part
of the Universe. 2. One of the most valuable parts of the chcmical theory
is the periodic law. 3. Hard alloys arc applied to the surfaces o f metal
parts, increasing the life of the parts many times. 4. The substances taking
part in the reaction should be pure. S. Partly, you can find the
necessary
information in this monograph. 6. V. Tikhonov played the part of Bolkonsky
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in llic IVar.and Peace. 7. They parted at 6 o’clock. 8. The firm was only a
partial success. 9. Under certain conditions, hydrogen atoms in this
compound may be in part substituted by sulphur.
Ex. 4. Find the predicate, the subject and the object in the following
sentences:
1. In the nineteenth ccntury the valcncc bond was represented by a line
drawn between the symbols of two chcmical elements. 2. Lewis’ paper written
in 1916 is considered to be the basis o f the modern electronic theory of
valcncc. 3. These ideas were further developed by many investigators.
Text 19 A
The Study of the Structure of Molecules
The study o f the structure o f molcculcs was originally carried on by
chcmists using methods of investigation that were essentially chemical
in nature, relating to the chcmical composition o f a substancc, the
existence o f isomers, the nature of the chcmical reactions in which a
substancc takes part and so on. From the consideration of facts o f this
kind Frankland, Kckulc, Coupcr and Butlerov were led a ccntury ago to
formulate the theory of valcncc and to write the first structural formulas
for molcculcs, van’t Hoff and le Bel were led to bring classical organic
stereochemistry into its final form by their brilliant postulate of the
tetrahedral orientation o f the four-valcncc bonds o f the carbon atom,
and Werner was led to his development o f the theory o f the stereo
chemistry of complex inorganic substanccs.
In the nineteenth ccntury the valcncc bond was represented by a line
drawn between the symbols of two chcmical elements, which expressed
in a concisc way many chcmical facts, but which had only qualitative
significance with regard to molccular structure. The nature of the bond
was completely unknown. After the discovery of the clcctron, numerous
attempts were made to develop an electronic theory of the chcmical bond.
These culminated in the work of Lewis, who in his 1916 paper, which
forms the basis of the modem electronic theory of valcncc, discussed not
only the formation of ions by the completion o f stable shells of electrons
but also the formation of a chcmical bond, now callcd the covalcnt bond,
by the sharing of the two electrons between two atoms. Lewis further
emphasized the importance of the phenomena of the pairing of unshared
as well as of shared electrons and of the stability o f the group of eight
electrons (shared or unshared) about the lighter atoms. These ideas were
then further developed by many investigators; the work of Langmuir was
especially valuable in showing the great extent to which the facts of
chemistry could be coordinated and clarified by the application of the new
ideas. Many of the features of the detailed theory that is discusscd were
suggested in the papers of Langmuir and others written in the dccadc
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following 1916, or in (he book Valence and Structure o f Atoms and
Molecules written by Lewis in 1923.
All of these early studies, however, contained, in addition to suggestion
that have sincc been incorporated into the present theory, many others that
have been discarded.
W ords a n d
Word-Combinations
to Be M em orized
complex, consideration, coordinate, dccadc, discard, discuss, draw,
cspccially, essentially, formation, incorporate, lead to, line, numerous, originally,
paper, phenomenon, with regard to, relate, and so on, stability, stable, structural,
take part, valence, valuable
Ex. S. Give th e R ussian equivalents fo r th e following:
cany on the study, essentially chcmical in nature, take part in a reaction,
from the consideration of facts, formulate the theory of valcncc, structural
formulas for molcculcs, final form, tetrahedral orientation o f the bonds,
represent the bond by a line, draw a line between, have qualitative
significance, with regard to molccular structure, form the basis of a theory,
share the electrons between the atoms, the features of the detailed theory,
be incorporated into
E x. 6. Give th e E nglish eq u iv alen ts for th e following:
изучение структуры молекул, методы исследования, первоначаль
но, химический состав, существование изомеров, природа химичес
кой реакции, и так далее, принять участие в реакции, такого рода
факты, столетие тому назад, написать структурную формулу, четыре
валентные связи атома углерода, теория стереохимии, провести ли
нию, многочисленные попытки, сделать попытку, развить теорию,
электронная теория валентности, образование химической связи, ко
валентная связь, поделить электроны между чем-л., подчеркнуть зна
чение чего-л., применение новых идей, предложить теорию, кроме,
первые исследования
Ex. 7. Fill in th e b lan k s w ith p repositions w here necessary.
1.
Early chcmists carried ... the study ... the structure ... molcculcs
... the methods that were essentially chcmical ... nature. 2. The first
structural formulas ... molcculcs were written ... more than a ccntury
ago. 3 .... the 19th ccntury the valcncc bond was represented ... a line
... the symbols ... two chcmical elements. 4. The nature ... the bond
was completely unknown. 5. ... the discovery ... the electron attempts
were made to develop an electronic theory ... the chcmical bond. 6 ....
1916 Lewis formed ... the basis ... the modem electronic theory ...
valcncc. 7. Early studies contained ... some suggestions that were
discarded later.
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Ex. 8. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian, paying attention to different
functions of the word regard.
1. At the beginning o f the 19th century, atoms were regarded as the
smallest constituent particles o f matter. 2. Equal volumes o f gases arc
stated to contain the same number of molcculcs at the same temperature
and pressure, regardless of composition. 3. Unfortunately, it’s not always
that the young have great regard to their parents. 4. Particular attention
must be paid to the chaptcr regarding the conditions of synthesis. 5. Many
chcmical facts were described which had only qualitative significance with
regard to molccular structure. 6. The work of Lewis was most important
as regards the development of the electronic theory o f valence.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian.
a) 1. These results arc not in agreement with the theory. 2. They did
their work in time. 3. Register the readings and then begin the calculations.
4. Put the burner on the table. 5. The discovery of the electron stimulated
the development of an electronic theory. 6. The information was given to
a numerous audicncc. 7. The rate o f the reaction often depends on the
temperature. 8. The heating resulted in the explosion. 9. Give this
instruction to the students. 10. Give the students this instruction.
11. Lowering the temperature o f a liquid lessens the kinetic energy.
12. Hydrogen-has 3 isotopes. 13. The study of the structure o f molcculcs
has been carried on by scientists sincc early tim es..
b) I. Have you seen him? 2. Did you speak to her yesterday? 3 .1 don’t
know anything about the author of this monograph. Do you know anything
about him? 4. It is a very good apparatus, everybody likes to work with it.
5. The bottle with H2S 0 4 is on that shelf, bring it, please. 6. The temperature
must be 25°C, don’t forget it. 7. They think it necessary to attend all the
seminars. 8. The teacher made it dear that the examination will be difficult
to pass. 9. Avogadro’s principle let one calculate the number of molcculcs
per gram mole of a gas. 10. Chemistry helps one to understand other fields
o f scicncc better. 11. The properties of HC1 make it a useful laboratory
reagent. 12. Consideration of all the facts enabled us to draw a very
important conclusion. 13. They don’t think it possible to work with this
substancc, it is not pure enough.
Ex. 10. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
1. Проблема структуры молекулы давно интересовала химиков.
2. Структурная формула — это формула, которая показывает, как
сгруппированы элементы и как распределяются связи в молекуле.
3. Бутлеров был первым из русских ученых, кто написал структур
ную формулу. 4. В XIX столетии валентную связь представляли ли
нией, которую проводили между символами двух химических эле
ментов. 5. Природа связей тогда была совершенно неизвестна, б. При
изучении структуры молекул было открыто существование изомерии.
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7. Изомеры — это соединения, которые имеют одну и ту же молеку
лярную формулу, но разные структуры.
Ex. 11. Answer (he following questions:
1. Whal methods were used in the first investigations of the structure of
molcculcs? 2. What do you know about isomers? 3. Who formulated the
theory of valcncc? 4. What is particularly interesting as regards the valcncc
bonds of the carbon atom? 5. In what way was the valcncc bond represented?
6. How did the discovery of the clcctron affcct the development of an
electronic theory? 7. What do you know about the work of Lewis?
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