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Moreover, the aimed switching of Saleem and Shiva by ayah Mary Pereira at Doctor
Narlikar’s Nursery Home causes the fact that Saleem biologically the son of Vanita and
an Englishman William Methwold, is given to Amina and Ahmed Sinai, and Amina and
Ahmed Sinai’s biological son, eventually named Shiva, is given to Vanita and Wee Willie
Winkie. Both sons gain special gifts due to their miraculous births; Saleem gains the power
of telepathy, while Shiva gains the gift of war.
The most mystical aspect of Saleem and Shiva’s birth story is that the whole confusing
and strange collision was precisely predicted to Amina Sinai (although in a metaphorical
form) by a famous clairvoyant Ramram Seth. So, this mystical clairvoyance of midnight’s
children’s birth, mission and destiny sets the irrational, magic component of the novel
narration. Consequently, the genre of a magic realism bases on one hand, on eastern
mythological – religious roots of the Indian nation and, on the other hand, on a rational
and authentic perception of the objective reality, which is typical for the Western mentality.
According to Meenu Gupta, “Rushdie privileges a postmodern space or third principle
that blends both sides of binaries: east/west, secular/religious, real/fantasy, and colonizer/
colonized and foregrounds hybridity over clarity and open – endedness over closure. In this
the work is adaptable, creative, fluid and imaginative” [4]. Just like Rushdie himself, Saleem
is a perfect representation of the hybrid man, born with multiple allegiances and identities.
The dialectic process of interaction of languages and dialects in the situation of
postcolonial India, as well as a manifestation of the role of English as a Pan – Indian
English and national – specific concepts form the linguocultural aspect of the space –
time continuum. According to Braj Kachru, the way in which language mixture is used in
the novel ties in to the question of whether English can be seen as a pan-Indian, secular
language in the Indian linguistic context, and how this status defines it in relation to
vernacularization and globalization [5].
Hybridization is a subcategory of code-mixing, entails the use of at least one item of
English and one from a native language, as for example the word “jailkhana” used by a
character in Midnight's Children: “Oh my God my hour has come, my darling Madam, only
let me go peacefully, do not put me in the jailkhana!” [3, p. 279].
Futhermore, the novel “Midnight’s children” is rich with hybridization examples.
Here, affixation consists of English root + Indian suffix/half suffix. For example:
Sisterji = sister is the English root + ji is suffix, Jailhana = jail is the English root +
hana is half suffix. English root +Indian suffix / half suffix.
Braj Kachru describes the specific use of English in Midnight’s Children namely
hybridization of English with Indian vernacular languages, their translatability into Hindi
and politicization of English.
Also, Dayal Samir states that “the hybridity of his language destabilizes that binary
relationship between English, the language of the erstwhile imperial centre, and English,
the language which has been transformed and subverted into several distinctive varieties
throughout the world” [6].
In conclusion, Midnight’s Children is the story of postcolonial India where the narrator
Saleem Sinai is presented as the microcosm of independent India. Saleem’s personal life and
events are paralleled with the national events which are done by the proper use of magical
realism. One of the elements of magical realism hybridity is discerned as mixing and melding
of various elements of West and East culture, in the linguo-cultural situation in postcolonial
India, besides, the interrelation of a rational and authentic perception of the objective reality
by Western traditions and irrational – magical mythology of the Indian nation.
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References
1. Abrams M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. – Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. – p. 203.
2. D’Haen Theo L. Magical Realism and Postmodernism: Decentering Privileged Centers, –
1995. – p. 198.
3. Rushdie Salman. Midnight’s Children. – London: Vintage Books, – 2006. – p. 647.
4. Gupta, Meenu. Salman Rushdie: a Re-telling History Through Fiction.– New Delhi: Prestige,
2009. – p. 239.
5. Kachru Braj B. Indianization of English: The English Language in India.– Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1983
6. Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer
Circle.” English in the Word: Teaching and Learning of Language and Literature. – Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1985. – p. 280.
7. Dayal Samir. Talking Dirty: Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children. College English . 1992. – p. 445.
Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются различные аспекты взаимодействия Востока и
Запада как реализация «гибридности» – одного из методов жанра магического реализма на
материале романа С. Рушди «Дети полуночи». Подробно рассматривается взаимосвязь ев-
ропейского рационального и восточного иррационального в рамках единого пространствен-
но– временного континуума романа на примерах семейной хроники и лингво-культурного
процесса в постколониальной Индии.
УДК 372.016
B.T. Alpeisova,
MA, senior teacher,
D.O. Ossokina,
MA, teacher,
S.S. Imanaliyeva,
MA, teacher, department
of speech practice and communication
KazUIR&WL named after Abylai khan,
Almaty, Kazakhstan
bobreke@mail.ru
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT IN TEACHING
ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS
Abstract: This article is devoted to the organization of work in the classroom in order to improve
the effectiveness of teaching English in primary school. This paper examines some strategies,
techniques and aspects of the organization of work in the primary school, their characteristics and
impact on learning outcomes.
Key words: Young Learner, classroom management, motivation, strategy, techniques, aspect,
instruction, feedback, classroom atmosphere
Classroom management is one of the most unnoticed aspects of teaching English but
it is one of the most important factors that can determine how effective a teacher is in
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the subject. You may have a great lesson plan and all the materials needed but without
the proper classroom management, it will be difficult to succeed in the classroom. Proper
management in young learners’ classroom is highly important, as long as classroom
management is creating environment that promotes learning. Therefore, two key points
should be mentioned below:
– Classroom management has been cited as one of the most serious obstacle in prompting
effective teaching, especially in young learner classrooms.
– Classroom management is directly linked to learner’s achievement, teacher’s efficacy,
and learner’s behavior.
To begin with, let us give definition of the term classroom management. Classroom
management refers to the wide variety of skills and techniques that teachers use to keep
students organized, orderly, focused, attentive, on task, and academically productive
during a class. When classroom-management strategies are executed effectively, teachers
minimize the behaviors that impede learning for both individual students and groups of
students, while maximizing the behaviors that facilitate or enhance learning. Generally
speaking, effective teachers tend to display strong classroom-management skills, while the
hallmark of the inexperienced or less effective teacher is a disorderly classroom filled with
students who are not working or paying attention .
Motivation is one of the general strategies described below, which is widely used by
teachers. There several aspects which help keep young learners motivated:
– Clarifying instructions;
In order to keep students motivated, especially in young learners’ classroom, it is highly
important to make sure that the instructions given to perform a particular activity are clear
enough. Lack of proper instructions before starting an activity, ill-defined requirements
and insufficient modeling of examples in a certain activity in advance leads the activity to
failure, and as the result, reduces learners’ motivation and teaching effectiveness. It’s always
a good idea to clarify instructions by repeating back what you heard. This gives the speaker
an opportunity to either correct your understanding, or confirm that your understanding is
correct. By clarifying instructions, you can avoid misunderstandings
– High-interest topics;
If students are introduced to topics that interest them, they are more likely to be
motivated. But of course not everybody is equally interested in the same topics. We cannot
interest all students all the time, but with each topic we need to engage as many as possible.
But interest and enthusiasm are not generated by a topic itself, they’re generated by the
students themselves as they discover more about the topic and their knowledge of and
views on the topic. Personal experiences of a topic are always more interesting than general
knowledge about it.
– Personalization;
One of the most rewarding aspects of a student-centered language lesson, which sets
it apart from lessons in other subjects, is sharing. Students have a chance to talk about
personal feelings and private experiences they would be unlikely to share in other lessons –
or even in their everyday lives.
– Developing confidence;
Young learners need to feel ready before they can work together with confidence, and
this confidence will grow little by little as students successfully share ideas and experiences
when they do work together. This may start in a very simple way with, for example, students
talking about pictures in their textbook or discussing specific questions. Questions are only
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the starting point for a discussion, and they need to be open-ended enough to stimulate an
exchange of ideas. [1, p13-15]
– Making progress;
If success increases motivation, lack of success reduces it. Sometimes students who
started out very enthusiastic about learning English become less enthusiastic if they suspect
that they are not making any progress. We may need to encourage students to experiment
and take risks and not rest on their laurels or be satisfied with their current skills level. They
may need to encourage and challenge one another while working together [1, p.17].
Classroom atmosphere is quite a wide-ranging concept encompassing the mood or
atmosphere that is created in the teacher’s classroom through the rules set out, the way the
teacher interacts with pupils, and the way the physical environment is set out. According to
most of scientists experience main determinants of classroom atmosphere are:
– particular specifics of a school, its traditions and norms
– personality and style of a teacher
– personalities of the pupils
– interrelationships among pupils
– relationship between the teacher and pupils
Teacher behaves respectfully towards pupils and their individuality. He should be
interested in pupils themselves, their problems and opinions value them and be interested
in their reasoning. He lets pupils know that he also benefits from being in contact with
them. He shows that he wants pupils to understand him not just to listen to him and obey.
In case of a different opinion he expresses disagreement and not rejection or disproval and
explains well his different point of view not pushing the pupils to change their opinion but
providing varied points of view for the pupil to consider and decide himself. Teacher does
not have to accept pupil’s opinion but he always accepts pupil’s individuality. He critically
assesses pupil’s actions and may reject it but should never reject or criticize the pupil as a
person making distinction between the pupil’s actions and his or her qualities as a person.
One of the most important factor is creating a cooperative and supportive classroom
atmosphere. Teacher encourages pupils to react to opinions and actions of their classmates
for example by the use of group discussions where suggestions are being considered and
evaluated to lead to conclusions and choice of possible other steps.
Teacher can significantly help to create positive classroom atmosphere by incorporating
humour into his lessons and interaction with students. Teacher’s humour should be a way
to ease for example a potentially stressful situation, to reduce tension, reduce possible fear
of authority as well as smooth conflicts or reduce feelings of embarrassment. It can also
be a way to encourage pupils and show teacher’s support. However, it is important to bear
in mind that humour used by a teacher should be authentic and natural to be accepted by
pupils.
Interactive games have several beneficial functions. They can serve as a source of
information regarding pupils as individuals as well as pupils as a group and at the same
time improve classroom atmosphere in terms of the topic a particular game is focused on.
In other words, they have the ability to give information about a pupil while influencing
him in a desirable way. Apart from these informative, educative or therapeutic effects, some
interactive games are used to relieve tension or evoke positive feelings. Interactive activities
are usually based on pupil’s self-expression leading to self-reflection and self-correction
where the role of a group environment is essential for creating a facilitating atmosphere
and providing feedback.
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“A positive group atmosphere can have a beneficial effect on the morale, motivation,
and self-image of its members, and thus significantly affect their learning, by developing
in them a positive attitude to the language being leaned, to the learning process, and to
themselves as learners” [2, p. 10].
According to Harmer pair work is a way of increasing students’ participation, the
amount of students’ practice, and language use as a whole. He says that: “It can be used
for an enormous number of activities whether speaking, writing or reading”. … “Pair work
allows the students to use language and also encourages student cooperation which is itself
important for the atmosphere of the class and for the motivation it gives to learning with
others” [3, p. 243]. To prevent discipline problems working with children or teenagers,
Harmer suggests the teacher to remain at the front of the class to watch over the group as a
whole and provide feedback at the end to see how successful the task was.
However, the issue of giving feedback is one of the hardest components of classroom
management, for it is difficult to predict learner’s reaction towards your feedback, especially
young learners. Not only as a “information giver” and a guide, but also as an educator
teachers should be interested not in grading, but in giving feedback so that learners can
improve [4, p. 1].
We can often notice the following classroom exchange, because sooner or later we
realize that generally only stronger or more confident students’ answers are heard, which
is the problem of all times. Weak or shy students remain silent behind the backs of leaders,
which in turn leads to realization of importance of giving a feedback that works.
Before focusing on specific features of giving feedback to young learners let us first
look through general forms of feedback, which are: summative and formative.
Summative feedback is the kind of feedback given to a piece of work that is considered
an “end.” This might normally come at the end of a unit, end of a semester, or end of the year.
Summative feedback generally justifies a grade or compares performance to standards. If a
student receives a “B,” for example, then the feedback is designed to provide information
related to the forming of that grade. Areas students performed well in are pointed out. Areas
of weakness are commented on. However, the feedback is mostly informative by nature,
and not designed to provide students with “Next time you should … ” kinds of formative
suggestions. It is more of a report than a tool.
Formative feedback’s objective is to point out areas of weakness or strength, and to
encourage a focus on future improvement. The feedback shows students important areas
to learn from and treats the feedback as a tool that should be utilized on students’ next
opportunity.
The danger arises when we provide summative feedback on formative work. The
question to ask ourselves when providing feedback is, “What do I expect students to do
with this information I give them?” If the answer is “To see why they got that grade,” then
you want to give summative feedback. If the answer is “So they can improve for next
time,” then formative feedback is required. [5, p. 2].
Effective feedback doesn’t mean commenting on everything, making students ashamed
or stressed because of his work, especially at an early stage. On the contrary, it means to
assist learners to improve. So, how to make your feedback to young learners faster and
better?
– Always find at least one positive thing to say about a student’s work.
– Don’t just point out weaknesses, but give “Do this instead … ” kinds of formative
advice.
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– Return feedback as quickly as possible – timeliness better ensures students remember
doing their work and the feedback makes more sense.
– Always offer an opportunity to speak directly with students if they have any further questions
about their work. Or invite them to speak with you with a friendly little “See Me.”
– Giving some reminders (stickers, rubber bands) can be another option to give a feedback.
– You can print all correct answers and hang it on the wall, or stick it on blackboard in
order students can check themselves.
– Ask students to write all possible answers on the board and they can cross out wrong
ones.
– Repeat back to the student what you hear him say. Then ask, “Am I understanding you
correctly?”
– Ask students to give you feedback on your lesson. “Was it clear? Did you like it?” [5, p. 4].
All these tips work only if we, as teachers, fully understand our role in teaching process.
All things considered, we believe that a right classroom management with its components
plays an important role in teaching young learners, and is a significant factor of effective
teaching.
References
1. Jones L. “The Student-Centered Classroom”. – Cambridge University Press.– 2007. – P. 13-17.
2. Hadfield J. Classroom Dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.– 1992.– p. 10.
3. Harmer J. The Practice of English Language Teaching New Edition. London: Longman.
1991.– p. 243.
4. Alternatives to whole class feedback by Amande Gamble, -p. 1.
5. Catapano J. Teaching Strategies: The Essentials of Giving Feedback, P. 2-4.
Аннотация: Данная статья посвящена вопросу организации работы в классе с целью
улучшения эффективности преподавания английского языка в начальных классах. В данной
работе рассматриваются некоторые стратегии, техники и аспекты организации работы в на-
чальных классах, их особенности и влияние на результат обучения.
УДК 37.013
Нам А.Л.,
м.п.н., ст. преп. кафедры практики речи
и коммуникаций ПФИЯ,
КазУМОиМЯ им. Абылай хана,
Алматы, Казахстан
asia44@yandex.ru
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ИСТОРИЙ В РАННЕМ ОБУЧЕНИИ
Abstract: This article is devoted to the using stories in Young Learners education.
Stories are a valuable educational tool, as they develop language, motivation, child and
culture. They also help to develop children’s listening skills, reading skills , speaking skills
and writing skills . In the article it is also said about the criteria of a story selection.
Key words: a story, Yong Learners education, motivation ,culture, reading, writing,
speaking ,listening, the criteria of a story selection
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“Story is a description of events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in
order to entertain people”. [1, p. 246]
Why should we use stories in the young learners’ classroom? First, stories are fun;
Children enjoy them. Also story is a valuable educational tool, as they develop language,
motivation, child and culture. They can develop children’s listening skills when a child
listens to a teacher, reading skills when a child reads the story himself or herself, speaking
skills– when children dramatize the story and writing skills – when children try to write
the stories themselves. They increase the children’s awareness of grammar and they enrich
learners’ vocabulary.
Stories also facilitate child development. While reading the stories children improve their
social skills, self-confidence, they learn important lessons in life, morals, rights, values and
responsibilities. They develop their Emotional Intelligence and empathy, as they sympathize
with the stories’ characters and try to understand their feelings and emotions. “ People who are
good at connecting thoughts to feelings may better “hear” the emotional implications of their
own thoughts, as well as understand the feelings of others from what they say” [3, P. 89-113].
These skills will definitely will be useful in the child’s future, because as ) “UCLA research
claims that 7% of effectiveness comes from Intellect (IQ), 93% comes from Emotional
Intelligence.67percentage of abilities essential to top performance are interpersonal based.
The quality and history of your personal relationships are the only source of competitive
advantage, which cannot be ultimately copied by others” [2].
Stories also develop students’ critical thinking. Children learn the basic skills of
analysis while reading a story. This will be more effective if teacher makes a discussion
as the post-reading exercise and tries to answer with the learners a question: “Why did the
character act in this or that way?”
Stories also teach learners culture. While reading folk stories children learn customs
and traditions of the people. They also have the possibility to learn about people’s history. I
remember how my father read me myths of ancient Greece in my childhood. These myths had
a big impact on me. When I grew older, I tried to find corresponding documentaries and films,
articles and illustrations. I got very interested in the history of the ancient world. Foreign
story can tell a lot about people from abroad. Animal stories cultivate learners’ love for nature
and environment. At the very early age young children learn that animals have feelings like
people, we should treat them carefully, they become as precious as human beings.
While choosing the story we must be very careful, because stories with the bad morale
can teach learners bad things, boring stories can kill learners love for study. Its better to select
stories “That are enjoyable, interesting and motivating. That have characters and a plot that
engage children. That include fantastical beings or animals in imaginary worlds. That help
children feel positive about other countries and cultures and can broaden their knowledge
of the world. The stories with a clear plot: formulation of a problem, a series of linked
events and a resolution of the problem, with an element of surprise and unpredictability.
Stories, that have a balance of dialogue and narrative; repeated patterns of language, that
have the built-in repetition of words and phrases, that have new language, but not so much
that the story becomes incomprehensible.”
How can we use the stories? “1. Listening: Listening to the teacher read or tell a story is
a useful language learning activity at any age; using story books does not have to be about
teaching reading. Listening to a story practices the ability to hold in mind the meaning of
an extended piece of spoken discourse. If a story appeals the children, they will want to
hear it again and again.
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