Fields of application: the media education course can be used in universities and
teacher training colleges of higher education.
Conclusions.The analysis conducted has shown that the media education models
suggested by M. Fominova [Fominova, 2001], S. Gudilina [Gudilina, 2004], V. Gura
[Gura, 1994], S. Korkonosenko [Korkonosenko, 2004], N. Khilko [Khilko, 2001; 2004], A.
Korotchensky [Korotchensky, 2003], L. Legotina [Legotina, 2004], V. Polevoy [Polevoy,
1975], A. Sharikov [Sharikov, 1991], A. Spitchkin [Spitchkin, 1999], K. Tikhomirova
[Tikhomirova, 2004], L. Zaznobina [Zaznobina, 1998], E. Vartanova and J. Zassursky
[Vartanova, Zassursky, 2003], E. Yakushina [Yakushina, 2002] and other Russian media
educators that in a varying degree synthesize the socio-cultural, educational and
informational, practical and pragmatic models of media education correlate with the well-
known western media education models [C. Bazalgette, D. Buckingham, A. Hart].
Therewith, the synthesis of the aesthetical and sociocultural models suggested, for
instance, in the models by Y. Usov [Usov, 1989a; 1998], U. Rabinovich [Rabinovich,
1991] and G. Polichko [Polichko, 1990], nowadays is supported mainly by Russian media
education activists: L. Bazhenova [Bazhenova 1992], E. Bondarenko [Bondarenko, 1997],
I. Levshina [Levshina, 1975], V. Monastyrsky [Monastyrsky, 1999] and others.
The media education conceptions of S. Penzin [Penzin, 1987; 1994] and O. Baranov
[Baranov, 2002] who synthesized the aesthetic, educational and informational, ethic
models, have much in common with Y. Usov's model. But S. Penzin and O. Baranov (as
well as N. Kirillova, L. Ussenko and other Russian media educators) set much store by
issues concerning the history of film art.
Thus, there is a wide range of the progressive media education models which are
used in the process of education and upbringing. With that, the analysis of the principal
models has shown that the most typical synthetic models belong to the following three
groups:
Group A. Media education models representing the synthesis of the aesthetical and
sociocultural models.
Group B. Media education models representing the synthesis of the aesthetical,
educational-informative and ethical models.
Group C. Media education models representing the synthesis of the socio-cultural,
educational-informative and practical-pragmatic models.
Therewith, the models of Group C are most spread and supported today in the
majority of countries.
Modern media education models lean towards the maximum usage of potential
media education possibilities depending on the aims and objectives they pursue; they are
characterized by variability, options of the entire or fragmental integration into the
education process.
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The methods suggested in modern media education models, as a rule, are based on
units (modules, blocks) of creative and simulation activities which can be used by teachers
in class and in extra-curricular activities. The important feature of these models is their
extensiveness of implementation: schools, colleges, universities, leisure centers. Moreover,
media education classes can be conducted in the form of special lessons, electives, or
integrated with other subjects, and can be used in clubs, etc.
Taking the above-analyzed models into consideration, it is possible to build a general
media education model of future teachers/instructors. Here we are guided not only by the
general didactic principles of education (upbringing and all-round development of a
personality in learning, scientific content, accessibility, systematic viewpoint, connection
of theory and practice, use of visual aids, lifelong learning, education connected to life,
effective learning, positive emotional atmosphere, individual approach to students, etc.) but
also by specific principles relating to media education. Among such principles one can
name the observance of the unity of emotional and intellectual aspects in the personality
growth, the development of creative abilities, individual thinking in the methodology
aimed at the maximum use of media culture potential. The effective use of hedonistic,
compensatory, therapeutic, cognitional, creative and gaming media culture potential
enables to involve the audience in the perception and interpretation activities and the
analysis of space-and-time, audiovisual culture of a media text. Then comes the correlation
with the contemporary media situation which alongside with negative aspects
(predominance of low-quality mass media products, etc.) offers a wide range of
possibilities for teachers connected with using video recording, computers, Internet in
teaching thus bringing the modern viewer to the status of the reader (personal, interactive
communication with mass media).
O. Nechai, for example, is correct to think that future teachers should «clearly see the
structure of the modern audience » [Nechai, 1989, p. 238], that they should master the
methodology of media education which includes «varied methods. Here a lot depends on
the teacher's initiative and creative abilities as well as on real conditions » [Nechai, 1989, p.
252] of the education process. One should also consider S. Penzin's opinion who justly
warns us against typical blunders which are unfortunately peculiar to some media
education models: vulgar socialogization, imposition of conventional stereotypes, drift
away from the problems and characters of the media text [Penzin, 1987, p. 64].
On the analogy of the above-analyzed models we can formulate a media education
model for future teachers as follows:
Media Education Model for Students – IntendingTeachers (A. Fedorov)
Definition of 'media education'.Media education is regarded by us as the process of
the personality’s development with and via mass media: i.e. the development of the
communicative culture with media, creative, communicative skills, critical thinking, skills
of the full perception, interpretation, analysis and evaluation of media texts, training of the
self-expression with media technology, etc. The resulting media literacy helps a person to
actively use possibilities of the information field of television, radio, video, press, and
Internet, contributes to the more sophisticated insight into the media culture language.
There are several movements distinguished within contemporary media education: 1)
media education for future media professionals – journalists, editors, film makers,
producers, actors, cameramen, etc.; 2) media education for pre-service and in-service
teachers of universities and teacher training colleges, advanced training media educational
courses; 3) media education as part of general education for school, college and university
students; it may be either integrated with the traditional subjects or autonomous (i.e. taught
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as a specialized or optional course); media education in institutions of additional education,
cultural centers (community centers, centres for out-of-school activities, centres for
aesthetic and artistic education, clubs, etc.); 4) distance media education for young and
adult learners via television, radio, video, DVD, Internet (an essential role here belongs to
media critique); 5) autonomous/lifelong media education.
Conceptual ground: synthesis of the culturological, socio-cultural and practical
media education theories.
Aims: the development of the personality – itscommunicative culture with media;
creative, communicative skills, critical thinking/autonomy, skills of the full perception,
interpretation, analysis and evaluation of media texts, training of self-expression with
media technology, pre-service teacher training in media education.
Objectives: development of the audience's:
- practical and creative skills (self-expression via ICT, i.e. creating media texts of
different types and genres);
- perceptual and creative skills (regarding types and genres of media texts, their
correlation with different arts, etc.);
- analytical skills (analysis of media texts belonging to different types and genres);
- historical and theoretical skills (independent use of the obtained knowledge of
media/media culture theory and history);
- methodological skills (use of media education teaching methods, use of forms for
self-expression via ICT);
- practical and educational skills (media education knowledge and skills application
in teaching practice).
Forms of work: integrated and autonomic media education in formal and non-
formal educational intuitions of different types.
Methods: media education may be classified according to: the sources of the
obtained knowledge: aural (lecture, story, talk, explanation, discussion); visual (illustration
and demonstration of media texts); practical (practical tasks connected with mass media).
According to the level of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative (the teacher
imparts certain information about mass media, the audience perceives and digests this
information); reproductive (the teacher works out and uses various tasks and assignments
connected with mass for students to obtain the techniques which are necessary for their
solution); problem-solving (problem analysis of certain situations or media texts for critical
thinking development); searching or heuristic, research (research and creative activities).
But the preference is given to practical, gaming, and creative activities.
Main components of the media education program’s contents: (dealing with the
study of the key concepts of media education: media agency, category, technology,
language, representation and audience, and others):
- place and role of media education in modern world, types and genres, language of
mass media;
- basic terms, theories, key concepts, movements, models of media education;
- general historical stages of media education development in Russia and abroad;
- issues of media perception, media text analysis and the audience's development of
media culture;
- media education methodology (including creative activities of the following types:
literary and imitating, graphic and imitating, dramatizing and situational, etc.).
Fields of application: teacher training colleges of higher education, primary-school
teachers' training colleges; in-service teacher training extension courses.
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This media education model for intending teachers may be generally presented in
the form of the following basic blocks:
1) ascertaining (basic) block: assessment of the audience's level of media text
perception at the initial stage of education;
2) practice and creation block: development of students' practical skills for self-
expression via media and ICT (creation of media texts of different types and genres);
3) perception and creation block: development of students' perceptual and creative
skills on media culture material (regarding different types and genres of media texts, their
correlation with different arts, etc.);
4) analytical block: development of students' skills to analyze media texts of different
types and genres of media texts;
5) historical and theoretical block: students' knowledge acquisition about the theory
and history of media/media culture;
6) methodological block: students' knowledge acquisition about teaching methods
and forms of media education;
7) practical and educational block: students' media education knowledge and skills
application in teaching practice;
8) ascertaining (resulting) block: assessment of the audience's level of media text
perception at the final stage of education.
The necessity for the first and the last blocks is justified by the fact that a university
teacher is supposed to have a clear understanding of the audience's level of media text
perception (i.e. the students' level of media competence) both at the beginning and at the
end of the realization of the basic structural model units. Initially, - to find out the scope of
knowledge necessary for the students to reach the media education aims. Finally, - to
estimate the effectiveness of the media education course.
The creation and perception block based on the principles developed by Y. Usov
[Usov, 1989, pp. 185-195] involves the synthesis of media text comprehension – atfirst of
an episode, and then of the whole media text at large – resultingfrom the image
generalization of the sound-and-image and space-and-sound narrative elements. However,
the originality of our approach consists in the series of practical creative activities which
precede «reading» and discussing media texts. Such activities enable the students to
penetrate into the laboratory where art media texts are created in person (for example, to
get to know in practice such concepts as «angle», «composition», etc.). The audience's
mastering of creative skills on the media material is primarily connected with new creative
possibilities which opened up in the 21st century and resulted from mass distribution of
video and computers. It goes without saying that this stage also includes traditional for
Russia media education activities (such as composing a newspaper article, short scripts,
filming of literary episodes, etc.). But the main thing is that the camera, the video recorder,
the computer and the screen help one easily (without any technical difficulty) «identify
oneself» with media authors (journalists, scriptwriters, filmmakers, cameramen, actors,
designers, animators, etc.), and that beside developing the students' creativity, individual
thinking, imagination, and fantasy, also contributes to the improvement of their perception
and analysis of media texts created by media professionals.
After the audience raised their level of media perception it is logical enough to refer
to the analytical block of the model (development of skills for media text analysis) which
includes:
- study of the inner content of key episodes which vividly present the peculiarities of
the media text structure in general;
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- comprehension of the author's way of thinking (coherent reconstruction of the
development of main conflicts, characters, ideas of media texts, etc.);
- comprehension of the conception of the media text creator/creators;
- the audience's assessment of the author's belief system, expression of their personal
attitude towards this conception [Usov, 1989, p. 253].
The position of the history and theory block after the first four blocks of the model is
non-random, for it is preferable to get acquainted with the theory and history of media
culture when the audience has a well-developed media perception level, analytical skills,
creative approach. In other words, the whole process of media perception will not be
interrupted; the theory and history unit will be based on the preliminary work and will not
turn into a set of bare facts and surnames.
This block is quite often omitted in media education models for school students. But
for teachers (both intending and working) it is undoubtedly essential since without the
study of media culture theory and history, the peculiarities of contemporary media
situation teachers, in our opinion, in fact, will approach the knowledge level of their
students, will not be able to answer many of their students' questions or to professionally
work out a media education program, etc. On the other hand, it is not at all necessary for
teachers to include all their knowledge of media culture theory and history into the school
media education program. However, such storage of knowledge will surely make a
difference in the teacher's general cultural level.
As for the creative, game activities which prepare future teachers for media
education in schools their effectiveness is beyond any doubt since the game facilitates the
personality development (the development of one's psyche, intellect, individual thinking,
efficiency, communicativeness, etc.), actualizes and mobilizes additional potential of
human possibilities. It concerns both didactic, role play, and specific educational games
aimed at developing some definite skills essential for teaching.
Thereby, blocks 6 and 7 are directed at teacher training in media education of school
students; they involve the study of teaching methods and forms of media education and the
practical use of the acquired media education knowledge and skills in teaching.
For effective realization of this model one should bear in mind the following
indicators of the audience's level of media competence:
1) motivation(motives of contact with media texts: genre, subject-based, emotional,
epistemological, hedonistic, psychological, moral, intellectual, esthetic, therapeutic, etc.;
2) contact(frequency of communication/contact with media texts);
3) information/content (knowledge of media terminology, the theory and history of
media culture, mass communication process);
4) perception(ability to perceive media texts);
5) interpretation/appraisal (ability to interpret, analyze media texts based on the
level of media perception and critical autonomy);
6) practice/activity (ability to create/distribute one's own media texts);
7) creativity(creative approach to different aspects of media activity – perception,
game, art, research, etc. connected with mass media).
There are also indicatorsof the development of professional knowledge and skills
essential for media teachers:
1) motivation(motives for media education activity: emotional, epistemological,
moral, aesthetic, and others);
2) information/content (awareness level, theoretical and educational knowledge in
media education);
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3) methodology(teaching skills in media education, level of teaching artistic skills);
4) activity(the quality of media education activity at media studies of different
types);
5) creativity(level of creativity applied to media education).
We are apt to think that this model complies with Y. Usov’s [Usov, 1989, p. 32]
optimality indicators (development of systematic knowledge about media culture, skills for
media text analysis; consideration for the dialectical unity of education, development, and
upbringing; possibilities for the audience's communicativeness growth; personality-
oriented approach).
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