Медицина и экология, 2016, 3
Клиническая медицина
5 Sast Ju. E. Geohimija okruzhajushhej
sredy /Ju. E. Sast, B. A. Revich, E. P. Jashin. –
M.: Nedra, 1990. – 335 s.
6 Ekologicheskie problemy Kazahstana
http://fb.ru/article/4369/ekologicheskie-problemyi
-kazahstana Data obrashhenija: 28.05.2012.
Поступила 27.07.2016
Экология и гигиена
Z. T. Muhametzhanova, G. S. Zhumabekova
INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL AIR POLLUTION IN RIDDER CITY
1
National center of occupational health and professional diseases of the MH SD of the RK (Karaganda, Kazakhstan),
2
Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
The variability of the weather and meteorological factors makes a significant negative contribution to the level of
atmospheric pollution, because of that one of the most effective methods is forecast adverse weather conditions,
contribute to increase of air pollution. Combined concentrations of influence to abnormal deviations of the weather
conditions with elevated levels of air pollution have a negative impact of health to its people.
Key words:
meteorological factors, atmospheric pollution and emission load
З. Т. Мұхаметжанова, Г. С. Жұмабекова
РИДДЕР ҚАЛАСЫНЫҢ АУАНЫҢ ҚОРШАҒАН ОРТАМЕН ЛАСТАНУ ДЕНГЕЙІНЕ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ
ЖАҒДАЙЛАРДЫҢ ӘСЕРІ
1
ҚР ДСжӘДМ Еңбек гигиенасы және кәсіптік аурулар ұлттық орталығы (Қарағанды, Қазақстан),
2
Қарағанды мемлекеттік медициналық университеті (Қарағанды, Қазақстан)
Ауа-райы – метеорологиялық факторлардың өзгеруі ауаның ластану денгейіне теріс үлес қосуда,
сондықтан ең тиімді тәжірибелердің бірі атмосфералық ластанудың концентрациясының артуына жағдай
жасайтын, қолайсыз метеорологиялық жағдайларға болжам жасау. Ауа райының қалыптан тыс ауытқуының
әсері мен атмосфералық денгейінің ластануының артуы халық денсаулығына кері әсер тигізуде.
Кілт сөздер:
метеорологиялық факторлар, ауаның ластануы, эммисиялық жүктемелер
98
Клиническая медицина
Экология и гигиена
One of the leaders in the industry takes
agricultural production. Profession tractor drivers
of agricultural production (mechanic) at the mo-
ment, despite the downsizing of employees and
fleet is one of the major and most abundant in
the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakh-
stan and the member countries of the Customs
Union (Belarus, Russian Federation) [4]. Because
of the imperfections of the exploited agricultural
machinery for most of the parameters that deter-
mine the state of working conditions, it is not
only moral, but also physical deterioration of ma-
chine operators are exposed to the complex unfa-
vorable factors, among which are the defining
low-frequency overall and intermediate-frequency
local vibration, forced working posture with con-
siderable physical and static muscle tension
against the backdrop of unfavorable climate, in-
creased levels of dust and noise. Exposure to
harmful factors of working conditions can lead to
functional impairment in activities of individual
organs and systems of the body mechanics, re-
duced adaptive capacity and the development of
pre-morbid and pathological changes, facilitating
the emergence of professionally caused and oc-
cupational diseases [1, 2, 3]. The objective dates
about occupational diseases in agriculture in Ka-
zakhstan are absent [4]. Suffice it to say that
among the rural employees over the last decade
did not reveal a single case of occupational dis-
eases.
The aim of the study was to conduct
sanitary assessment of working conditions of ag-
ricultural machine operators.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The microclimatic parameters of the micro-
climate in accordance with the «On approval of
hygienic standards for the physical factors that
have an impact on a person» approved. Order of
the Minister of National Economy of the Republic
of Kazakhstan dated February 28, 2015 №169.
Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Repub-
lic of Kazakhstan May 23, 2015 №11147 and
«Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification
in terms of working environment hazards and
risks in the industrial environment, the severity
and intensity of the work process» Reg. number
ADZ RK № 1.04.001.2000 from 30.11.2000 y.
The temperature and humidity measuring device
«TKA-PKM», calculated HSE -index (index of heat
stress environment); air velocity was measured
by the device «MES -200». Levels of natural and
artificial illumination devices determined lumi-
nance meter + light meter «TKA -PKM». Measure-
ment of sound pressure and vibration levels in
the workplace, their frequency response held
sound level meter, spectrum analyzer, portable
vibrometer «SVAN 949». Air pollution from the
working area dust was estimated on the cards of
certification of workplaces on working conditions
(Note 01). Techniques for evaluating the factors
of gravity and intensity of the work process in-
© КОЛЛЕКТИВ АВТОРОВ, 2016
UDC 613.64-058.234.4
Ye. N. Sraubayev
1
, B. Serik
2
COMPREHENSIVE SANITARY-HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE OF GEARMASTER
(TRACTOR DRIVER)
1
Department of occupational hygiene, professional diseases, hygiene of children and teenagers
of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Kazakhstan),
2
Department of public health №1 of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
Tractor drivers’ profession of agricultural production (mechanic) is currently one of the major and most abun-
dant in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the member countries of the Customs Union. The
aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary assessment of working conditions of agricultural mechanization, Hygien-
ic studies on the conditions of evaluation and organization of work carried out during the 2013-2015 on the farms in
Karaganda region. Systematization, processing and analysis obtained materials during the investigations carried out
at the department of occupational health, occupational diseases, hygiene of children and adolescents. Mechanic work
is in contrast to other disciplines, and despite a number of features of industrialization, is significantly different from
the industry.
General sanitary-hygienic assessment of working conditions mechanization of agriculture (in accordance with
the «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification of working conditions in terms of hazards and risks in the in-
dustrial environment, the severity and intensity of the work process» Reg. number AH RK № 1.04.001.2000 from
30.11.2000), corresponding to 3 working class of 3 hazard degree (IPD=0,25-0,49, the high (unbearable) risk the of
machine operators working on the technique of the new import patterns on old models of equipment – 3 class 2 de-
gree (IPD=0.12-0.24, the average (significant) risk.
Keywords:
microclimate, sanitary research, working conditions, noise, vibration, farm equipment mechanic
99
Медицина и экология, 2016, 3
Клиническая медицина
cludes the length measurement (laser rangefinder
Bosch), weighing (scales, steelyard) – to measure
the physical dynamic load weight of the goods;
timing (stopwatch) – to take account of stereo-
typed
movements
[5];
dynamometry
(dynamometer), for the measurement of static
load, the number of slopes corps, percentage of
the time change of working posture [6, 7].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Working in adverse climate conditions ac-
companied by intense activity of various function-
al systems, providing temperature homeostasis
and leads to poor health, reduced efficiency and
productivity can be a cause of occupational inju-
ries and ill health status.
Research has established that during the
warm period of the year (when the average out-
door air temperature is above +10 ° C, according
to the Meteorological Service) in the workplace
mechanics (IIb) in the cabs of tractors from 17 to
33 C° with the possible values 16 -27 C°. Parame-
ters relative humidity and air velocity at all work-
places subjects ranged, respectively, from 31.9 to
47.3% and from 0.13 to 0.37 m/s for the permis-
sible values 15-75% and 0.2- 0.5 m/s. TNS-index
in the workplace mechanics (category IIb) ex-
ceeded 27.6 C° at acceptable values 19,5
-23,9
C°; the results are shown in Table 1. In the cold
period of the year (when the average outdoor air
temperature was 10 C° or lower according to the
Meteorological Service) in the workplace in the
cockpits of the measurements have not been
made due to the fact that the nature of work is
not related to the main venue and often done in
places other than on the main place of work (eg
repairs, work on clean-up, etc.). Analysis of the
results of measurements of microclimatic indices
of industrial premises in the workplace mechani-
zation of agriculture aposteriori to assess micro-
climatic factor as heating.
A class of working conditions in terms of
HSE-index for working premises with heating cli-
mate. The working conditions of machine opera-
tors old equipment are harmful, class - from 3.1
to 3.4, depending on the workplace, at the time,
as new import samples with intact means air pol-
lution normalization are acceptable class 2.
When the tractors make noise, much high-
er than the permissible level. The sources of
noise on the tractors are running engine, gears,
suspension system and the exhaust system of
exhaust gases. The noise level in the workplace
mechanic varies depending on the load on the
engine. But these fluctuations are negligible,
since the overall level determined by the relative
magnitude of the noise components that fall un-
der the load change does not amount. The noise
level in the workplace depends on the location of
the workplace with respect to noise sources.
Therefore, low-power tractor mechanic is often
close to the engine, resulting in a relatively high
level of noise in the workplace. The source of
external noise of tractors is basically the noise of
the engine exhaust to reduce that set silencers.
As a rule, due to the lack of soundproofing the
cabin and its proximity from the engine noise in
Экология и гигиена
Work-
place
Catego-
ry of
work
Temperature
relative humidity
Air velocity
HSE-index
accep-
table
in fact
M± m
accep-
table
in fact
M± m
accep-
table
in fact
M± m
accep-
table
in fact M± m
Mec.
IIб
16-27
25±8
15-75% 39,6±7,7 0,2- 0,5
0,25±
0,12
19,5-
23,9
26,5±1,2
Mec.*
IIб
16-27
22±4
15-75%
50±5
0,2- 0,5
0,25±
0,12
19,5-
23,9
23,2±0,5
Table 1 – Parameters of the microclimate in the workplace mechanization of agriculture of the Karaganda
region
* The technique of new import samples with serviceable air conditioners
Measuring point
(work place)
The character of
the noise
The equivalent sound
level
( in fact),
dBa M± m
Permissible level,
dBa
Exposure time,% of
working time
Mec.
broadband
89,7±7,4
80
82,3
Mec.*
broadband
83,6 ±3,5
80
66,7
* The new technique imported samples with closed windows
Table 2 – Results of measurements of industrial noise at the workplace
100
Клиническая медицина
the workplace most of the tractors exceed the
permissible level considerably.
As a result, measurements and hygienic
assessment found that the nature of the mechan-
ical noise is constant, broadband. The noise level
exceeded the permissible value of all the sur-
veyed workplaces and match 82,3-97,1 dB in oc-
tave bands with center frequencies 31,5-1000 Hz
(table 2).
Comparative analysis of acoustic parame-
ters set their levels increase with an increase in
the life of the equipment. Thus, the noise levels
in the art cabins in operation for more than 10
years were higher by 2.6 dB, and accordingly, the
useful life at between 5 to 10 years.
In connection with the above, the working
conditions at the workplace for the main special-
ties mechanic agriculture in relation to acoustic
factors should be identified as harmful and classi-
fy – class 3.1-3.3.
General vibration in the workplace in cab-
ins of agricultural machinery is a variable level
and passed through the seat, with the greatest
intensity in the vertical direction. The vibration is
transmitted through the local controls on the
arms and legs mechanic. As a result, measure-
ments and hygiene found that the level of vibra-
tion in the workplace mechanic varies depending
on the load on the engine and on the nature of
the work performed.
Overall vibration is determined on the floor
of the tractor cab, which is low-medium frequen-
cy in nature, the level of vibration ranges from 95
to 120 dB (PDU 116 dB) vibration (Z-axis). Sinus-
oidal vibration disturbed appearance of tremors
caused by the soil and relief under the tractor's
wheels hit the stones. Parameters jerky vibrations
transmitted to the seat, in the 5-10 times higher
than the guideline values. The vibration is trans-
mitted to the hands via the control levers and
steering wheel remote control more than equal to
114 dB, a high-frequency (table 3).
Comparative analysis of vibro-acoustic pa-
rameters set their levels increase with an increase
in the life of the equipment. Thus, the noise lev-
els in the cabins in operation for technology more
than 10 years were higher by 1.5 dB, respective-
ly, than when operating period of 5 to 10 years.
In connection with the above, the working
conditions at the workplace for the main special-
ties mechanic agriculture in relation to vibro-
acoustic factors should be identified as valid and
Экология и гигиена
Measuring point
(work place)
оView of
Vibration
Corrected the level
of vibration
(actual)
dB M± m
Permissible level,
dB
Exposure time,% of
working time
Mec.
common
107,5±12,5
116
82,3
Mec.
Local
108,2±5,8
112
82,3
Mec.*
common
96,6 ±3,3
116
66,7
Mec.*
Local
94,2 ±3,7
112
66,7
Table 3 – Results of measurements of industrial vibration at the workplace
* The new technique imported samples
Measuring point
(work place)
Type of work
The concentration of dust
in fact M± m
Exceeding MPC
Меc.
Spring pre-sowing soil
treatment
14,5±3,0
4,37
Меc.*
2,11±0,8
-
Меc.
sowing
37,2±8,6
11,45
Меc.*
2,25±1,8
-
Меc.
Summer jobs
18,2±3,6
5,45
Меc.*
2,18±1,2
-
Меc.
harvest work
45,1±8,6
13,25
Меc.*
2,3±1,6
-
* The technique of new import samples with serviceable air conditioners
Table 4 – Results of measurement of working area’s air pollution with dust
101
Медицина и экология, 2016, 3
Клиническая медицина
classification - сlass 2 new samples of imported
tractors and harmful 3.1-3.2 in older models.
In carrying out agricultural work in plant dust
and fumes in the air of the working area is a lead-
ing risk factor for the development of respiratory
diseases in the tractor. As a result of air pollution
study of the working area dust found (table 4.)
That the workplace of machine obsolete
technology its maximum single concentration ex-
ceeded MPC by more than 13 times, and in the
workplace in the art of new import models –
comply with hygienic standards. Also worth not-
ing is that the concentration of dust in the
breathing zone of machine depended on the type
of work performed, as well as the humidity and
the nature of the treated soil, wind direction, in-
tegrity of tractor cabs.
In connection with the above, the working
conditions at the workplace for the main
specialties mechanic agriculture against dust
should be defined as acceptable and classified –
сlass 2 new samples of imported tractors and
harmful 3.3-3.4 in older models.
Air pollution by harmful substances
represented mainly components of diesel exhaust
of internal combustion engines, which are
represented by a complex mixture of gases
(carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes).
They were constantly present in the breathing
zone, but at concentrations not exceeding the
maximum permissible concentration. Working
conditions should be defined as permissible –
class 2.
Mechanic is the current process of
preparation and repair of tractors and other
process equipment. Also, his responsibilities
include management of the tractor, working on
liquid fuel, for transportation of various goods,
machinery, metal structures and structures with
different masses and dimensions using the trailer
hitch or devices. Supervision of loading, securing
and unloading of cargoes transported. Inspection
and refilling the tractor fuel and lubricants.
Lubrication of rubbing parts and components.
Troubleshooting the tractor. Maintenance work
and participate in other types of repair. Work in
the core business and consists of 4 main types:
spring preplant tillage, direct sowing, summer
jobs, cleaning work.
Direct work in the field occupies in
professiogram respectively up to 70% of the
time, 10% of the preparatory work for the normal
activities
such
as
loading,
unloading,
transportation, ARRIVAL destination. Also, up to
10 percent of working hours may take emergency
current repairs in the workplace, training and
planned repair of tractors takes on the share of
about 5% of the time. Breaks are not regulated
and have a fuzzy structure, at the same time
personal distraction can take up to 3% of the
day.
Thus, the estimation of the severity and
intensity of the work process mechanization
Karaganda region in accordance with the
document «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and
classification of working conditions in terms of
hazards and risks in the industrial environment,
the severity and intensity of the work process»
Reg. number ADZ RK №1.04.001.2000 from
30.11.2000g. As a result of machine-research
work under time pressure, characterized by
emotional stress and monotony of work, the
duration of the work shift – not strictly regulated.
Working two shifts (night work), breaks are not
regulated and insufficient duration. The working
conditions in terms of the severity of the labor
process are 3 hazard class (grade 2), the labor
intensity of the process related to hazard class 3
of 3 degrees. Research has established that the
machine operators are exposed to agriculture
combined and complex action of harmful factors.
The main factors of the working environment and
working process, as well as an overall
Экология и гигиена
Factors of working environment and labor process
Profession Microclimate Noise
Vibration
Aerosols Pre-
dominantly fi-
brogenic ac-
tions
severity
Intensity
General
assessment
Мес.
3.1-3.4
3.3
3.1-3.2
3.3-3,4
3.2
3.3
3.4
Мес.*
2
3.1
2
2
3.2
3.3
3.3
Table 5 – Summary assessment of working conditions of machine operators of agriculture in the degree of
hazard and danger
* The new technique imported samples
102
Клиническая медицина
assessment of working conditions are given in
Table 5
Thus, the work of the machine operator is
in contrast to other disciplines, and despite a
number of features of industrialization, is signifi-
cantly different from the industry. The first fea-
ture is seasonality and the particular urgency of
the works that contribute to a lot of stress in cer-
tain periods of the year. The second feature is
that the work is carried out in the outdoors from
early spring until late autumn, and partly in the
winter. The third feature is a relatively frequent
change of working operations carried out by the
same person. The fourth feature is geographically
dispersed agricultural production, being at large
distances. The fifth feature is extensive use of
chemicals, pesticides and biologically active sub-
stances lead inevitably to contamination not only
the work area, and the biosphere.
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