aims of intercultural approach to language teaching/learning is to facilitate learner’s
exploration of their own culture. For example, learners can be engaged in pair or group discussions
and use some brainstorming or mapping techniques to gather different ideas of their understanding
of animal communication or animals’ role in lives of humans. This task will show the diversity in
awareness within learners and exchange with some unknown views or information. Learners can
also develop their cultural awareness through associations they have when they think about
particular topic which will reflect the learners’ own culture. For example, the word cow may
produce associations with food or milk, or chocolate or even God, depending on the culture. If to
speak about communication between animals again some cultures do believe that animals have
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their own language whereas other may be very skeptical about this matter. Or topic of social
networks must be very close to learners as social networking is very popular among their peer-
group. They can discuss the attitudes towards spending time socializing virtually or positive or
harmful effects on health and education. So reflecting on thought and ideas is very important in
terms that learner will now have a general idea on cultural issue and prepared to acquire knowledge
about other cultures (more detailed lesson plans are included in Appendixes).
Cultural awareness of other cultures
An important aspect of language teaching/learning is creating authentic meaningful situation
where language can be learned. Also creating authentic situation or bringing real objects will
increase learners’ interest, motivation and curiosity for culture learning. For example, teachers can
create an account in social network that learners frequently use and create a group where students
can share what they found or learned about target culture with classmates. Or teacher may give
students task to find a pen friend from other country and conduct an interview and then discuss it
in class. Also teacher can use technique called “culture island” [10] which aims at “attracting
student attention, eliciting questions and comments” /p.168/ for culture learning. Such activities
will make the lessons more interesting and learners will feel more motivated in learning about the
target culture.
Another useful tool in facilitating cultural awareness of other culture is watching videos. From
videos students develop their ability to observe cultural behavior of people. For example watching
documentary film about relationship between people and pets can help learners to identify cultural
norm or attitudes toward pets or other animals and self-reflect on own culture and discuss
differences and similarities (more detailed lesson plans are included in Appendixes).
Interview with native English speakers or intercultural speaker may be another way of constructing
learner’s own model of cultural learning by exploration cultural issue in the target culture. This
can be done as homework or project work in learner’s free time, by means of internet or with
speakers invited to the class as guests. Later students are asked to present an oral or written report
about what they have known about the target culture from their interviews. Interviews are useful
in the way that first of all learner must be prepared to interaction with speaker in advance which
increases cultural awareness of other as he will do an exploration. Also, learners is engaged is real
intercultural situation and is able to use gained knowledge in order to have successful interaction.
And finally, learner will gain deeper understanding and skills of interpreting behavior of any other
cultural peculiarities of interlocutor.
After learner gain insight and knowledge about target culture they may simulate cultural situations
by using their knowledge. This may include role play, games and so on. Games can provide
realistic and safe ways of examining the real world as well as to provide an enjoyable and
supportive learning environment. Learners experience an atmosphere of discovery, practice
problem-solving and acquire necessary skill of interpreting and relating in natural way.
Comparing cultures
First of all in order to compare cultures learners need to have an understanding of their own culture
because it is almost impossible to completely know and understand one’s own culture. The learners
start to gradually decentre from their own culture [11] before being able to actively engage in
comparing, contrasting and reflecting on the cultural values in the target culture. This is regarded
as a foundation for learning the target language culture. Culture always changes and students
should be aware of this so that they can have a better understanding of their own and the target
culture. Once learners can develop an understanding of the shared meanings of values in their
home and the target culture, they can reduce their ethnocentrism and develop respect and empathy
towards people of the target culture. Each culture has different values and none of the values in
one culture is better than the others in another culture.
Conclusion
Nowadays language learners need to develop not only linguistic competence but
work on acquiring intercultural communicative competence in order to overcome both linguistic
and cultural barriers they may face in interaction with people from other cultures. Because of
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growing importance of intercultural communicative competence in language learning classroom,
this study has made an attempt to analyze two adapted traditional textbook units used in a
Kazakhstani course book and tried to develop a model for preparing and adapting supplementary
activities for each unit which include required cultural component in accordance with intercultural
principles and models. The developed cultural components help learners to be engaged in cultural
learning through variety of tasks and activities which develop learners’ cultural knowledge, skills
and attitudes required for effective communication and interaction with people from other cultures.
The proposed model of cultural components is expected to help learners to become both
linguistically and interculturally competent. Language teaching has shifted from traditional
approaches to intercultural ones and teachers now become aware of interdependent relation
between culture and language and that culture is an essential component of foreign language
teaching. This paper may serve as an example or framework for developing intercultural
perspectives which in turn may affect on language teaching methodology and techniques.
Integrating intercultural competence by developing necessary skills, attitudes and knowledge is
new objective of modern language teaching.
References
1.
Hymes, D. “On Communicative Competence.” Sociolinguistics. Ed. John B. Pride and
Janet Holmes.Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. P.269-293
2.
Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Cambridge: Cambridge
3.
Liddicoat, A.J., Papademetre, L., Scarino, A., & Kohler, M. (2003). Report on
intercultural language learning. Canberra ACT: Commonwealth of Australia)
4.
Damen, L. (1987), Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension in the Language Classroom,
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
5.
Sinicrope, C., Norris, J., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Understanding and assessing
intercultural competence: A summary of theory, research, and practice
6.
Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence.
Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
7.
Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural
sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (2nd ed., pp.
21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press
8.
Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J.S. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward
multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education, 2, 62-77
9.
Moran, P.R. (2001), Teaching Culture: Perspectives in Practice, Boston, Mass.: Heinle
and Heinle
10.
Hughes, G. H. (1986). An argument for cultural analysis in the second language
classroom. In J.M. Valdes (Ed.), Cultural bound (pp. 162–169). New York: Oxford
University Press
11.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
УДК 37.013
ROLE OF A TEACHER IN ENHANCING ESL LEARNERS’ INTEREST AND
MOTIVATION
A.B.Sary, A.A.Shakenova
Suleyman Demirel University
Түйін
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Бұл зерттеу жұмысы әр түрлі курс студенттерінің мотивация және қызығұшылық
деңгейінің маңыздылығына және олардың Ағылшын тілін үйренуге деген ынталарын, жас
ерекшеліктеріне байланысты мұғалімдерді қабылдау айрмашылықтарына тоқталады.
Райэн мен Десидің тұжырымы: «мотивация – ол іс – қимылдың жасалуына ықпал ететін
құрал болып табылады». Ағылшын тілін уйрену – үнемі оқұды талап ететін үздіксіз
процесс. Және де, мотивациялық деңгейдің болуы өте маңызды. Зерттеу жұмыстың
нәтижелері оқытушыларға үйренүшілердің ағылшын тіліне деген көзқарасы мен
қабылдауын өзгертуге тиімді бағыт – бағдар ұсынады.
Abstract
This study is an attempt to prove or disprove the presence of differences in Motivational
level, interest and perception of three generations towards Teachers and English Language
Learning. Ryan and Deci (2000a:54) stated that "to be motivated means to be moved to do
something". English Language learning is a continuous process that requires constant study and
being inspired and motivated. Unlike unmotivated people who have lost impetus and inspiration
to act, motivated people are energized and activated to the end of a task. The findings of this
research will provide teachers with guidelines to change students’ attitudes and perceptions
towards English.
Резюме
Данная научная работа посвящена проблеме различия между студентами разных
поколений и их уровней мотивации к изучению английского языка, а также их отношение
и восприятие к учителям. Райан и Деси (2000г.) утверждают, что "мотивация - есть
средство, способствующее к действию". Изучение Английского языка - непрерывный
процесс, который требует постоянного обучения, где состояние мотивированности также
является немаловажным. Результаты исследования помогут учителям изменить отношение
и восприятие студентов к изучению английского языка.
Key words: motivation, teacher’s role, perception, inspiration, academic performance,
English language
I.
Introduction
Motivation is a bridge between teacher and student, invisible power that makes teaching and
learning process easier and interesting. In our society teachers have lots of responsibilities
therefore it is difficult for them to manage classes, to prepare different tasks and activities, to pay
attention to every student’s personality and to make every student interested in their classes.
Motivation can be the solution for these problems. Teachers should be motivated to teach and
learners should be motivated to study. We have to divide responsibilities among them, have to
make balance in teachers’ and student’s efforts in order to keep both motivated.
Due to the exclusive use of the course books instructors share the problem of students getting less
interested and motivated in ESL classes themselves. Today’s students represent a wide range of
learners with different social background and expectations about learning process. Statement of
the problem: low levels of interest and motivation of three different generations towards English
Language and differences in their perceptions of teachers cause low interest to study and poor
academic performance.
Research purpose:
To find out whether there are differences in motivational level and interest towards English
language of three different generations; to prove or disprove that there is a gap between teacher’s
perception about students and students expectations about teachers
The tasks of research:
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1. To compare Motivational levels of three different generations and their attitudes towards
English
learning
2. To find out whether there are differences on teachers’ expectations about students and
students’ perception about teachers
Research Questions:
1.
What are the levels of motivation and interest towards English language learners?
2.
What is the role of teachers’ motivational level in teaching ESL?
3.
Are there any differences between three generations and their attitudes towards English
Language?
Motivation is a vital element in second language acquisition. There is no doubt that
motivation plays a huge role in language learning, the problem that we found out that there is a
gap between teachers' and students’ perception on motivation and its role in enhancing English
Language Performance.
Main purpose of this research is to show the importance of teachers’ role and their authority
in shaping students’ right understanding about English Language learning. From our own
experience and according to the results of the survey we as junior students can state that first year
students should be motivated and involved in learning process in relevant way. The way teacher
communicates with a student can have powerful positive or negative effect. For example, it would
be expected that a positive statement about their ability (“You are very intelligent and should be
able to think of the answer”) would be likely to encourage a student. For some of them, the result
might not be encouraging at all. The student may wish to avoid demands to achieve, and the
teacher’s statement may not match the student’s own beliefs about his or her abilities. In another
example, it might be expected that a teacher’s negative statement about ability would result in a
lack of encouragement. But some students may be motivated to prove the teacher wrong and be
even more encouraged to perform (according to data collection these are the sophomore and junior
students). And some individuals are not affected at all by teacher statements, especially students
who are intrinsically motivated are neither encouraged nor discouraged by teacher comments.
II.
Literature Review
It is every teacher’s dream to have in his/her class motivated students, who is driven by the
curiosity to learn and achieve his or her goals. However, this is rarely happens in English
classroom. Wong and Csikszentmihalyi (1991) found out in a long term study carried out in USA
context that schoolwork was rated as the least rewarding activity among learners. Thus, it is the
job of a teacher to generate students’ motivation and help them build positive attitude towards
English language learning. Teachers can achieve this aim of generating students’ motivation
through implementing various strategies. First, teachers should enhance learners’ values and
attitudes toward the language, including their intrinsic, external, and intercultural values.
Generating learners’ interest and motivation to study is a key issue here. “Teachers should know
how to “whet the students’ appetite” and attract their attention to learn the language” (Dörnyei
& Ushioda, 2011, p. 114).
Teacher being motivated is, perhaps the most crucial aspect in learning to happen. That is
why, it is important to be aware of factors which motivate teachers. The motivation of teachers is
affected by many factors.
A study to identify factors which motivate teachers in SDU will provide rich insight into
why some teachers remain excited about their work even though they may have taught for many
years. To Lortie (1975) teachers are motivated when they see students achieving desirable results.
Menlo and Low (1988) studied teacher job satisfaction across five countries and found that
teachers were most excited when students do well and when they understand what was taught.
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When students achieve good results, the esteem needs of teachers could be met as it reflects well
on their teaching. And studies by Sergiovanni and Starrat (1979) suggest that esteem need is an
important motivator.
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