RESUME
This article is devoted to the role of tolerance in Kazakhstani politics and the influence of language
on its manifestation. The need to develop tolerant attitude is a guarantee of interethnic peace in the
society with democratic structure.
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UDC 3; 37- 372.881.111.1
O.V. Dyachenko
Eurasian Humanities Institute,
Senior teacher
R.F. Zhussupova
The L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian
National University,
Associated Professor
To the problem
of the development
of multilingualism
Annotation
The article is devoted to the disclosure of the
concept of "multilingualism", to the problems
associated with the development of multilingual
skills among the students in the conditions of foreign
language training. The authors present developed
versions of questionnaires for students of the
Eurasian Humanities Institute to determine the
background of their foreign language proficiency, as
well as their learning strategies.
Key
words:
multilingualism,
artificial
bilingualism, didactics, early bilingualism, late
bilingualism, receptive bilingualism, productive
bilingualism, reproductive bilingualism.
Language is a part of any society, because it is
developed
with
the
society.
Consequently,
multilingualism is a way of understanding another
nation, however, not only social and historical
factors, but also economic and political factors are
important for the development of multilingualism
and to maintain multilingualism at a high level of
development. That is why, it is important to
strengthen interstate ties on the political, social and
cultural levels constantly [1].
The phenomenon of multilingualism is that
“multilingualism” is the use of several languages
within a certain social community (primarily the
state); the use by an individual (a group of people) of
several languages, each of which is selected in
accordance with a specific communicative situation.
This definition reflects the essence of the concept of
multilingualism definitely.
The concept of bilingualism includes several
classifications:
1) it is generally accepted to divide
bilingualism into:
– natural (household);
– artificial (training).
“Natural bilingualism arises in the appropriate
language environment, which includes radio and
television
in
spontaneous
speech
practice.
Awareness of the specifics of the language system
may not occur. With artificial bilingualism, a second
language is mastered in an educational setting, and it
is necessary to use strong-willed efforts and special
methods and techniques” [2, 83]. Artificial
(educational) bilingualism is also called didactic
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bilingualism. Therefore, for the most accurate understanding of the concept of the didactic
bilingualism, we need to answer the question of what didactics is. So, “didactics” (from the
Greek, Didakitos – teaching, didasko – studying) is a branch of pedagogical science that reveals
the theoretical foundations of education and training in their most general form. “Didactics
reveals patterns, teaching principles, tasks, the content of education, forms and methods of
teaching and learning, stimulation and control in the educational process, characteristic of all
subjects at all age stages of education” [3]. It becomes clear through the meaning of the concept
that didactics is aimed at organizing of the educational process; consequently, the process of
studying FL becomes conscious, and students master the necessary number of competences that
can help in the future in the process of conducting professional communication in FL.
2) the separation of bilingualism by age:
– early bilingualism, which includes “acquaintance” with different languages, starting from
the early years of life (the following situations can serve as an example: parents speaking
different languages, as well as moving to another country at an early age, where “at home” there
is communication on one language, and in the "street" - in another language);
– late bilingualism (the study and development of another language (FL) occurs only after
the assimilation of the norms and rules of the native language).
3) the number of actions performed (these are the actions that a person can perform during
a communicative act, for example, to understand speech, but not to be able to speak, etc.):
– receptive bilingualism, i.e. bilingual means speech works belonging to the secondary
language system (this is “the totality of a person’s ability to communicate in a foreign language
at the intercultural level, which means adequate interaction with representatives of other
cultures” [4, p.8]. This kind of bilingualism is possible in the process of studying dead
languages;
– reproductive bilingualism, i.e. the ability of a bilingual to reproduce what has been read
and heard (often this kind of bilingualism arises from the independent study of FL, but in this
case often there are problems with the correct pronunciation and intonation of sentences);
– productive (producing) bilingualism, that is, the ability of bilingual not only to
understand and reproduce speech works belonging to the secondary language system, but also to
generate them [5].
In Kazakhstan we can see the development of different types of bilingualism (Kazakh and
Russian languages). It depends on many reasons such as: international families, the requirements
of time and living conditions, the addresses of the first President with exhortation to learn the
official language and many other reasons. But at the same time in Kazakhstan we can see the
necessity to learn other foreign languages to be active participants in different areas of
international events.
In order to understand the status of multilingualism in Kazakhstan more clearly, we
propose to differentiate languages according to the following principle: the Kazakh language is
the state language (SL); the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication
(LIC); the English language is the first foreign language (EL/FL1); other languages such as
French, German, Chinese etc. are the second foreign languages (FL2), etc. We don’t name the
Kazakh language a native language because not all people in the country speak Kazakh from the
birth (it is the historical situation) but a new generation begins to study the Kazakh language as
early as possible (from the kindergarten).
In the Eurasian Humanities Institute all students study languages according to this
principle. But the problem is that the languages are taught separately, there is no connection
between language proficiency, content and even an initial stage of the study of languages.
Moreover, many students are familiar with FL1 from school, they have some skills in reading,
writing, listening and speaking, and begin to study English from the first course. FL2 is
introduced to students only in the second course and is usually unfamiliar to them, students begin
to study it from the beginning level. This is the main reason why many students have a lower
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level of proficiency in FL2, they often forget it and don’t use it in their life after graduating from
the institute.
To make this situation clearer and to understand the students’ condition and their attitude
to this situation, we developed two types of questionnaires:
1. Survey to get to know the students’ background of learning foreign languages.
2. Learning strategies review questionnaire.
We believe that these surveys will help us find out the conditions of the process of learning
FL1 and FL2, as well as study students’ learning strategies so that in the future we can offer
them the manual we will prepare for the developing multilingual skills of the students, as well as
determine what means of scaffolding technology we need to create for the more successful
learning process.
The first survey includes the following questions:
1. Your age? Male or female?
2. Your year of high school: a) freshman; b) sophomore; c) junior; d) senior;
3. Have you ever lived in or visited the UK? Yes /No; If yes, when and for how long?
4. Do any of your relatives speak English? Yes/ No; If yes, who;
5. Have you ever studied English before? Yes /No; If yes, for how long? In what setting?
6. Why do you want to study English? What do you expect to gain by learning this
language?
7. What is your native language? If English is not your native language, how old were you
when you started learning English?
8. Were (are) the languages other than Russian spoken in your home? "Yes No;
9. List other languages you know or are studying and circle your proficiency (e.g., How
well can you read, write, listen or speak this language?), as it is shown in the table.
Table 1 Level of the students’ proficiency in different languages
Minimal
Fluent
1. Listening
1
2
3
4
5
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing
The table below shows the students’ background of learning foreign languages.
Table 2 The students’ background of learning foreign languages
Bilingual from the
birth
The Kazakh
language – native
language
The Russian
language – native
language
The English language
has been studied from
school
18%
36%
58%
100%
The results indicate differences in basic language skills. It is important for us to consider
these differences to provide language scaffolding in the process of the developing students’
multilingual skills.
From the next table we can see the students’ proficiency in Kazakh, Russian and English
according to their own assessment:
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Table 2 The students’ proficiency in Kazakh, Russian and English according to their own
assessment
Speech skills
Fluency in the
Kazakh Language
Fluency in the
Russian Language
Fluency in the
English language
Listening
86%
100%
90%
Speaking
86%
100%
90%
Reading
100%
100%
100%
Writing
100%
100%
90%
The results of the research show that for the development of multilingual skills, the
students need support not only in FL1. For the harmonious development of multilingualism it is
necessary to provide language support to students in the learning process both in the SL
(Kazakh) and in the LIC (Russian).
The second survey is titled “Learning strategies review questionnaire” and includes the
following questions:
Name. Date. You have been practicing the use of learning strategies to help yourself learn
English as FL1 and another language as FL2. Here's your chance to tell us whether you like the
strategies or not. Please answer the questions below honestly so that we can improve the
instruction and help you learn languages better. Read each strategy’s name and definition, then
answer the questions:
1. Attention. Deciding in advance to pay attention to a learning activity and to ignore
distractions.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes / No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
2. Selected attention. Deciding to pay attention to specific aspects of an activity, such as
listening for key words or focusing on new grammar.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
3. Cognition. Recognizing English words that are similar to a word in Russian or in
another language you know.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
4. Grouping. Grouping words or phrases that go together in some way to make them easier
to remember; using the recall game to remember words or other information.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
5. Relating information to yourself. Making personal associations with the new material to
help yourself remember it better.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
6. Pictures. Creating a picture in your mind or drawing a picture of a word or phrase to
help yourself remember it.
a). Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use this strategy at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
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7. Cooperation. Working with a partner to solve a task; asking a classmate or friend for
help.
a) Do you use this strategy on your own in class? Yes/No;
b) Do you use, this stately at home? Yes/No;
c) Why do you use this strategy or why not?
8. What other strategies do you use?
Table 3 Using of the learning strategies in class/at home
att
enti
on
se
lec
ted
att
ent
ion
cognit
ion
group
ing
re
lating
infor
mation
pictur
es
coope
ra
ti
on
other
stra
tegie
s
83/50% 100/58%
83/75%
75/58%
92/83% 67/58%
75/33%
33/67%
Table 3 illustrates the differences in students’ preferences in using learning strategies. We
also see the differences in using the same strategy by students in class and at home. There can be
several reasons for this situation: students are more focused at home; at home students are not
distracted by additional questions from classmates; at home students have more opportunities to
search for more information; students are not limited in time at home.
Thus, we can conclude that for the educational process of developing multilingual skills,
the teacher needs to find out the preferences of students in the field of their learning strategies. It
is necessary to find out their accumulated experience in foreign languages so that in the future
the teacher can provide the necessary language support to his students and create learning
conditions that will inevitably lead students to success in the learning process.
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