Образования
Table 1 – Influence of different processing of the reed meadow sod on the southern reed stalk, pcs/m
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- Table 2 – Linear growth and daily growth of southern reed, depending on the different processing of the reed meadow (average for two bookmarks
- Table 3 – Number of leaves (pcs / plant) and leaf surface area (dm2) of southern reed by development phases, depending on the cultivation of reed meadow (average for two bookmarks)
- Conclusion.
Table 1 – Influence of different processing of the reed meadow sod on the southern reed stalk, pcs/m2 (average for two tabs)
The largest number of plants was found 192-203.5 pcs of plants and shoots (293 - 366.2 plants), before harvesting it was on plots when loosening with disc tools (BDT - 2.2; BDT-7.0), and the smallest number (175, 2 plants) and 225 stems with moldboard tillage at a depth of 20 - 22 cm. On these varinates, the bushiness of plants increased by 50% (from 1.4 to 2.1), the height of plants (from 182 to 239 cm) - by 57 cm, the total air-dry plant mass in the phase of 14 - 15 leaves (53% of 113 to 15.3 g), 16 - 17 leaves (37% from 38.1 to 58.3 g), average daily growth of 28% from 1.3 to 2.2 g. Different growth and development during the growing season of reed, depending on surface tillage, affects the productivity and yield formation of reed hayfields. [8,76 рр]. Regrowth of southern reed in different years occurs in mid-April, depending on the course of the onset of the warm period. So, on the site of the laying of 2017, in the same year, reed growth was noted on the 10th, in the next 2018 - on the 16th and in the third year also on April 10th. On the site of the 2019 bookmark, regrowth in the third year after processing was noted on April 12. Subsequently, the growth and development of the southern reed, as well as the accumulation of the aboveground mass, occurs as the ambient temperature rises and continues until August. No particular distinctive difference in its plant height, in average daily growth for all growth options and for years, was found, although some preference should still be given to plants growing in discarded areas. [9,109 рр]. During the period of emergence into the tube, the reed plants have a linear height of 50 - 60 cm and the average daily growth during this period is about 0.9 - 1.0 cm.Further, in the sweeping phase, the linear height of the southern reed is more than one meter and the average daily growth is 1.5 - 2.0 cm.The final height of southern reed in the flowering phase exceeds 2 m. (Table 2). Table 2 – Linear growth and daily growth of southern reed, depending on the different processing of the reed meadow (average for two bookmarks)
If we compare the linear growth of reed in different species, then its highest stems were in the discarded areas - 201.7 and 233.0 cm, while on plowing 183.7 and control - 196.7 cm. From these counts, a significant advantage is also observed. and a positive effect on the growth and development of reed by disking of the meadow at different depths. Also, according to the development phases of the southern reed, depending on the cultivation of the reed meadow, the number of leaves was counted and their feeding area was determined. During the sweeping period, the reed has 8-10 leaves, the area of which is 6-10 dm2. The number of leaves and their surface are greater in variants with disking of the reed meadow to different depths, which also speaks in favor of these variants. A significant increase in leaf area was observed in the variant of deep loosening with disk tools than in plots without cultivation of the meadow (control) and with moldboard cultivation of the soil, a decrease in the leaf surface of the reed was observed due to the beginning of natural drying and yellowing of leaves in the whole plant. This leads to a weakening of the photosynthetic activity of the reed and a decrease in the rate of accumulation during the growing season. [10,203 рр]. The smallest accumulation of dry matter during the growing season in terms of development phases during moldboard tillage is due to the fact that on these plots the growth and development in the formation of the leaf surface of the reed occurred at a significantly slow rate, as a result of which the number, as well as the width and length of leaves, compared to deep loosening at a depth of 17-20 cm with a disc tool BDT-7.0. The results of the experiment showed that with deep loosening with disc tools, the photosynthetic activity of reed plants improves and the number of leaves, width and length, and the number of nodes increase in comparison with without cultivating the meadow (control). Table 3 – Number of leaves (pcs / plant) and leaf surface area (dm2) of southern reed by development phases, depending on the cultivation of reed meadow (average for two bookmarks)
So, on plots where deep loosening with disc tools was carried out, the number of leaves in phases 4 - 5 leaves was 4 - 5 pieces, 8 - 10 leaves - 9 - 10 pieces, 14 - 15 leaves - 15 - 16 pieces, respectively, the length of leaves in the phase 4 - 5 leaves - 12 - 15, 8 - 10 leaves - 22 - 27 cm, 14 - 15 leaves - 33 - 38 cm. On the variants without cultivation of the meadow, from the beginning of growth to the end of the growing season, there was a decrease in the number of leaves to 2 - 3 - 5 pieces, length up to 6 - 9 cm, width up to 6 - 7 cm in comparison with the option of loosening the meadow with disk tools. As in the variants without cultivation of the meadow, the number of leaves during the growing season decreased in the phase of 4 - 5 leaves from 4 - 5 to 3 pieces, 8 - 10 leaves from 7 - 9 to 8 pieces, 14 - 15 leaves from 15 - 16 to 13 pcs, and the length in the phase of 4 - 5 leaves is shortened to 9 cm against 12 or decreases by 3 - 5 cm, 8 - 10 leaves up to 22 against 25 - 28 cm, 14 - 15 leaves - up to 29 against 30 - 38 or decreases by 4 - 9 cm, sheet width, respectively: from 9 - 12 to 7 cm/mm from 21 - 27 to 17 cm/mm from 36 - 40 to 31 cm/mm or decreased by 5 - 9 cm/mm (Table 3). Such a regularity was also revealed in the variants where moldboard plowing was carried out to a depth of 20 - 23 cm.The low productivity of reed is due to the fact that in the conditions of the Kyzylorda region on heavy clay and saline meadow-boggy soils during plowing, large clods are formed, for the destruction of which, additional costs are required, the bulk of the rhizomes of the reed falls into the lower soil horizon at a depth of 15 - 20 cm. As a result, vegetative renewal occurs weakly, only 1-2 bush is formed. The high air temperature and strong winds contribute to the drying of the upper arable horizon, as a result, it is greatly thinned out, growth and development slows down, and the photosynthetic activity of the southern reed is weakened. [11,15,6 рр,15 pp]. Our studies have found that during moldboard plowing during the growing season, a decrease in the number of leaves (1-2 pieces) is observed in reeds, the length of internodes is shortened by 1 - 2 cm, and individual indicators of photosynthetic activity, such as width, length of leaves were the same or insignificant increased than on plots without cultivation of the meadow (control). Also, according to the phases of development, the weight of 10 reed plants was weighed, depending on the processing of the reed meadow, as well as the determination of the mass of leaves.The dry weight of 10 plants during the flowering period is 60 - 80 g of which almost a third is the leaves. The largest mass of plants was found in the area where disking was carried out to various depths - 78.8 and 87.3 g, respectively, while in the control this indicator was 67.1 and on plowing - 73.9. Such an advantage in terms of morphological parameters - the number of leaves, area of area, average daily growth, weight of 10 plants, including the mass of leaves - in the variants where the plot was disking had a positive effect on the total reed yield. Our observations on reed showed that the onset of the same phenophases in this plant lasts for two - three, and sometimes four weeks, depending on climatic conditions, especially air temperature, lack of moisture and water - food regime of the soil. With a limited supply of water (due to lack of moisture), the reed almost always ends its development cycle and fruiting occurs earlier, despite the low growth [5,12,31рр, 51 рр]. In unfavorable years, like 2018, the development phase was delayed by 5-7 days, and on plots where deep loosening was carried out with a disc tool BDT-7.0, the onset of individual phases of reed development (flowering, 14th - 16th leaves) proceeded 3 - 4 days earlier.As noted, the determination of the yield of the green and dry mass of southern reed was carried out in the experiment within three years after tillage. The reed yield mainly depends on the moisture content of the soil and the occurrence of groundwater. The yield was significantly influenced by tillage. The positive effect of disking was clearly seen when characterizing the morphological features of the reed. [13, 14, 173 рр, 12рр]. Conclusion. Conclusion On the basis of experimental studies over four years, by laying out field experiments to improve reed hayfields and processing literary sources, the following conclusions were made: 1. By carrying out the burning of the elderly with the subsequent processing of the site with disk tools BDT - 2.2 and BDT - 7.0 and plowing PN - 4 - 35, you can increase the yield of hayfields. Disking to a depth of 10 - 12 cm and 17 - 18 cm provided an average yield of 199 and 220 kg/ha of green mass and 57 and 62 kg/ha of hay, respectively. 2. Accounting of the yield of the mass of reed in various phases of its development showed that by changing the mowing time, one can get not lower than usual when mowing in generally accepted terms, but of much better quality. So, when mowing reeds during the booting period, its yield averaged 141 c/ha of green mass. After that, it provides the regrowth of two aftermaths with a total yield of the first - 81 and the second 28 c/ha, and the total mass on average for two years was 228 c/ha of green mass. 3. Determination of the economic efficiency of improving reed hayfields shows that disking of the plot provides a notional income of 148 and 162 dollars per hectare. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in doses of 60; 90 and 120 kg d.v.per hectare against the background of phosphorus (P60) provides a conditional income, respectively - 144; $159 and $178.5 dollars. Sowing forage crops is also quite profitable. Alfalfa crops provide 230; sweet clover - 258.5 and their mixture - $290 per hectare. жүктеу/скачать 2,01 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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