ПАЙДАЛАНЫЛҒАН ӘДЕБИЕТТЕР ТІЗІМІ:
1.Салықов Кәкімбек, Шығармалары. Т.3: А.С.Пушкин шығармашылығынан
тәржімелер / К. Салықов; [ҚР Мәдениет және ақпарат минист. "Әдебиеттің әлеу-тік
маңызды түрлерін басып шығару" бағд-сы]. - Астана : Фолиант, 2014. - 360 б.
2.Ысқақ Әкім. Адам іздеп жүрмін. Күнделік-эссе. Шымкент - 2021 жыл.
3.Ысқақ Ә. Махаббат хаттары. Лирика – Астана: 2011 жыл
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ӘӨЖ 82,323
PECULIARITIES OF WOMEN’S AND MEN’S LANGUAGE LANGUAGE AND
ITS SUBDIVISIONS
РУСТЕМОВА Н- магистранты
НАКИПБЕКОВА З. О. - оқытушы магистр,
Шымкент университеті
Қысқаша мазмұны: Мақалада ерлер мен әйелдер тілдерінің даму ерекшеліктері
туралы айтылады
Possible gender differences in language usage have recently attracted a lot of attention., we
need to sort out whether women really do speak differently from men. People's impressions are
not necessarily correct: it is often assumed, for example, that women talk more than men,
whereas almost all research on the topic has demonstrated the opposite, that men talk more than
women. Similarly, it is sometimes claimed that women use 'empty' adjectives, such as divine,
charming, cute, yet this type of description is possibly more usually used by (presumably male)
writers in popular newspapers to describe women, some characteristics which have been
attributed to women turn out to be far more widespread. For example, women have been claimed
to use tentative phrases such as kind of, sort of in place of straight statements: 'Bill is kind of
short', instead of 'Bill is short'. They have also been accused of using question intonation in
response to queries: 'About eight o'clock?' as a reply to: 'What time's dinner?' Yet this insecure
style of conversation seems to be typical of 'powerless' people, those who are somewhat nervous
and afraid of antagonizing others. Powerless people come from either sex.
1. Observations of the differences between the way males and females speak were long
restricted to grammatical features, such as the differences between masculine and feminine
morphology in many languages. In earlier usage, the word gender was generally restricted to
these grammatical distinctions. They cause problems for speakers of languages like English,
where grammatical gender is marked mainly in pronouns, when they learn a language like
French, where non-sexed items like table (la table) can be grammatically feminine.
The most consistent difference found between men and women within the western world
is a tendency for women to speak in a way that is closer to the prestige standard. In colloquial
terms, they speak 'better' than men. No one is quite sure why this is so, and several explanations
have been proposed, which may all be partially right.. For example, women may be pressurized
by society to behave in a 'ladylike' manner, and 'speaking nicely' may be part of this. Or because
they are the main child- rearers, they may subconsciously speak in a way which will enable their
children to progress socially. Or they may tend to have jobs which rely on communication, rather
than on strength. All these factors, and others, appear to be relevant. Of the social causes of
gender differentiation in speech style, one of the most critical appears to be level of education. In
all studies, it has been shown that the greater the disparities between educational opportunities for
boys and girls, the greater the differences between male and female speech.
Historically, these differences sometimes seem to have arisen from customs encouraging
marriage outside the community. If there is a regular pattern of men from village A marrying and
bringing home to their village women from village B, then it is likely that the speech of women in
village A will be marked by many features of the village В dialect. The preservation of these
introduced features depends on the maintenance of social differentiation in occupations, status,
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and activities soon pick up the social stereotypes that underlie this discrimination. They learn that
women's talk is associated with the home and domestic activities, while men's is associated with
the outside world and economic activities.
These prejudices often remain in place in the face of contrary evidence. Thus, while there
is a popular prejudice that women talk more than men, empirical studies of a number of social
situations (such as committee meetings and Internet discussion groups) have shown the opposite
to be true.
In recent years, particularly among employed women, the differences between men's and
women's speech appear to be diminishing. Such studies, then, provide further evidence of the
importance of language in reflecting social attitudes and social changes.If the pattern of females
relying on an abstract language network and of males relying on sensory areas of the brain
extends into adulthood - a still unresolved question - it could explain why women often provide
more context and abstract representation than men.
For men the focus is on sharing information, while women value the interaction process.
Men and women possess different interactive styles, as they typically acquired their
communicative competence at an early age in same-gender groups.Ask a woman for directions
and you may hear something like: "Turn left on Main Street, go one block past the drug store, and
then turn right, where there's a flower shop on one corner and a cafe across the street.
"Such information-laden directions may be helpful for women because all information is
relevant to the abstract concept of where to turn; however, men may require only one cue and be
distracted by additional information. Studies of gender differences have shown the power of
stereotyping. A poet is taken more seriously than a poetess; women's status is lowered by
references to the girls. In Hebrew, only the lower ranks in the army (up to the rank of lieutenant)
have feminine forms. The use of generic masculine ('Everyone should bring his lunch, we need to
hire the best man available'), however well- meaning and neutral the speaker's intention may be,
reinforces the secondary status of women in many social groups.
With the growth of social awareness in this area over the past decades, there have been
many attempts to overcome this prejudicial use of language.The idea that men and women "speak
different languages" has itself become a dogma, treated not as a hypothesis to be investigated or
as a claim to be adjudicated, but as an unquestioned article of faith. Our faith in it is misplaced. If
we examine the findings of more than 30 years of research on language, communication and the
sexes, we will discover that they tell a different, and more complicated, story. The idea that men
and women differ fundamentally in the way they use language to communicate is a myth in the
everyday sense: a widespread but false belief. But it is also a myth in the sense of being a story
people tell in order to explain who they are, where they have come from, and why they live as
they do. Whether or not they are "true" in any historical or scientific sense, such stories have
consequences in the real world. They shape our beliefs, and so influence our actions.
For example, the workplace is a domain in which myths about language and the sexes can
have detrimental effects. A few years ago, the manager of a call centre in north-east England was
asked by an interviewer why women made up such a high proportion of the agents he employed.
Did men not apply for jobs in his centre? The manager replied that any vacancies attracted
numerous applicants of both sexes, but, he explained: "We are looking for people who can chat to
people, interact, build rapport. What we find is that women can do this more ... women are
naturally good at that sort of thing."
Moments later, he admitted: "I suppose we do, if we're honest, select women sometimes
because they are women rather than because of something they've particularly shown in the
interview." The growth of call centres is part of a larger trend in economically advanced
societies. More jobs are now in the service than the manufacturing sector, and service jobs,
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particularly those that involve direct contact with customers, put a higher premium on language
and communication skills.
Many employers share the call-centre manager's belief that women are by nature better
qualified than men for jobs of this kind, and one result is a form of discrimination. Male job
applicants have to prove that they possess the necessary skills, whereas women are just assumed
to possess them. But it is not only men who stand to lose because of the widespread conviction
that women have superior verbal skills. Someone else who thinks men and women are naturally
suited to different kinds of work is Baron-Cohen.
In The Essential Difference he offers the following "scientific" careers advice:
1)"People with the female brain make the most wonderful counsellors, primary school
teachers, nurses, carers, therapists, social workers, mediators, group facilitators or personnel staff.
2) People with the male brain make the most wonderful scientists, engineers, mechanics,
technicians, musicians, architects, electricians, plumbers, taxonomists, catalogists, bankers,
toolmakers, programmers or even lawyers." The difference between the two lists reflects what
Baron-Cohen takes to be the "essential difference" between male and female brains. The female-
brain jobs make use of a capacity for empathy and communication, whereas the male ones exploit
the ability to analyse complex systems. Baron-Cohen is careful to talk about - "people with the
female/male brain" rather than "men and women". [Cameron D., 1998].
He stresses that there are men with female brains, women with male brains, and
individuals of both sexes with "balanced" brains. He refers to the major brain types as "male" and
"female", however, because the tendency is for males to have male brains and females to have
female brains. And at many points it becomes clear that in spite of his caveats about not
confusing gender with brain sex, he himself is doing exactly that. Baron-Cohen classifies nursing
as a female-brain, empathy-based job (though if a caring and empathetic nurse cannot measure
dosages accurately and make systematic clinical observations she or he risks doing serious harm)
and law as a male-brain, system-analysing job (though a lawyer, however well versed in the law,
will not get far without communication and people-reading skills).
These categorisations are not based on a dispassionate analysis of the demands made by
the two jobs. They are based on the everyday common-sense knowledge that most nurses are
women and most lawyers are men. At its most basic it is simply the proposition that men and
women differ fundamentally in the way they use language to communicate. All versions of the
myth share this basic premise; most versions, in addition, make some or all of the following
claims:
1. Language and communication matter more to women than to men; women talk more
than men.
2.
Women are more verbally skilled than men.
3.
Men's goals in using language tend to be about getting things done, whereas
women's tend to be about making connections to other people. Men talk more about things and
facts, whereas women talk more about people, relationships and feelings.
4.
Men's way of using language is competitive, reflecting their general interest in
acquiring and maintaining status; women's use of language is cooperative, reflecting their
preference for equality and harmony.
5.
These differences routinely lead to "miscommunication" between the sexes, with
each sex misinterpreting the other's intentions. This causes problems in contexts where men and
women regularly interact, and especially in heterosexual relationships.
Perhaps men have realised that a reputation for incompetence can sometimes work to your
advantage. Like the idea that they are no good at housework, the idea that men are no good at
talking serves to exempt them from doing something that many would rather leave to women
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anyway. (Though it is only some kinds of talking that men would rather leave to women: in many
contexts men have no difficulty expressing themselves - indeed, they tend to dominate the
conversation.) This should remind us that the relationship between the sexes is not only about
difference, but also about power. The long-standing expectation that women will serve and care
for others is not unrelated to their position as the "second sex". But in the universe of Mars and
Venus, the fact that we (still) live in a male-dominated society is like an elephant in the room that
everyone pretends not to notice. The tag question, similarly, can be interpreted as a hedging
device which weakens womens’ speech. Of all the linguistic forms originally listed by Lakoff,
the tag has come to hold the position of archetypal women’s language feature [Coates 1989].the
different functions of the tag-question, Holmes reported the following results:
As can be seen, men use question tags more often to express uncertainty while women use
them largely to facilitate communication. Furthermore, she claims that down toning a statement
shows lack of confidence. Support for this position comes from those situations in which either
verification of the statement can be made by mere inspection: John is here, isn't he? or where it
reflects the opinion of the speaker: The way prices are rising these days is horrendous, isn't it?
Clearly, these sentences need not be questioned and, thus, demonstrate the speaker's
insecurity.There are instances as tag questions, two by the woman and one by a man:
Andy: You don’t have a phone right now…do you? (falling intonation)
Jody: Mmhm.
Jody: Looks good…huh? (falling intonation)
Andy: Mmm.
Jody: You didn’t get scissors, ehh? (rising intonation)
Ian: It’s like talking to a machine.
She obviously had this spiel…It is not hard to see about the way men and women use language,
provided those generalizations fit with already familiar stereotypes. An anecdote illustrating the
point that, say, men are competitive and women cooperative conversationalists will prompt
readers to recall the many occasions on which they have observed men competing and women
cooperating - while not recalling the occasions, perhaps equally numerous, on which they have
observed the opposite. If counter-examples do come to mind ("What about Janet? She's the most
competitive person I know"), it is open to readers to apply the classic strategy of putting them in
a separate category of exceptions ("of course, she grew up with three brothers / is the only
woman in her department / works in a particularly competitive business"). In studies of verbal
abilities and behaviour, the differences were slight. This is not a new observation. In 1988 Hyde
and her colleague Marcia Linn carried out a meta-analysis of research dealing specifically with
gender differences in verbal ability. [Hyde J.,1995]. The conclusion they came to was that the
difference between men and women amounted to "about one-tenth of one standard deviation" -
statistician-speak for "negligible". Another scholar who has considered this question, the linguist
Jack Chambers, suggests that the degree of non-overlap in the abilities of male and female
speakers in any given population is "about 0.25%". That's an overlap of 99.75%. It follows that
for any array of verbal abilities found in an individual woman, there will almost certainly be a
man with exactly the same array. As well as underplaying their similarities, statements of the
form "women do this and men do that" disguise the extent of the variation that exists within each
gender group. Focusing on the differences between men and women while ignoring the
differences within them is extremely misleading but, unfortunately, all too common.
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If we are going to try to generalise about which sex talks more, a reliable way to do it is to
observe both sexes in a single interaction, and measure their respective contributions. This cuts
out extraneous variables that are likely to affect the amount of talk, and allows for a comparison
of male and female behaviour under the same contextual conditions. Numerous studies have been
done using this approach, and while the results have been mixed, the commonest finding is that
men talk more than women. One review of 56 research studies categorises their findings as
shown
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