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Keywords
«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»

UDC 951.31:32

MONITORING SALT SOURCES LAKE BALKHASH

Saiken A.

China Association of Chinese People's Republi, turis@sina.co

Jetimov M.A.,Tokpanov E.A.

Zhetysu StateUniversity named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, tokpanov1960@mail.ru

Abstract. Numerous salt lakes on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan are the

source of natural salts. One of the largest continental salt lakes is Balkhash Lake. The data of

the research results on the study of the main factors of salt formationof Lake Balkhash waters

in isothermal evaporation in the carbonates crystallization stage is presented in the article.The

questions of salt formation depending on many variables and constants are not well developed

until recently in the research and project studies on Ili - Balkhash basin, as well as the issues

related to defining quantitative characteristics of the elements of the modern salt balance of

the lake.

Keywords:Balkhash Lake, hydrochemistry, mineralization, permanganateoxidation,

metamorphism

Introduction

The questions of salts formationhave not receivedsufficient development in

theresearchand projectelaboration of the Ili-Balkhash basin, as well as the issues relatedto

defining quantitative characteristics of the elements of the modern salt balance of

LakeBalkhash.

Absencein the literatureof the unified approachto solving the processesof

sedimentationininland water reservoirs was the reasonthat caused start of workfromthe

summer period2012 onhydro chemical investigation of the water area ofLake Balkhash with

the purpose to monitormodernsalt balanceof the lake.

Study ofhydrochemistryof the lakeis closely connectedwith the problem ofLake

Balkhash, which means optimal useof water resourcesof its basin, including the lake itself.

One of themain waterways ofLake Balkhashbasinis the Ili River. The Kapchagai

reservoiris the diversion flow builton the riverIli, alsowatering of developingirrigated

«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ

БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»

халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары

28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.

agriculturehave significantly reduced theflow of water into Balkhash Lake. This causesannual

reduction ofthe lake level.

The study of salt formationprocessesin the waterof Lake Balkhashinthis regard is

thought to be urgent.

Materials and methods

In theperiod of 2012-201587water samples from36pointsstandingeach otherat a

distance of2-4 km were selectedfrom the lake. 16samples of waterwereselected from the

riverIliinits mouth.

Analytical workwas carried outin the NationalScientific Laboratory of JSC "Centerof

sciences of the earth, metallurgy and enrichment." Atomic absorption spectrometer "Hitachi",

model

180-50(Japan);-flame

photometerPFP7

(Great

Britain);

-optical

emission

spectrometerwith inductively coupled plasmaOptima2000DV (USA) were used forsample

analysis receive.

Experimental part

Comparison of someforecast estimations with the actual datashows that theincreaseof

water salinity of Lake Balkhashin recent yearssignificantly goes ahead the forecastvalues in

its intensity.

Watercompositionrefers tothe class ofsulfategroupwith high contentof sodiumchloride.

With increasingsalinitylakesdecreasesalong the length ofthe relative abundance ofthe

ionHCO

3

, CO

, Ca²

,and theion content ofCl

, SO

, Mg

, Na

, K

increased (tab 1).

Table 1.Average chemicalcomposition of the waterthe Lake Balkhashon

hydrochemicalareas(summer,2015)

Hydrochemical

area

Са

HCO

∑и

Мг/л

1/ z (C)mmol/ L/mg/ l

2,17

43,4

7,80

94,4

11,83

295,7

4,60

280,7

0,80

24,0

10,6

508,8

5,80

206,0

1453

2,05

41,1

7,15

86,9

12,60

315,0

4,30

262,4

0,80

24,0

11,5

552,7

5,20

184,2

1466

1,84

36,9

10,40

126,1

18,68

467,0

4,92

300,7

1,44

43,2

16,3

783,6

7,90

281,0

2038

1,71

34,3

11,90

145,2

24,45

611,3

5,28

322,5

1,97

59,1

18,9

905,9

11,10

393,1

2471

WestBalkhash

1,94

38,9

9,30

113,1

16,58

414,5

4,77

291,5

1,25

37,5

14,3

687,7

7,50

266,0

1849

1,16

23,2

17,04

207,2

36,90

922,3

7,47

456,1

1,96

59,0

25,9

1247

19,70

700,4

3615

0,99

20,0

18,50

224,6

40,84

1021

7,96

485,9

2,27

68,2

28,2

1354

21,90

776,2

3950

0,99

19,8

22,80

277,2

52,40

1310

9,55

583,3

3,44

103,2

34,80

1673

28,40

1009

4976

0,71

14,2

26,80

314,0

61,6

1539

10,79

659

4,20

126,0

41,0

1971

32,10

1140

5763

EasternBalkhash

0,96

19,3

21,03

255,7

47,92

1198

8,94

546

2,97

89,1

32,5

1561

15,50

906,5

4576

Meanvalue

1,45

29,1

15,20

184,4

32,20

806,5

6,86

418,7

2,11

63,3

23,4

1124

16,50

586,2

3212

Comparing thevalues ofthe coefficients ofthe individualchlorideions(table 2) it is seen

thatthere are processes in the lakein which ions of calcium, magnesium, carbonate,

bicarbonate as well as sulfate ions take a significantpart(Abrosov 1983). However,

theprocesses which take placein different placesof the lake are not of the same type.

Metamorphicprocesses with participation ofcarbonate, hydro carbonateions andcalcium

ionsleading to calcite setting occureverywhere, andalso theprocesseswith participationof

халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары

28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.

magnesiumions

causing

magnesite

setting(Bolibok-Kurnichenko,

Beremzhanov

1987,Burlibaev and others 2009) only in the extremeeaststretch.

Table 2.Chlorinecoeffi cients ofmain ions for Balkhash Lakewater(summer, 2015)

Area

С/Cl*10

-2

∑/Cl

-1

Са

HCO

21,00

45,8

143,5

136,2

11,6

246,9

7,05

22,30

47,1

171,0

142,4

13,0

300,0

7,96

13,10

44,8

166,1

107,0

15,3

278,8

7,25

8,70

36,9

155,5

82,0

15,0

230,4

6,28

3,30

29,5

131,7

65,1

8,4

178,0

5,16

2,57

28,9

131,0

62,5

8,7

174,0

5,08

1,96

27,4

129,7

57,7

10,2

165,7

4,92

1,24

27,5

135,0

57,8

11,0

172,9

5,05

In the setting of water carbonates the dissimilarity of processes occurring inthe

western and easternpart of the lake is viewed.In this casethe analogyin changing the

concentration of the amountof bicarbonatesand carbonates, on the one hand, and the amount

ofcalciumand magnesium ,on the other hand, is thought to be very demonstrative.

Ifcarbonates were not involvedin the setting process, so their content as well as the

content ofchlorine ions would have to risein the 8thhydrochemicalarea (Burle-Tube stretch)

about by six timesand estimate about32.0mmol/l. Observedcarbonate contentin thisstretch

is10.73mmol/lor21.27mmol/lless than it would be observed inthis case.Similar calculations

for the amount of calcium and magnesium gives 31.46 mmol/l,ie close figures.

If we compareionic composition ofthe waterlake with the samecomposition

butexcludingcalciumand magnesiumcontain in it(see table 3), it can be seenthat the

absolutetotal amount ofcalcium and magnesium carbonatesincreases from10.56to25.93in the

westmmol/l -in the east(increased by 2.5 times). However, theirrelative contentin thetotal

concentrationof salts inthe same directionfallsin almosttwo.In other words,in the

directionfrom east to westBalkhashwateris depletedin the contentofcarbonate compounds and

primarilycalcium as a result ofsetting, which is convincinglyconfirmed by data of table 3.

Table 3. The averageioncomposition of Lake Balkhashwaterin its natural

statedeductingcalcium and magnesium carbonates(summer,2015)

№

Ionic content 1 / z (C), mole / l

Carbonatesof Ca

andMg

HCO

Са

Мg

∑и

1/ zmoles/

% from

∑and

5,45

10,19

4,48

0,80

2,12

7,57

4,41

11,23

41,84

31,28

10,56

25,2

0,53

5,41

11,21

4,37

0,82

1,97

7,26

4,04

12,58

43,62

33,24

10,38

23,7

0,48

7,82

15,34

4,83

1,36

1,81

9,90

5,52

17,64

59,79

46,32

12,38

20,7

0,50

10,23

17,33

5,06

1,91

1,68

11,46

6,63

21,39

69,06

55,58

13,47

19,5

0,59

19,08

25,57

7,42

2,07

1,17

16,84

8,52

36,13

108,28

89,30

18,98

17,5

0,75

22,14

28,81

8,00

2,31

1,00

18,50

9,19

41,76

122,51

101,90

20,62

16,8

0,77

28,09

34,10

9,63

3,36

0,96

22,35

10,32

51,87

150,36

124,38

25,98

17,2

0,82

32,83

41,23

10,73

0,68

26,00

15,68

62,31

176,98

152,05

25,93

14,6

0,80

халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары

28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.

Note: Top figures-the observedcontent, lower - contentwith carbonates deductionand

relatedcalciumand magnesium.

Ifcalcium carbonatepresentsin all partsof the lake, magnesium carbonateis completely

absentin the waterof the western stretch, it appears onlyin the eastern partof the water

reservoir. Here,as we approach theeasternend of the lake it is clearly visible the tendency to

increase thecontentof this salt. All othersalts(Mg (HCO

)

, MgSO

, Na

, NaCl, KCl)

present in the waterthroughoutthe lake(table4).At the same time theirnumberslightly

increases, particularly sharplyforsulphateand sodium chloridein the directionfrom west to

east.

Table 4: The average salt composition of Balkhash Lake water in hydro chemical

areas (mmol/l, % from the amount of salts)

СаСО

Са(НСО

)

МgСО

Мg(НСО

)

МgSO

NaCl + KCl

0.80 /3.6

1.37/6.3

3.23/14.8

4.57/20.9

6.03/27.6

5.80/26.6

0.80/3.6

1.25/5.7

3.05/13.9

4.10/18.8

7.35/33.7

5.25/24.1

1.44/4.6

0.40/1.3

4.52/14.6

5.88/19.0

10.42/33.7

8.26/26.71

1.71/4.5

0.26/0.68

5.28/13.9

6.36/16.7

12.54/32.9

1.91/31.3

Comparison

Western

Balkhash

1.25/4.5

0.69/2.5

4.08/14.6

5.22/18.7

9.08/32.63

7.50/26.9

1.16/2.1

0.80/1.4

7.47/13.55

8.77/15.9

17.19/31.2

19.71/35.8

0.99/1.6

1.28/2.1

7.96/13.2

9.26/15.3

18.94/31.2

21.90/36.3

0.99/1.3

2.45/3.2

9.55/12.5

10.80/14.2

24.00/31.5

28.40/37.3

0.71/0.8

3.49/3.9

10.79/12.2

11.52/13.1

29.48/33.4

32.12/36.4

Comparison

East Balkhash

0.96/1.37

2.01/2.87

8.94/12.8

10.08/14.4

22.42/32.1

25.50/36.5

0.66/1.3

6.86/14.1

7.68/15.7

15.72/32.1

26.50/33.8

Source: Dzhetimov (2015)

This indicated feature of ionic composition of water is combined by combination

of physical and geographical factors. The important ones among them are the shape of the

basin stretching from west to east 600 km in the dry climate and concentration of the

main source of water supply in the south-western end of the lake. In addition, in the water

of Lake Balkhash there is a compound relationship of reaction between different types

waters of and concentration (water of the lake, rivers supplying it, groundwater and

atmospheric water, bay water) as well as ion exchange with suspended colloidal -clay

particles.

халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары

28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.

The

process

setting

calcium

carbonateand

magnesiumfrom

Lake

Balkhashwateris oneof the factors thatconstantly decreasessaltreserve of the lake

andmineralizationandtherefore it isincluded inthe expenditure part ofitssalt balance .

As it can be seen, the water of Lake Balkhashin itswater areais strongly saturated

withcalcium carbonate,supersaturating is unequalandgrowseastward from3.6to 15.2

(Andasbayev&Dzhetimov 2012).

Comparing themean values ofactivities production ofCa

andCO

in the1

and8thhydrochemical areas we see that theypractically do not change, onlysome increase

of the value ofCa

CO

3

from 2nd to6thareas is observed, thendecreaseitin the transition

to7the and8thareas.

Conclusion. Speaking aboutcalciumcarbonatebalance we should say about the

reasons which encourage enhance of calcium carbonatesettleability in the waterof Lake

Balkhash.In our opinionone of suchreasonsbesidesincreasingsalinityof the lake is

absenceof freeCO

in the water, which is relativelyrare observed in lakes.In

August,2013the freeCO

in the samplespresents onlyin the western partof the lakein the

amount of1,02-1,26mg/l, andin theeastern part itsconcentrationdecreases up to0.43mg/

l.Absenceof CO

orits lowcontentleads to the factthatprecipitatedcarbonatescannottransfer

intohydrogenand they remainat the bottom.

LITERATURE:

1. Abrosov,V.N., 1983: LakeBalhash.-Leningrad: Nauka,176 -178.

2. Fedorov,A.A.,Kaziyev,G.Z.,Kazakova, G.D., 2008:Methods forchemical analysisof

environmental objects. Moscow:Kolos, p.115-118.

Andasbayev,

&Dzhetimov,

2012:

Fizicheskoje

himicheskojeissledovanieprocessovsoleobrazovanija v vodeozeraBalhash. [Physical and

chemical research of processes of salt formation in the water of Balkhash Lake], Taldykorgan,

Kazakhstan, Lazer, ISBN 9864-2, p.186.

Burlibayev,M.Zh.,Dostay,

Zh.D.,

Nikolaenko,

A.,

Tursunov,E.A.,2009:Contemporary stateof ecosystemsIli-Balkhash basin. Almaty:OO«OST-

XXIcentury", 130.

5. Bolibok-Kurnichenko, S.S., Beremzhanov, B.A., 1987: Changesin potassium at

concentrationof water of continental origin. Chemistryand Chemical technology.Almaty, p.

28-33.

6. Moon, J. &Ramamurti, S., 2010: Tjazholyemetally v prirodnyhvodah. [Heavy

metals in natural waters] Moscow, Russia: Mir [World].

UDC 5995

SUBSTANTIATION OF PARAMETERS OF MICROCLIMATE OF

UNDERGROUND GREENHOUSES

Shayakhmetov N.N., BatyrbekovS.Zh.,AlimbayevCh.A.,Bakytuly K.,Tursin O.

Taldykorgan Polytechnic College, Taldykorgan,

chingiz_kopa@mail.ru

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