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Regional Bulletin of the East
REFERENCES
1. Naurizbaeva B. Bilim men tarbie berudin ulttik ulgisi. Tarbie kurali, 2003, №3 (in
Kaz).
2. Kairanov A. Akil-oi tarbiesi, 1999, 2-21 (in Kaz).
3. Adambaev B. Halik danaligi. Almati: Rauan, 1996, 96 (in Kaz).
4. Ahmetova R. Makal-matel danalikka bastadi. Ulagat, 1998, №5-6, 67 (in Kaz).
5. Tabildiev A. Kazak etnopedagogikasi. Almati: Sanat, 2001, 83 (in Kaz).
UDС37.03=111
L.T. MUSSAKANOVA, N.A. ZAVALKO
S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC TOLERANCE
IN THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETy
This article describes the urgency of development of cultural and linguistic tolerance in
a multicultural society. There is review of scientists who study the phenomenon of tolerance,
including tolerance in a multicultural society. The article includes Cultural tolerance catego-
ries such as: toleration, cognition, understanding, empathy, a positive relation with the world.
Also linguistic tolerance categories: the knowledge of other languages, cognition, respect.
Keywords: tolerance, multicultural society, cultural and linguistic tolerance, categories
of cultural and linguistic tolerance, multilingual education.
КӨП МӘДЕНИЕТТІ ҚОҒАМДА МӘДЕНИ
ЖӘНЕ ТIЛДІК ТОЛЕРАНТТЫЛЫҚТЫҢ ДАМУЫ
Мақала көп мәдениетті қоғамда мәдени және тiлдік толеранттылықты дамыту
өзектілігі туралы. Толеранттылықтың феноменін және соның ішінде көп мәдениетті
қоғамдағы толеранттылықты зерттеген басты ғалымдардың пікірлері ұсынылған.
Мәдениетті толеранттылықтың санаттары: шыдамдылық, тану, түсінушілік, жан ашулық,
әлеммен салмақты қатынас. Ал тіл толеранттылықтың санаттары: басқа тілдерді білу,
тану, қадірлеу.
Түйін сөздер: толеранттылық, көп мәдениетті қоғам, мәдени және тiлдік
толеранттылық, мәдени және тілдің толеранттылықтың санаттары, көп тілдік білім.
РАЗВИТИЕ КУЛьТУРНОЙ И ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ
В ПОЛИКУЛьТУРНОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ
В данной статье описывается актуальность развития культурной и языковой то-
лерантности в поликультурном обществе. Представлены мнения ведущих ученых, ис-
следующих феномен толерантности, в том числе, толерантность в поликультурном
обществе. Рассмотрены категории культурной толерантности, такие как: терпимость,
познание, понимание, сопереживание, положительное отношение с миром. А также ка-
тегории лингвистической толерантности: знание других языков, познание, уважение.
Ключевые слова: толерантность, поликультурное общество, культурная и языко-
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вая толерантность, категории культурной и языковой толерантности, полиязычное об-
разование.
In an age where the electronic media has drawn us closer together into what is
called a global village, or a global society, its benefits will only be felt when mutual
goodness prevails, when mutual respect and understanding prevail.
If, instead of good feelings, hatred emerges, if restlessness usurps heartfelt peace,
then we must accept that this is not progress, but is something that will take us towards
unexpected results.
In this globalization, where people of different backgrounds, cultures and reli-
gions are living together, and where the world has become multicultural and full of
diversity, establishing tolerance and harmony has become very crucial and important,
and fostering mutual love and affection has become vital.
Without tolerance and harmony the lasting peace of societies cannot be main-
tained, and loyalty for each other cannot be established.
According to the President Nursultan Nazarbayev «...Kazakhstan is a unique and
strong of its multinationality. A unique multicultural space is formed on its land... Mul-
ticulturalism of Kazakhstan is a progressive factor of society development. Eurasian
roots of the Kazakhstan people allow the connection of eastern, western, European
flows and creation unique Kazakhstan variant of multiculturalism development» [3].
As a prerequisite of communication and interaction between people of different
cultures in the international practice the tolerance is approved as general cultural norm
and personal qualities. This trend is reflected in the «Declaration of Tolerance prin-
ciples», signed in November 1995, 185 countries - members of UNESCO, including
Kazakhstan [2].
What is Tolerance?
Robert Green Ingersoll, a 19th-century American politician, once said, «Toler-
ance is giving to every other human being every right that you claim for yourself».
The Random House Unabridged Dictionary defines tolerance as «a fair, objective, and
permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality,
etc., differ from one’s own; freedom from bigotry».
Put simply, tolerance means keeping an open mind when interacting with oth-
ers who are different from you, and treating everyone with respect and compassion,
even when you don’t share their opinions or values. It means embracing differences
and recognizing that these differences help to make our world such a rich, diverse, and
exciting place.
These differences can include race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orienta-
tion, philosophy, values, physical abilities, and age. There might also be differences
in viewpoints, family obligations, background, dress, work practices, political beliefs,
attitude, education, and class.
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Identifying the essence of tolerance are devoted many works of philosophers,
psychologists, and teachers. Study of the philosophical aspect of tolerance is reflected
in the works of V.M. Zolotukhin, y. Ishchenko, John Locke, L.N. Tolstoy and others
Ethics and socio-cultural aspects of tolerance are considered in works A.B. Zimbuli,
G.U. Soldatova, V.V. Shalinand others The psychological aspect of tolerance was in-
vestigated A.G. Asmolova, S.y. Golovin, K. Rogers, G.U. Soldatova, etc.
Some methodological, theoretical and technological background of the develop-
ment the problem of tolerance education are presented in the ideas and approaches of
humanistic pedagogy and «cooperative pedagogy» (Sh.A. Amonashvili, V.A .Karak-
ovsky, A.S. Makarenko, V.A. Sukhomlinsky etc.).Own pedagogical the concept con-
tent of «tolerance», its main criteria and indicators are disclosed in E.Ju. Kleptsova,
A.A. Pogodina, E.A. Strel’tsova, V.V.Shalin and others. Important achievement in an
adequate to modern multicultural open society understanding of this phenomenon
was the work of G.U. Soldatov and A. Shaygerova in which tolerance is investigated
through the clarification of the basic forms of intolerance.
The phenomenon of tolerance is widely analyzed in theoretical literature where
different issues of ethics, morality, politics, social work, education etc. are discussed.
The primary meaning of tolerance one can find in Latin, tolerantia, which means pa-
tience [11]. Tolerance is defined as indulgence or forbearance in judging the opinions,
customs, or acts of others; freedom from bigotry or from racial or religious prejudice;
the act of enduring, or the capacity for endurance [4].
Current approaches in tolerance-issues are often based on philosophical politi-
cal issues (Raz, 1986; Mendus, 1988; Gutmann, 1994; Pleckaitis, 1995, etc.) as well
as in the sociological-educational discourse (Morrow & Torres, 1995; McLaughlin,
1997, etc.). For the multicultural society there are some typical public values, such as
truth, liberty, freedom, democracy and tolerance, which are closely related to democ-
racy and liberalism (McLaughlin, 1997).
Tolerance is characterized as a controversial value. On the one hand, tolerance
is closely related to discomfort and disagreement, which we have to endure. In this
phenomenon the conflict can be both hidden and open. Everyone has an experience
when sometimes it is difficult to tolerate another person actions, ideals or values. On
the other hand, everyone has his or her own understanding of tolerance, which usually
possesses a positive relation to somebody or something. This subjectivity of tolerance
understanding makes it complicated and attractive for theoretical discussion. These
two main features of the tolerance as its ambiguity and a subjective evaluation of it
cause the problematic approach how to find ways to develop tolerance in educational
institutions.
Raz stresses on the black side of the nature of tolerance when he states that it
implies the suppression or containment of an inclination or desire to persecute, harass,
harm or react in an unwelcome way to a person. There is also a bright side of tolerance,
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namely, when it curbs dispositions, which are intolerant in the evaluation of other
people opinions, tastes, and pursuits [10].
It is obvious that tolerance is very personal way of thinking, which influences
human social interaction. Generally speaking, tolerance is closely related to otherness.
If otherness is represented of minorities, we can clearly see a process of assimilation
when the dominant cultural environment influences all strongly expressed differences
(Pleckaitis, 1995).
Thus, it is obvious that tolerance is a complicated social value, which ambiguity
gives both positive and negative connotations. It is important to understand tolerance
as an essential space between public and personal values. Tolerance development is
possible in the way of dialog and understanding that one has to tolerate and respect
others limits.
Today it is of high importance to talk not only about tolerance in general terms,
but about the forms of tolerance that inevitably condition the value context of the so-
ciety i.e. about the cultural and linguistic tolerance. As the society is becoming more
heterogeneous, multiculturalism is regarded as the practice which underlines the equal
rights of all the groups of the society and especially the traditional minority groups
to satisfy their needs and gain help in satisfying them. [4].Here the democratic view
towards the variety in the society is stressed as well as the idea of equal possibilities,
which encourages looking for the most suitable ways for all the members of the groups
of the society to practically form the equal possibilities of the dialogue in the variety
of the cultural contexts.
In this context, the cultural tolerance can be defined as the toleration towards
different cultures and members of different nationalities and ethnic groups, without the
negative attitude or prejudices in evaluating their traditions, customs, religion, etc. The
linguistic tolerance is the toleration of different languages and their usage not follow-
ing the hegemonies attitude.
As indicated by Fiordo, the linguistic tolerance is especially important in the bi-
cultural or multicultural environments. Therefore the intercultural dialogue is possible
only after having mastered several languages, which enables an individual to construct
the discourse, which responds to the cultural context of the relevant linguistic commu-
nity. On the other hand, every culture has its own values, the knowledge and acknowl-
edgment of which also bear influence on the tolerance of a personality [7].
Coming to the analysis of the possibilities of the development of cultural and
linguistic tolerance in the education system, there are evident tendencies that make
this process difficult.
The contemporary society is characterized by a shifting value-system. It means
that values become more dispersed and individualized compare with traditional soci-
eties. Value-fragmentariness characterizes also changes in the social interaction and
depends on a complex of factors (Anshelm, 1995). Toleration of social and political
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status, gender, racial and religious differences and interests forms a norm of respect
to individual integrity. Different areas, such as family, religion, economics, policy be-
comes more autonomic from each other. More freedom towards security, as Giddens
mentioned [8], however such a radical, extreme autonomy of individuals challenges
the tolerance.
As it was previously mentioned, tolerance is an individual reaction. However, it
is also depending on upbringing, culture, education and an individual value-system.
There are some main educational institutions in society, which actually build up the
values: families, educational system, church, mass media and dominating culture are
the main of them.
Educational activity of the family impacts a development of child’s moral, reli-
gious, ethical, sexual and other systems. In the family child obtains the foundations for
public and individual values as well as for toleration. There are two ways of tolerance
expression in the family space. On the one hand, there is the tolerance that parent pres-
ent to the child in the evaluation of the world and other people. On the other hand, the
tolerance as a way to respect of the own child and behave with one as a personality,
which has a freedom to choose (McLaughlin, 1997). However, family as an education-
al institution is usually limited by its own culture or ethos. That is the reason why other
educational institutions are also important in a development of children’s personality.
Secondly, popular culture, authorities, mass media etc play a significant role
defining limits of tolerance in the society and they can function as educational factors
as well.
Lastly, the special feature of the educational system is that it presents and trans-
mits public and traditional values (McLaughlin, 1997). Education has a general task
not only provide disciples with knowledge in various scientific fields but also to trans-
mit those values and virtues. Tolerance is demonstrated in interpersonal relations, what
is very important in education. The sharing of knowledge between a teacher and a dis-
ciple is the most important moment as a value transmission. But how should the toler-
ance be developed in the educational system, concerning its ambiguity as a value?
One of the ways to understand it is to follow the ideas of the Jewish philosopher
Buber. According to him, the educator-disciple relation has to remain not the relation I-
that as subject-object but I-you as subject-subject [5].Buber claims that in economy,
religion, education people are usually treated as objects or things. It allows naturally
to use and manipulate them and not to take seriously ones values or needs. In the way
of the relation I-you, the space for other feelings is created. There is also a possibility
for empathy to appear. Both teacher and disciple have to be equal partners. Only in
such a way it is possible, as Buber mentions, to create the most productive educational
environment and the friendly relationship (Ozmon& Craver, 1996).
From the perspective of the existentialistic philosophy every teacher has to be
also a disciple and every disciple has to be a teacher. As in Buber’s philosophical work,
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the manipulation of a teacher with disciples is condemned and creative relationship is
suggested (Ozmon& Craver, 1996).
Without humanistic and democratic values and special social circumstances,
where individuals can train various patterns of behavior, the personal development
in the education is doomed. The presentation of different meanings of tolerance will
show its ambiguity for children. This has to emancipate children’s activity and cherish
democratic ideals of the society (Pleckaitis, 1995).
Concerning Dewey, moral norms influence significantly the development of
personalities. Individuals have to become moral during the social interaction in the
groups. The development of moral and democratic values needs a space of pluralism
and diversity. In order to avoid conformity and to acquire tolerant personalities, educa-
tors should create a possibility for discussions and group interaction. All these ideas of
Dewey touch also the development of tolerance as a democratic way of behavior and
thinking [6].
Cultural tolerance isa disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior, no
matter what the color or creed of other people is.
«State Program of Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for
2005-2010», the «Education Law» of the Republic of Kazakhstan havethe task to edu-
cate Kazakhstan patriotism, tolerance, high culture, respect for human rights and free-
doms, and the priority development of the state language [1].
Nowadays especially, tolerant attitude towards people of different nationality and
culture has become urgent. It’s no secret that today there are more malevolence, anger,
aggressiveness among young people. Mutual intolerance and cultural egoism through
the media penetrate the family, the school, the university. Therefore, it is necessary to
activate the process of finding effective mechanisms for education for tolerance [1].
To our mind Cultural tolerance consists of 6 subcategories.
Toleration is mentioned as the essential valuable provision conditioning the abil-
ity of the disciple to live in a multicultural society. It is evident that toleration in the
process of education is encouraged not only towards a person of the other culture,
ethnic group or community, but also towards a different individual practicing other
religion or lifestyle.
The second subcategory is cognition, the importance of which is stressed as an
assumption for tolerance. The disciples are also taught to know and at the same time
acknowledge the peculiarity and value of another person. It encourages basing the re-
lationship with other people by love, respect and justice.As it is seen, the cognition is
related both to the acquisition of knowledge and to the education of the humane rela-
tionship with other people. Also the cognition as an important valuable act is related to
two dimensions quantitative in the sense of the cognition of other nations and cultures,
and qualitative which is oriented towards another and different individual.
Understanding is a subcategory that is often conditioned by the acquired cogni-
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tion. The understanding obtained at school is also oriented towards different levels.
Understanding is educated in three levels individual, local and global.
In the level of an individual, it is regarded that it is important to develop under-
standing that all people are equal, that the dignity of a person is not to be offended. The
dialogue with other people and groups of people is encouraged. The comprehensive
program declare that the disciples should develop the perception of themselves as a
person and an individual, understanding that all people are both similar and different,
to realize themselves as a responsible member of a community and nation.
Whereas the subject of Ethnic culture is mainly oriented towards the understand-
ing of one’s own culture as it helps to understand the roots uniting the culture, develops
the respect towards one’s own culture, the national self-awareness; teaches to under-
stand and evaluate the differences and similarities of cultures of other nations.
In the analyzed documents, the development of respect is also declared. It is
indicated that in the educational process the respect towards oneself and the other,
expressed as an attitude to avoid stereotypes communicating with other people and
grounding the relationship on the mutual understanding, should be developed. The
school cherishes the respect for the personal peculiarity and unique of people, which
enriches the society and makes it more varied
The relationship with the other is especially important in the subcategory of em-
pathy. It is stated that the disciples after finishing the full programme of the subject
of Ethics becomes emphatic for the other. It means that the emphatic relation with the
other individual helps to better understand him/her and expresses the cultural toler-
ance.
A positive relation with the world. In the comprehensive programme it is indi-
cated that while teaching the subject of Ethics it is important to form the conditions
for disciples to develop a skill to create the positive relationship with the world based
on the moral values. So the positive and human position is one of assumptions for the
expression of cultural tolerance.
Linguistic tolerance. One of the dimensions of the multicultural society is the
development of the linguistic tolerance.
In the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Abi-
shevich Nazarbayev «New Kazakhstan in the new world» in order to ensure the com-
petitiveness of the country and its citizens is proposed phased implementation of the
cultural project «Trinity of languages», according to which is necessary to develop
three languages : Kazakh as the state language, Russian as a language of international
communication and English as the language of successful integration into the global
economy [3].
This category of linguistic tolerance consists of 3 subcategories.
The knowledge of other languages is important for the expression of the linguis-
tic tolerance as one of the assumptions of its realization. For the formation of a positive
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communicative personality, able to actively and effectively life in a multinational and
multicultural environment, which has developed understanding and a sense of respect
for other cultures and the ability to live in peace and harmony, it is necessary the mul-
tilingual education [14].
Cognition is especially important for the development of the linguistic tolerance.
In the program of the foreign language it is stated that the aim of foreign languages is
to form conditions to communicate with the world, to develop the linguistic outlook,
learn about other cultures, to exchange the socio-cultural values with the people of
other nations
Respect as the essential element of the democratic action is also important in
developing the individual multilinguism of disciples. The recognition of the multi-
linguistic repertoire of an individual should develop the respect for the linguistic dif-
ference: the respect for the linguistic rights of a person or groups of people in com-
munication, the respect for the freedom of self-expression, the respect for the linguistic
minorities, the respect for the least spread and taught national languages, the respect
for the variety of languages when communicating at the inter-regional and interna-
tional level.
We should always show respect and tolerance for each other, to protect and
strengthen the unity, harmony in the society. As says President Nursultan Nazarbayev,
«it-enduring values of our people».
For the education and development of tolerance necessary people who are ready
to carry away by example. The fact that society needs role models that will stimulate
not only the thoughts, but actions, acts, says yu. A. Shreider: «Without human samples
of the highest morality does not arise elementary education, and continuing founda-
tions are exposed of disappearance by the time ... Exactly the same morality cannot
continue in the society where no absolute moral reference and devotees, willing to
make sacrifices in order to follow to these guiding lines. In such a society, and elemen-
tary decency becomes the rarest phenomenon».
REFERENCES
1. «Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan - State educa-
tional standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan». Higher Education (Bachelor),Official publi-
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2. «Higher education in the XXI: Vision and Action: The World Conference on Higher
Education». The final report. UNESCO text. Paris, 1998. – 135 c. 1-25.
3. Poslanie Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan Nursultana Nazarbayeva, «Novyi Kaza-
khstan v Novom Mire», Officialnaya publikaciya. – Astana, 2007.
4. «The new international Webster’s comprehensive dictionary», 1999, p. 1320.
5. Buber, M., Jag ochdu. Falun: Dualis, 1994.
6. Dewey, J., «Democracy and education: an introduction to the philosophy of educa-
tion». New york: The Free Press, 1966.
7. Fiordo, R., «The soft spoken way vs. the outspoken way: A bicultural approach to
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