Figure 1 – Effect of the composition of two component synergistic system on its
characteristics (A,α)
III.
By the character of interaction between the components of synergistic couple and
nonstoichiometrical components of the systems onto three types:
a)
Formation of new compounds with synergetic properties:
S
1
*
+S
2
*
→S
3
*
(or X
i
)
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
405
b)
Parallel effect of internal and external synergistic partners on the substate:
A+B+S→S
*
+A
’
+B
’
Where A, B are external factors including physical (heat, light, radiation, electromagnetic
waves, sound etc.) or internal (unstoichiometrical) components-solvents, admixtures and so on.
S
*
is substrat with synergistic properties;
c)
Consequtive effect of external or internal synergistic partners:
Where S
’
is substate with additional (or changing) properties, “channels”.
IV.
Be the hierarchy of synergistic effect origin-onto two types:
a)
Primary
b)
Secondary
V.
By character of the causes of synergistic effect origin onto two types:
a)
Intrinsic (internal)
b)
Induced (external) there are some explanations to definitions and terms in
the given classification.
I.
The nature of SE origin may be determined by the chemical components – new
chemical compound formation or new reaction way origin, which leads to the observed non-
additivity of the system properties. The physical components – the change in the surface,
porosity, form of the particles and other characteristics of the system, which lead to non-
additivity of properties. Types 1a and 1 b can cooperate inb action.
II.
As a substrate we accept the compound substance (S), the property of which (α)
varies synergistically at mixing with other component (or at effect of it by the physical factor). In
other words, S originally has a certain property α, contrary to non-substrate (for instance,
solvent, carrier external factor), that doesn’t have it. It may be clearly seen from Fig.1.
III.
Interaction of S and other components (factors) with each other results in change
of structural, thermodynamic and dynamic (kinetic) properties, that is the origin of SE, defined
by paragraphs 4 and 5.
IV.
At the formation of new compounds from molecules (atoms, ions, complexes) of
synergetic partners (S and X according to p.2) they, as a rule, appeared to have new primary
often non-additive properties: structural characteristics, sizes of crystals (the distance between
atoms, molecules, fragments), molecular volume, density etc. change. The thermodynamic
characteristics (
H,G, S) change synergistically.
The change of the properties, determined by primary change- that is kinetic activity,
optical and adsorptive characteristics, solvency or solvent capacity, viscosity electric-and
photochemical properties, biological activity, is classified as secondary SE.
V.
The intrinsic (or internal) SE are determined (generated) by S
1
, S
2
and S+X
partners, while the induced SE originate of combined effect of external chemical partners and
(or) physical factors (X
1
and X
2
-thermal, luminous, radiative, electromagnetic, ultrasonic,
chemical etc).
We suppose that the classification covers all the known synergism cases in chemistry and
hope, that it will help to understand the mechanism of origin of non-additivity better, and go the
mechanism of formation and functioning of the complicated chemical systems. The classification
is worked out on the base of our own results and date of the world publications on different
fields of chemistry (catalysis, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry etc).
There are some examples of synergism in physical chemistry.
This field of chemistry, like catalysis, abounding in synergetic phenomena, since both
structural (primary) and dynamic (secondary) characteristics of the substance and processes are
present widely, it concerns and cooperates closely with all the other fields of chemistry.
For example, synergistic phenomena reflect, apparently, the majority of diagrams of
“composition-property” type [4-10], which are determined by component interaction practically
on all the levels from sub-micro-to macro-level (primary and secondary SE). as an example we
take well-studied binary systems, for instance, SnCl (Br)
4
-R
2
O, causing as a result of acid-basic
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
406
interaction the formation of the complex compounds of different composition (from 2:1 to 1:2).
SnCl
4
-Bu
2
O system shows synergism at the change of such properties as molecular mass,
chemical shift, isotherms of viscosity, activation energy of viscous flow, conductivity, steam
pressure. The same precise synergetic curves were obtained in the systems (C
2
H
5
)
2
O-RCOOH-
SnCl
3
, HClO
4
-H
2
O, H
2
O
2
-H
2
O [9,10].
The dependencies “composition-property” have wore complicated composition in metallic
binary alloys, where the compounds in liquid and solid states often form in systems; including
chemical compounds, compounds of different composition. It results in the significant change of
some properties (fusing temperature, viscosity, strength, fluidity, micro hardness, flexibility and
super flexibility)[11-13]. Many technical characteristics of hard alloys strongly depend on the
regime parameters of hardening, conditions of cooling and crystallization [13].
The synergetic effect present in the alloys of mercury with metals-amalgams/14/: the form
of system liquids, for example, Hg-Ga clearly indicates the formation of compound of
composition 1:1 [15], and with it the fusing temperature alloy T
f
rises by 160-250
0
C in
comparison with T
f
of individual metals. The interaction of alkali metals with mercury
confirmed expect high heats of alloy formation also high change in volume and viscosity of
amalgams, the results of steam pressure measurement.
The potentials of amalgams φ of these metals differ significantly from φ of the
corresponding pure metals [14,16].
It is shown that the systems with the acutely expressed interaction, leading to the
synergism, are typical for the metals, having completely unfilled outer d-shell (Li, Na, K, Rb and
Cs) [14].
Results and discussion
All the given instance are the typical examples of the synergism of type S
1
-S
2
(2a), the
primary (type 4a) and intrinsic (type 5a) synergism. The so-called function of stability of hard
solution F (x) also passes the maximum in the system PbF
2
-SrF
2
[17]. With it, the maximum
value is reached with the comparison~SrF
2
when the difference between temperatures of liquids
and solidus approaches to the highest. From the synergistic curve it follows that homogeneous
single crystals PbF
2
are impossible to obtain when the SrF
2
content is more than 10%.
It was shown, that the change in composition of hard solution Co
1-x
, Cu
x
O
n
to the
synergistic change in the parameters of the elementary lattice in the interval 10,1-0,3x [18]. But
the substitution of matrix atoms by admixture atoms occurs more easily when they differ by
mass not very much [19].
Water – dioxane solution has interesting properties. It was shown before that in the
solution at 60-80 mas.% of dioxane the maximum activity of catalytic system Pd(II)-Cl(Br) was
observed at oxidation of CO in CO
2
by benzoquinone and other quinines [20]. It is show in [21]
that the values of the density, viscosity and the enthalpy of mixing
H pass the maximum in the
same concentration range, and
H is equal to zero at 50% (mole) of dioxane, i.e.in this case all
the bonds H…O in the water are broken, i.e. aqueous associations have decomposed under
C
4
H
4
O
2
molecules effect.
It is discovered that the synergistic and other effects are often observed near the critical
points of mixtures in particular, solvent [22]. For example, the critical azeotrope has a number of
unique properties as a dissolving medium: volumetric and thermal effects, connected with
solvating, increase several times, and it leads to the synergism.
Formation of new compounds, associates, new phases and specific interactions between
mixture component result in the change in thermodynamic characteristics of the system. One
may also suppose that, on the contrary, due to thermodynamics the initial characteristics of
mono-component mediums (at their mixing) changing, that leads to observe effects, including
the synergistic ones. It is discovered, for example, in the liquid alloys of system Na-Cd(
H, Q)
[23], SiO
2
-CaO (H
0
) [24], Na-Sn (
H) [25] NH
3
-O
2
(yield of NO
x
) [26], CH
3
OH-(CH
3
)
2
CO (
H
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
407
of CuL
n
)[27], H
2
O-CH
3
OH (t-BuOH) (dissolving heat of aniline)[28] etc.[29]. The
thermodynamic probability of one of the A
n
B
m
compounds in the systems MgO-TiO
2
, CaO-V
2
O
5
obtaining, defined as the change in Gibbs energy and other parameters, is also described by
synergistic curve at variation of the concentrations of these components [30].
The concentration dependence of the chemical shifts of the protons of formamide amino
group (FA) for the cis-and trans-protons at interaction with N, N-demethylformamide (DMFA)
pass the maximum at FA=0,5 as a result of their weak complexing [31]. The excessive enthalpy
of FA and DMFA mixture has the identical form.
The mixing enthalpies and the molar volume of Na and TL in liquid alloys of the same
system are determined synergistically by metal-metallic bond between the components (balance
constant K=25,7 at 800K), which form the compound of NaTl compo-sition [32].
The excessive thermal capacity (C
e
p
J/mole.K) of solutions of dipropylamine (DPA) and
tetrachlorethane, DPA and acetonitrile at 298,15K depend on the mixture composition similary
[33]. It occurs as a result of association owing to the acid-basic interaction (CH
3
CN-is the
effective acceptor of proton):
NH(C
3
H
7
)
2
+CH
3
CN↔[N(C
3
H
7
)
2
]
-
[HNCCH
3
]
+
and CCl
4
molecules addition to DPA chain.
Among the other examples of SE origin in Physical chemistry consider the non-additive
change in ther-modynamic and concentration dependencies in the mixed solvents: the excessive
enthalpy of mixing of H
2
O dimethylsuloxide (DMSO) solution [34], “dramatic” increase in
NbO
x
solubility in the water –oxalic acid (Ox) mixture with the further sharp fall at [Ox]=0,1
weigh. Fraction owing to the niobium oxalate settling out [35], the influence of internal and
external molecular hydrogen bonds on the synergistic solubility effects [36].
The causes of synergetic change in the kinetic characteristics of reactions may be-the
change in the innerspherical parameters or the intermediate complexes, for example, the central
ion of Cu (II) surrounding by the molecules of amine (piperidine)-a reducer at its dilution by
acetonitrile [37]. Reaction rate is rising as non-symmetrical complexes are forming: it leads to
the synergistic dependencies.
The kinetic of sootformation is described by the synergistic curve at variation of relation of
initial products-erthylene and propane [38], acetylene and benzene, acetylene and hydrogen [39].
SE explanations are based on the complicated consecutive-parallel stages of molecule
decomposition on the surface and in the volume. Often the causes of synergism are not cleared
up [40].
The adsorptive, absorptive, kinetic and other characteristics of different systems very often
depend synergistically on the medium pH, since acidity determines the surface and dynamic
properties of these systems and formed intermediates [41,42]. One may say that the so-called
induced synergism realizes in this case owing to the OH
-
and H
+
ion participating in the
structural and dynamic transformations.
Physical and chemical causes determine the synergism of ultra-small particles of CaCO
3
and M
2
O
3
(M is metal) on the explosive characteristics of organoaluminium mixtures: at the
optimal relation of admixtures the pressure exponent and combustion rate increase [43].
Apparently, it is caused by physical causes a kind of synergism of ice formation from the
cloud of water streams at the combined effect of such organic compounds as phenasine (or
phloglucin) and anthraquinone, and at it the yield of ice crystals increases by more than an order
in comparison with individual compound effects [44]. It was discovered that similar effect is
caused by the formation of smaller crystals of these organic embryos of new (solid) phase of
H
2
O.
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
408
Conclusion
Finally, the synergism origin in KCl powder (conglomeration of F and M painting centers)
is discovered at their simultaneous radiation by protons and electrons of energy from 30 to 100
keV (SE on submiclovel) [45]. It is considered that in this case the energy of these two moieties
is summarized and as a result originated effect consolidate better, the depth of the defective layer
increases (induced synergism).
A n strange “synergy”, originated between the magnetic interaction and spin location in the
Fe (II) complexes with organic radicals as ligands, in particular, for bids (cis-1, 2-diciano-1, 2-
ethylenedithialato)
[2-p-N-methylperidinium]-4,45,5-tetramethylymidasoline-1oxile]-ferrum
(III) addition, is may be classified as the same type [45]. According to the introduction as a result
two types of molecular magnetism, viz.: the intermediate spin state, the so-called “spine
crossover”, and magnetic interaction appear simultaneously in the same compound.
Thus, one can discover practically all the types and classes of synergism, covered by the
above-mentioned classification in physical chemistry. Sometimes synergistic curves have
complicated form-several maximums and minimum. The latter may indicate inhibition i.e.
negative synergism.
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