Литературные теории в поэтическом мире джона китса
жүктеу/скачать 1,4 Mb.
|
СТАТЬИ ВСЕ
| Mediated and direct forms of communication are distinguished by the presence or absence of an intermediate link acting as an intermediary between partners. As an intermediary, a person can act, a technical tool. Communication, mediated by technical means, can remain direct (telephone conversation, e-mail correspondence), but at the same time the possibility of using non-verbal means is excluded.
In the process of intercultural communication, each person simultaneously decides several important tasks - to preserve their cultural identity and enter into someone else's culture. The combination of possible solutions to these problems is determined by the basic forms of intercultural communication. Along with the listed forms, several types of intercultural communication are singled out. Interethnic communication is communication between people representing different peoples (ethnic groups). Most often, the society consists of different ethnic groups that create and share their subcultures. Ethnic groups transmit their cultural heritage from generation to generation and therefore retain their identity among the dominant culture. Joint existence within the framework of one society leads to mutual communication of these ethnic groups and the exchange of cultural achievements. Countercultural communication occurs between representatives of the mother culture and the subculture and is expressed in the disagreement of the latter with the values and ideals of the mother. A characteristic feature of this level of communication is the refusal of subcultural groups from the values of the dominant culture and the promotion of their own norms and rules that oppose them to the values of the majority. Communication among social classes and groups is based on the differences between social groups and classes of a particular society. There is not a single socially homogeneous society in the world. All differences between people arise as a result of their origin, education, profession, social status, etc. In all countries of the world, the distance between the elite and the majority of the population, between rich and poor, is quite large. It is expressed in opposing views, customs, traditions, etc. Despite the fact that all these people belong to the same culture, these differences divide them into subcultures and reflect on the communication between them. Regional communication occurs between residents of different areas (localities), whose behavior in the same situation can vary significantly. Communication in the business sphere is related to professional activities. Regimentation is typical for it, i.e. compliance with certain rules and restrictions. Communication in the business sphere promotes the establishment of cooperation and partnership relations between colleagues, subordinates and managers, partners and competitors. Usually, business communication is aimed at achieving certain goals in the professional sphere of business. Depending on the methods, techniques and styles of communication, along with the listed species, three types of intercultural communication are singled out. 1. By the number of participants and the nature of the distant relationship between them: 1) interpersonal (two people, family). Assumes a minimum number of participants, close relations between them. The nature of the development of interpersonal communication is the narrowing or widening of the distance. According to the Japanese scientist D. Matsumoto, "in the field of social psychology and communication, the term" interpersonal communication "usually refers to communication that occurs between people originating from the same cultural environment; in this sense, it is synonymous with the term "vitro-cultural communication"; 2) intergroup/intragroup. It implies a greater distance and more participants; 3) professional, for example in business. Promotes the establishment and development of relations of cooperation and partnership between colleagues, managers and subordinates, partners and competitors, largely determining their (relations) effectiveness; 4) mass. It is carried out through an intermediary - the media, television, the Internet; Remember to remember Mass Communication - the process of disseminating information (knowledge, spiritual values, moral and legal norms, etc.) by means of technical means (press, radio, television, etc.) to numerically large, dispersed audiences. The distinctive features are: • availability of technical means to ensure regularity and replication of information; • the great social importance of information that contributes to the formation of motivation of communication participants • mass, anonymity and dispersal of subjects of communication; • multichannel and variation of means of communication. * 1 2 3 4 5 5) Intercultural. This is communication between different cultures, which includes all the previous ones. 2. Functional approach . 1) Informative ; 2) affective-appraisal (feelings, opinions) 3) recreational (information for recreation, in game form); 4) persuading (between people of different statuses, ideological settings); 5) ritual (traditions, customs). 3. By using the language . 1) verbal; 2) non-verbal, 3) paraverbal. Verbal communication is a language communication, expressed in the exchange of thoughts, information, emotions between the interlocutors. Forms the basis of the entire culture of any people, being the most saturated and informative. Creates conditions for the mutual influence of people on each other, the exchange of ideas, interests, moods, feelings. It is language in intercultural communication that serves as a means for understanding its participants. According to experts, verbal communication can take place mainly in the form of dialogue or monologue. In the West, the openness of a verbal message is of particular importance, and speech is perceived regardless of the context of the conversation. At the same time, the meaning of the conversation should be clear from the oral statements of the participants, regardless of their sociocultural characteristics. On the contrary, in the East Asian cultures, the sociocultural context is crucial regardless of the course of speech associated with ethics, psychology, politics, tradition and social relations. Therefore, here the process of intercultural communication is complicated by different ratios and understandings of verbal utterances, since in Oriental and Asian cultures more attention is paid to the manner and ceremony of pronunciation than to the construction and meaning of the utterance. There are no unambiguous statements, so sometimes courteous consent in fact contains a negative solution to the question. Intercultural communication includes diverse forms, types and types of communication between people: cultures, races, ethnic groups, religions and subcultures within large cultures. Modern communicative space is a rather complex system in which one of the main places belongs to different types of communication. This is due to the fact that in different situations and circumstances a person behaves differently and thus in each case interacts with other people in a special way. Observations and researches in the field of intercultural communication make it possible to conclude that its content and results largely depend on the values prevailing in any culture, norms of behavior, attitudes, etc. Therefore, it is very important for people who in practice come into contact with representatives of other cultures to take into account precisely those features that are characteristic of a certain type or type of culture. This knowledge is necessary for foreign students in the process of their education in a foreign university; businessmen who conduct their business abroad; tourists arriving in another country, and many other people involved in the process of intercultural communication, whether professional or personal contacts. Literature Vereschagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. – Moscow: Russian language, 1990. – 246 р. – Р. 30. Gudkov D.B. Theory and practice of intercultural communication. – Moscow: Gnozis, 2003. – P.288. Ter-Minasova S.G. Language and intercultural communication. – Moscow: Slovo, 2000. – 624 р. – Р. 259. Bryant, C. (2003). Does Australia Need a More Effective Policy of Science Communication?. International Journal for Parasitology - P357–361. ӘОЖ 821О-512 жүктеу/скачать 1,4 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|