Коммуникативтік тілдік құзыреттілік білім берудің
мақсаты мен нəтижесі ретінде
Мақалада білім берудің мақсаты мен нəтижесі ретінде коммуникативті тілдік құзыреттіліктің
қалыптасуының басты мəселелері қарастырылған. Соңғы жылдардағы ұстанымдардың бірі білім беру
мазмұнындағы концепциялармен қатар, оның мақсаты мен нəтижелерін қайта ой елегінен өткізуге
бағытталғаны айтылады. Бұл орайда білім беруді бағалаудың қайта бейімделуі «дайындық», «білім»,
«жалпы мəдениет», «құзырет», «құзыреттілік» ұғымдарымен қатар жүреді. Пəндік білім мен құзыретті
көзқарастардың əдіснамалық тұрғыдағы айырмашылықтарын анықтау үшін, бұл көзқарастың негізін
қалайтын «құзыреттілік» жəне «құзырет» ұғымдарының концептуалды мазмұнын айқындау қажет.
А.Ш.Тажикеева, Н.Т.Мун, В.Ю.Шершнева
Коммуникативная языковая компетенция
как цель и результат образования
В статье рассмотрены основные вопросы формирования коммуникативной языковой компетенции как
цели и результата образования. Выделено, что одна из тенденций последних лет заключается в пере-
смотре концепций не только содержания образования, но и переосмысления его целей и результатов.
В этой связи происходит переориентация оценки результата образования с понятий «подготовлен-
ность», «образованность», «общая культура» на понятия «компетенция», «компетентность». Авторы
отмечают, что для определения методологического отличия предметно-знаниевого подхода от компе-
тентностного необходимо определиться в понятийном содержании двух терминов, составляющих ос-
нову данного подхода, — «компетентность» и «компетенция».
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References
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al school: dis. ... doctor PhD, Almaty, 2007, 309 p.
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Almaty, 1995, 339 p.
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12 Karabaeva L.N. Ped. conditions of formation of communicative. competence of foreign languages teachers in high school:
the Author. ... cand.ped.science, Turkestan, 2007, 28 p.
13 Kulibayeva D.N. Methodol. bases of management of the educational system of international-type schools, Almaty: Publ.
KazUIR and WL, 2006, 480 p.
106
Вестник Карагандинского университета
UDC 811.111:378.069
S.Z.Ashimkhanova, A.O.Bekturganova, A.O.Omarova
Yе.A.Buketov Karaganda State University
(E-mail: asel_bekturganova1990@mail.ru)
Formation of linguocultural competence of language specialties’ students
on the example of proverbs with zoonyms
The article deals with the formation of linguocultural competence of language specialties’ students on the ex-
ample of proverbs with zoonyms. Modern studies on methods of teaching English language is focused on the
relation between language, history and culture. The acknowledgement of the importance of the cultural com-
ponent in research is closely connected with the usage of cognitive approach. Taking into consideration
linguocultural aspect of teaching foreign languages authors offer set of tasks which help to develop
linguocultural competence of the students.
Key words: linguocultural competence, zoonyms, proverbs, language specialties’ students, culture, animal
images, symbol, history, customs.
Teaching and learning a language are teaching and learning a culture. These two elements cannot be
separated. By teaching the proverbs, English teachers can help their student to penetrate to English culture
excitingly and interestingly and to obtain linguocultural competence. Moreover, English language learners,
often struggling with a limited vocabulary, find these memorable proverbs easy to learn and fun to use.
Learning proverbs helps students to remember the structures and vocabularies carried in the proverbs easily.
A large portion of proverbs in English, Russian as well as in Kazakh contain zoonyms. There are some
outstanding similarities and differences between them. Within understanding this, English teachers and Eng-
lish learners can deal with proverbs much easier. Like in many other languages, proverbs in Kazakh, Russian
and English use a lot of proverbs with animals’ images. Most of those animals are familiar to human. The
dominant animals among them, as it shown in the Table 1, domestic animals such as dogs, cats, asses, cocks,
horses, and pigs etc. take a large portion, then comes the typical animals in the wild such as foxes, wolves,
oxen, and birds. Maybe those points are also the common points for proverbs in most languages in the world.
In selecting zoo-proverbs of English, Russian and Kazakh languages we come across difficulties, asso-
ciated with differing semantic fields of idioms in the three languages, which are dictated as extra linguistic
factors: culture, history and life of peoples. In terms of matching of the zoo-proverbs in different languages
we would like to identify the following groups and generally speaking, there are five kinds of situations in
understanding the differences as they are shown in the following tables.
In order to form and develop of linguocultural competence of language specialties’ students on the ex-
ample of proverbs with zoonyms the students should be given certain tasks. We have developed such kind of
tasks. Firstly, we will give students the task, in which they have to find three proverbs, which are quite iden-
tical in the English, Russian and Kazakh languages i.e. the same zoonyms are used in all three languages in
the proverbs depicting one meaning. For example:
Task 1. Find the equivalents of the following English proverbs in the Kazakh and Russian languages
keeping the zoonym (Z-Z-Z):
English proverbs
Russian
Kazakh
1. Don’t teach fish to swim. Don’t
teach dog to bark
………….
………….
2. He killed two birds with one stone
………….
………….
3. If you run after two hares, you will
catch neither
………….
………….
4. It is a good horse that never
stumbles
………….
………….
5. When the cat is away, — the mice
will play
………….
………….
6. Fish begins to stink at the head
………….
………….
7. Barking dogs seldom bite
………….
………….
8. Love me, love my dog
………….
………….
9. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes
on
………….
………….
Formation of linguocultural competence…
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*Proverbs were taken fron different dictionaries. English proverbs are from The Oxford Dictionary of
English Proverbs [1; 3–680], Russian proverbs were taken from V.I.Dal’s dictionary of Russian proverbs
[2; 5–610], Kazakh proverbs were found in M. Alimbayev’s work [3; 3–143].
Answers:
English proverbs
Russian
Kazakh
1. Don’t teach fish to swim. Don’t
teach dog to bark
Не учи рыбу плавать, а собаку
лаять
Балыққа жүзуді үйретпе. Күшікті
үруге үйретпе
2. He killed two birds with one stone Одним выстрелом убил двух зайцев Екі қоянды бір оқпен ату
3. If you run after two hares, you will
catch neither
За двумя зайцами погонишься —
ни одного не поймаешь
Екі қоянды қуған біреуін де ұстай
алмайды.
4. It is a good horse that never
stumbles
Хороша
та
лошадь,
которая
никогда не спотыкается
Сүрінбейтін ат жақсы
5. When the cat is away, — the mice
will play
Без кота мышам раздолье = Кошка
из дома — мышкам воля
Мысық жоқта тышқан кісінейді
6. Fish begins to stink at the head
Рыба гниет с головы
Балық басынан шіриді
7. Barking dogs seldom bite
Лающие собаки редко кусают
Үрген ит кісі қаппас
8. Love me, love my dog
Любишь меня, люби и мою собаку Мені сүйсең, итімді де сүй
9. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes
on
Собака лает, караван идет (ветер
носит)
Ит үреді керуен көшеді.
The first situation: as we all know, human beings have similar capabilities of thought, similar laws of
cognition. So, looking closer to the proverbs in the English, Russian and Kazakh languages we can see that
there are even more equivalent proverbs that have amazing similarities in images, form and implied messag-
es. For example, in the proverb «Fish begins to stink at the head — Рыба гниет с головы — Балық
басынан шіриді» zoo lexeme fish is saved in equivalents of both Russian and Kazakh languages. It shows
that people from different cultures may have proverbs that use the same image of animals and carry the same
message. The reason for this might be that some animals have the same important role in people’s lives in
these two cultures, and have the same attributes and features.
Task 2. Find the equivalents of the following English proverbs in the Russian languages keeping the
zoonym but using other zoonym in the equivalent of the Kazakh language (Z-Z-Z1):
English proverbs
Russian
Kazakh
1. It is ill to waken sleeping dogs. Let
sleeping dogs lie
………………….
Не следует будить спящих собак (Не
буди лихо, пока оно спит)
………………….
Жатқан жыланның құйрығын баспа
2. If one sheep leaps over the ditch, all
the rest will follow
………………….
Куда один баран, туда и все стадо
………………….
Көшеге бір ит шықса үн көтеріп,
қалғаны түгел шығар шу көтеріп
3. A bird may be known by its flight
………………….
Птица видна по полету
………………….
Болатын өгіз бұзауынан белгілі
4. To count one's chickens before they
are hatched
………………….
Считать своих цыплят прежде, чем
они высижены
………………….
Тумаған
тайыншаның
піспеген
уызына қарама
5. Take heed of the snake in the grass
………………….
Берегись в траве змеи (т.е. опасайся
коварных и вероломных людей).
………………….
Бөрі жоқ деме бөрік астында.
The second kind of situation is that the English and Russian proverbs contain identical zoonyms, but in
Kazakh language, we have another zoonym. For example, we use сауысқан (magpie) to impress the curiosi-
ty and say «Сауысқан сұқтығынан өледі» in Kazakh, but in English and Russian it is related to
S.Z.Ashimkhanova, A.O.Bekturganova, A.O.Omarova
108
Вестник Карагандинского университета
cat:
«
Curiosity killed the cat — Любопытство убило кошку». We also use құмырсқа (an ant) in the prov-
erb as «Құмырсқаның да сауыры бар», but in English and Russian this proverb is related to sheep: «Every
family has a black sheep. — В каждой семье есть черная овца. Ср. В семье не без урода». And we think
that these kinds of language usage are mostly decided by the western way of thinking. The westerners sepa-
rate the one thing from another and then analyze it, and this kind of think is the logic analyze. For our Ka-
zakh we seek a kind of compromise and harmonious. So it is no wonder that sometimes the westerners use
animal proverbs to say something directly, but we Kazakh prefer to use some mild and indirect way to ex-
press.
Task 3. Find the equivalents of the following English proverbs in the Russian language and Kazakh
equivalents without any zoonyms (Z-Z-0):
English proverbs
Russian
Kazakh
1. A wild goose never laid a tame egg
………………….
От дикого гуся домашний не родит-
ся
………………….
Ағаш қандай болса, жемісі сондай
2. The fox is not taken twice in the
same snare
………………….
Старую лису дважды не проведешь
………………….
Бір шалынған тұяқ, екінші рет ор
баспас
3. Geese with geese and women with
women
………………….
Гусь свинье не товарищ
………………….
Арбалыға жорғалы жолдас болмас
4. One scabbed sheep will mar a
whole flock
………………….
Одна паршивая овца все стадо пор-
тит
………………….
Бір құмалақ бір қарын майды
шірітеді
5. Even a worm will turn
………………….
Даже червяк на дыбы встанет
………………….
Шыдамның да шегі бар. Судың да
сұрауы бар.
6. A black hen lays a white egg
………………….
Черная курица несет белое яйцо
………………….
Қисық бұтаққа қызыл жиде бітеді.
Қараша үйден ханша шығар
7. Every mother thinks her own gos-
ling a swan
………………….
Каждая мать считает своего гусенка
лебедем
………………….
Əркімдікі өзіне ай көрінер көзіне
8. You cannot flay the same ox twice
………………….
С одного вола двух шкур не дерут
………………….
Бір тойда екі жар жоқ
9. Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth
………………….
Дареному коню в зубы не смотрят
………………….
Бек берсе бетіне қарама
The third kind of situation is that the zoonym which is used in the English proverb is translated into
Russian saving its zoo-component, but in Kazakh equivalent doesn’t have zoonym e.g. All lay loads on a
willing horse. — Весь груз взваливают на добросовестную лошадь. Ср. Охочая лошадка всю поклажу
везет. Кто везет, того и погоняют. Жұмсақ ағаш құртқа жем, жұмсақ адам жұртқа жем. Бұға
берсең , сұға береді.In this case it is obvious that the Kazakh language has the proverbs with the same se-
mantic meanings but without zoonym.
We may continue the tasks in different ways, for example:
Task 4. Find the equivalents of the following English proverbs keeping the formula Z-0-0. For example,
in the proverb «I will either win the saddle or lose the horse — Либо пан, либо пропал — Не мойын кетер,
не құрық кетер» or «Cats hide their claws — Гладка шерстка, да коготок остер — Қанжар қынында
қалғиды. Жұдырық жең ішінде түйілер» there is no zoonym in the equivalents of the Russian and Kazakh
languages but meaning is the same. The first proverb expresses a risk and the second hypocrisy. Although
Formation of linguocultural competence…
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the equivalents of the English proverbs are different in expression and show different perspectives, thay are
similar in meaning;
Task 4. Find the equivalents of the following English proverbs keeping the formula Z-Z1-Z2. Foe ex-
ample, «Итке ерген үреді», the English say that «With foxes we must play the fox», the Russian say
«С волками жить — по-волчьи выть». In the proverb «Burn not your house to fright the mouse away. Ср.
Не стреляй из пушки по воробьям. Битке өкпелеп тоныңды отқа жақпа» three different zoonyms are
used: in English — fox, in Russian — воробей (мн.ч. воробьи — sparrow), and in Kazakh — бит (lice).
Also in the proverb «Two dogs over one bone seldom agree. Два медведя в одной берлоге не уживутся.
Екі қошқардың басы бір қазанға сыймас» three different zoonyms are used: in English — dog, in Russian
— медведь (bear), and in Kazakh — қошқар (sheep).
Proverbs are always results of social, cultural, historical and political values [4; 52]. Despite the univer-
sal features, there still be distinct features that differentiate one culture from another. Therefore, we can say
that there are two types of proverbs and idioms: those with a common, universal morality, similar in most
cultures, if not in the form, at least in the message; and those born from a historical fact, a local custom or a
specific event in a particular culture. They have their own identity signs which characterize the place or time
of origin and are the distinct features of that culture. Cultural connotations of some animal words in English,
Russian and Kazakh are closely related to the religion, customs, mentality and the history of the nation. That
is why proverbs and sayings related to animals in these three languages are different in their cultural conno-
tations. And it causes a lot of difficulties for people from one country to learn the language of the other.
English, Russian and Kazakh have different concepts about the world, especially the animal world.
Each culture highly values the animals that have more contribution to their life. That is why though three
languages have proverbs using the images of dogs, horses, buffaloes, the messages carried are varied through
cultures.
The English, Russian and Kazakh languages share the same kind of point of view over some of the
proverbs with zoonyms. During the long history of human life English, Russian and Kazakh people may
have the same idea of some kind of animals; for example, fox is the most common animal that the English,
Russian and Kazakh culture share the same view. It is the symbol of duplicity and suspiciousness. So
in Kazakh we often use «түлкідей қу, түлкідей айлакер» to describe a man who is cunning as well as clev-
er, as in the traditional Russian history fox spirit symbolizing hypocrisy, so in English too, e.g. Don’t set the
fox to keep your geese. — Не позволяй лисе сторожить гусей. Ср. не пускай козла в огород. Түлкіге қаз
бақтырма.
Also we use «кəрі қу түлкі» to describe some bully people by flaunting by other people’s power. And
in the English and Russian languages, the same kind of usage can also be seen, as we often say «he’s a sly
old fox» and the proverbs «when the fox preaches, take care of your geese. — Когда лиса читает пропове-
ди, береги своих гусей. Ср. Льстивые слова говорит, а сам в карман норовит. Богу молится, а c чер-
том водится. Түлкі Құран оқығанда тауығыңды тық, Түлкі қайырымдылықты айтып қақсай берсе,
қазыңа сақ бол».
Another kind of animal that we share the same view point is rat. Rat is a kind of animal that can be seen
in every part of the world. They lead a dirty life and cowardice is their instinct so it is no wonder to hear
Суға батып бара жатқан кемеден тышқан да қашады in our Kazakh Language. And for the English
and Russian people they often use rat to indicate someone who is not loyal. And ‘A rat leaving a sinking ship
— Крысы бегут с тонущего корабля’ is used to say someone who cannot share adversity with.
What is more, we also have the common understanding over wolf. It is a kind of figure that stands for
barbarity and greedy. In Kazakh we often say Қасқырды қанша асырысаң да, орманға қарап ұлиды, Қой
терісін жамылған бөрі as to express that man has an evil mind just like a dog and never changed this bad
side, and in the English and Russian languages wolf is also be consider to someone that is regarded as preda-
tory, rapacious, and fierce.
Take
‘
wolf in sheep's clothing — волк в овечьей шкуре’ for example, it is used to
describe one who feigns congeniality while actually holding malevolent intentions. So from this example we
can see that although we have different culture background, we have the same feeling to some kind of animal
and this can easily be seen from the two different languages.
Also the English, Russian and Kazakh languages share the same kind of point of view over the proverbs
with zoonym of bee. In all three languages the bee is a universal symbol of industriousness and organization.
The bee also considered to be a good symbol, is an exemplar of hard work. Among qualities attributed to the
bee diligence,
tireless work and chastity. For instance, As busy as a bee. — Занятой (трудолюбивый), как
пчела. Арадай еңбекқор. A busy bee has no time for sorrow. — Трудолюбивой пчелке некогда грустить.
S.Z.Ashimkhanova, A.O.Bekturganova, A.O.Omarova
110
Вестник Карагандинского университета
Ср. Не бывает скуки, коли заняты руки. Шебер қол шет қалмайды. No bees, no honey. — Без пчел не
получишь меда; без работы не получишь денег. Ср. Хочешь есть калачи, не лежи на печи. Мал
баққанға бітеді.
The ass has also been considered a symbol of stubbornness, and in other circles a symbol of patience
and folly in the English, Russian and Kazakh languages. The «patience» symbolism is possibly due to the
fact that it can carry a heavy load. Jest with ass and he will flap you in the face with his tail. — Пошутишь с
ослом, а он тебя хвостом в лицо ударит. Ср. С дураками шутить опасно. Кто шутки не понимает,
над тем не шути. Сиыр сипағанды білмейді, сұм сыйлығанды білмейді. If the ass (donkey) bray at you,
don’t bray at him. — Если осел ревет, не реви в ответ на него по-ослиному. Ср. Не уподобляйся
дураку. Кесірлімен керіспе, керме иықпен егеспе. All asses wag their ears. — Все ослы поводят ушами.
Ср. Не всяк умен, кто с головою. Үндемегеннің бəрі данышпан емес. «Есек құлағының ұзындығына
мақтанар, есалаң бетінің қызылдығына мақтанар».
We share completely different idea on the same kind of animal. And maybe this mainly cause by the
culture back ground and their living habits. Their brilliant traditional culture variation may also play an im-
portant role in forming their point of view. Also way of taste of beauty, and different social mentality is con-
sidered to be a significant factor. And here is the example; the first kind of animal is dog.
Dog is a kind of animal that company us though the human history. Both English and Russian people
think that dog is a kind of animal that stands for loyalty. In the English and Russian culture, dogs help human
beings lots of work. They watch the houses, keep farm animals like sheep, goats and help hunting wild ani-
mals. Therefore, dogs are highly valued and are considered human’s best friend. There are many proverbs
showing the importance of dogs such as:
love me love my dog (любишь меня, люби и мою собаку);
every dog has its day: everyone can be successful at something at some time in their life (У каждой
собаки свой праздник бывает);
a man's best friend is his dog (собака — друг человека).
But in Kazakh dog have another deep meaning in the proverb, and it is often use to say someone who is
baseness and evil. Though dogs help watching houses, Kazakh people in general dislike the behavior of
dogs. So, dog is used to describe the bad guys, those who are cruel and unscrupulous. We use «Итжанды
адам» to say a man with a bad spirit, who is snobbery, and look down the common people. «Ит иттігін
қылмай қоймас», «Итке ерген үреді», «Иттің боқ жемесе, басы ауырады», «Ит құтырса иесін
қабады» someone who is a bad natured, «Шөп үстінде ит жатыр, өзі де жемейді, өзгеге де бермейді»
someone who is greedy. On the contrary, the English people as well as Russian people consider dog as their
lovely pet, or their loyal friend.
When your friend win a game it is very common to say
«you won, you lucky
do». Also Russian people appreciate a dog, often say «любишь меня, люби и мою собаку», «собака — друг
человека».
During the long history horse is a king of meal and transport or a companion. Kazakh have deep feeling
towards horse. The horse is a representative of the Maximum world, a symbol of mind, intelligence. In the
Kazakh oral national work the horse often accompanies with the hero as the reliable friend and the adviser.
«The boy who did not sit on a horse he is not Dzhigit», — speak in people. A horse — is a gift which pro-
tect, but we can share with it: «It is possible to give a horse, but it is impossible to sell its equipment». When
the number of horse goes beyond the capacity, we often chose to eat it and this habit goes on. For these rea-
sons, we like horse meat and beef mutton. But in England, things are different, they do not have the habit of
keeping animals in large seize. Englishmen keep horse as their friend and may consider the behavior of eat-
ing horse unbelievable. They are the animal that has more usage as riding but not as a meal. In the English
society horses represent the strength, willing to work and they are the pride of their owners, and so in the
Kazakh culture. Attitude of Russian toward the horse is more loyal even indifferent.
For these differences we should pay special attention to proverbs, and shouldn’t take animal proverbs
just for granted. And we want to list some reasons for the variations.
One of the most important elements that differentiate the proverbs in English, Russian and Kazakh is
the differences in culture and mentality. All three have different concepts about the world, especially the an-
imal world. Each culture highly values the animals that have more contribution to their life. That is why
though three languages have proverbs using the images of dogs, horses, buffaloes; the messages carried are
varied through cultures. It should be noted that if English learners do not know about the custom of English
culture they will encounter lots of difficulties in communicating, especially with proverbs. Nomads and
farmers used the ground differently and it influences in it differently. In Steppe a way of life differs from
Formation of linguocultural competence…
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English, Russian people’s life. The way of life defined harmonious system of sights at the world surrounding
it. On the average world the person is in space between four sides of world. The underground world can be
seen through fairy tales. There all to the contrary. Because of geographical position English, Russian and
Kazakh people have different points of view over some animals.
Secondly, there is a big difference between the religion of English, Russian and Kazakh people. The
Kazakh religion can be considered as Islam, while most English and Russian people believe in Christianity.
That is why the concepts of people about some animals in three countries are different.
In short, English, Kazakh and Russian languages are rich in images and have a lot of proverbs. And
among them proverbs using the images of animals i.e. zoonyms take a large portion. Both cultures share the
same capabilities of thought, the same laws of cognition and a common, universal morality. Moreover, some
animals have the same important role in people’s lives in the two cultures, and have the same attributes and
features. Therefore, we have a large number of similar proverbs and idioms related to animals, both in the
form and in the message.
References
1 Wilson F.P. The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. 3rd ed. — Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. — 682 p.
2 Даль В.И. Пословицы русского народа. — М.: «ННН», 1994. — 616 с.
3 Əлімбаев М. Халық-ғажап тəлімгер. — Алматы: Рауан, 1994. — 144 б.
4 Hjelmslev L. Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. — Baltimore: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. — 574 p.
С.З.Əшімханова, А.О.Бектұрғанова, А.О.Омарова
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