«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
practical-effective (E.I. Monoszon), can be considered as axiological base of a teacher‘s
professional world image.
Moreover, the professional world image of a teacher is, in fact, the practical realization of a
teacher‘s worldview. Link of pedagogical world outlook and professional world image is
fundamental. Total worldview of a teacher is concretized in his own regard to scientific knowledge
and practical ways of its development. In this regard, the professional world image is converted
form of pedagogical view of the world and pedagogical world outlook, which contains a number of
characteristics of both former and latter.
Most vividly meaningful, estimated component is represented in the self-concept - the
totality of an individual's views about himself, having in common with self-esteem (R. Berns, K.
Rogers). Self-esteem is an affective, at the same time reflective estimation of your own views, the
level of self-acceptance, and other members of the pedagogical process, what I'm about, what I think
of myself, my views about my present and future activities.
What is significant for understanding a teacher‘s professional world image is "the self-
concept of a man is formed by human interaction with the environment, particularly, with
significant Others" [4, 541]. Concerning vocational education of humanitarian paradigm,
"significant Others" - are participants of the pedagogical process, the interaction with them is the
humanitarian basis of the process for a teacher.
Self-concept is precisely defines the strategic position of a teacher in specific educational
situations: "inside" or "above". Therefore, in some degree, the content of both self-concept and a
teacher‘s world image is a result of interaction process, and it leads to innovative conditions that are
important for professional development of high school graduates.
Integrity of a teacher‘s professional world image is that it permeates and connects all the
invariants of pedagogical culture (pedagogical picture of the world, pedagogical world outlook and
self-concept), which represent the unity of its foundations.
Professional world image, built on humanitarian grounds of pedagogical culture‘s invariants
allows the teacher to be included in the very pedagogical situation in which not only the meanings
of theoretical knowledge are found but also "something that is in the knowing subject" (V. Dilthey).
In this case, for a teacher the nature of innovation and the use of them are correlated with his own
personality, his values and his treatment to Others. Then for the student, not only separate individual
qualities and subjects are known, but the whole world in the whole world image, "I am in the
world."
The orientation of a teacher on the formation of his own pedagogical world image,
providing conditions for a student to have new formations in his personality, having the pedagogical
process as the humanitarian practice is the humanitarian essence of innovation in vocational
training.
LITERATURE:
1. A.N. Leontiev. The image of the world / A.N. Leontiev / Selected psychological works:
In 2 volumes.V.2. - M., 1983. – p. 151-161.
2. G.A.Prazdnikov. Humanitarian meanings of Education / G.A. Prazdnikov // Philosophy,
Society and Culture: Scien. articles devoted to the 70th anniversary of prof. V.A. Konev. - Samara:
Publishing House "Samara University", 2007. – p. 307.
3. M.N. Frolovskaya. Humanitarian grounds of professional culture of the teacher:
Monograph / M.N. Frolovskaya. - Barnaul: Publishing House: Alt. state University, 2011. – p. 256.
4. L.Hjelle. Theories of Personality / L. Hjelle, D. Zigler. - 3rd Ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter,
2007. – p. 607.
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
UDC 372.851.02
ASSESSING STUDENT LEARNING IN GENERAL EDUCATION
Issayeva G.B., Beisenova A.M.
Kazakh state women's teacher training university, Almaty
Abstracts: This article will address issues monitoring and evaluation of students‘
knowledge in higher education. Assessment is a central element in the overall quality of
teaching and learning in higher education. Well designed assessment sets clear expectations,
establishes a reasonable workload and provides opportunities for students to self-monitor,
rehearse, practice and receive feedback. Classroom assessment and grading practices have the
potential not only to measure and report learning but also to promote it. Indeed, recent
research has documented the benefits of regular use of diagnostic and formative assessments
as feedback for learning (Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall, &Wiliam, 2004). Like successful
athletic coaches, the best teachers recognize the importance of ongoing assessments and
continual adjustments on the part of both teacher and student as the means to achieve
maximum performance. Unlike the external standardized tests that feature so prominently on
the school landscape these days, well-designed classroom assessment and grading practices
can provide the kind of specific, personalized, and timely information needed to guide both
learning and teaching.
Keywords: Assessing, promoting, bloom‘s taxonomy, feedback.
Assessing is the ongoing and frequent process of collecting, analyzing and recording
of information about student progress towards the achievement of unit of study learning
outcomes. It is the process of identifying, gathering and interpreting information about
students‘ learning. An important process of assessment is to determine what students know
and can do in order to assist in designing, modifying and extending appropriate learning and
teaching programmes for all students, and adapting teaching methods via reflection and
evaluation. The central purpose of assessment is to provide information on student
achievement and progress and set the direction for ongoing learning and teaching. (adapted
from NSW Board of Studies, 1999) [1].
The ideas and strategies in the Assessing Student Learning resources three interrelated
objectives for quality in student assessment in higher education.
1.
Assessment
that
guides
and
encourages effective approaches to
learning;
Three
object
for
higher
education
assessment
2.
Assessment that validly and reliably
measures
expected
learning
outcomes, in particular the higher-
order learning that characterizes
higher education;
3.
Assessment and grading that defines
and protects academic standards.
The relationship between assessment practices and the overall quality of teaching and
learning is often underestimated, yet assessment requirements and the clarity of assessment
criteria and standards significantly influence the effectiveness of student learning. Carefully
designed assessment contributes directly to the way student approach their study and therefore
contributes indirectly, but powerfully, to the quality of their learning [2].
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
For most students, assessment requirements literally define the curriculum.
Assessment is therefore a potent strategic tool for educators with which to spell out the
learning that will be rewarded and to guide student into effective approaches to study [18].
Equally, however, poorly designed assessment has the potential to hinder learning or stifle
curriculum innovation.
Why assess?
-
Formative Assessment
-
Progression
-
Classification
-
Warranty
The purpose of assessment – summary
-
To select
-
To certify
-
To describe
-
To assist learning
-
To improve teaching
-
To satisfy stakeholders
What do we want to assess?
-
Skills?
-
Knowledge?
-
Attitudes? [3]
Classroom assessment falls into three categories that serve different purposes.
Summative assessments summarize what students have learned at the end of a period
of time. These include tests, final exams, culminating projects, and portfolios. These scores
appear on report cards and transcripts, but are not really useful as learning tools. They come at
the end of the teaching/learning experience.
Diagnostic assessments precede instruction. Teachers can ―check students‘ prior
knowledge and skill levels, identify student misconceptions, profile learners‘ interests, and
reveal learning style preferences. Diagnostic assessments provide information to assist teacher
planning and guide differentiated instruction.‖* (McTighe and O‖Connor) These assessments
are not graded, they guide the teaching process.
Formative assessments are ongoing and give feedback to students and teachers to
guide teaching to improve learning. Included are oral questioning, observations, draft work,
think-alouds, learning logs and portfolio previews.
Assessment and grading can measure and report learning, it can also promote learning and
teaching [4]. Here are some assessment strategies toward that end.
Present the performance assessment tasks to the students at the beginning of a unit of
study. They will know what to anticipate and will be able to focus on what the teachers
expects them to learn and what they will have to do with the knowledge.
Show models of work that illustrate the levels of quality expected. A four point rubric
communicates to the student the elements of quality and the standard used for evaluation.
Thisgivesthestudent a goalfortheirwork.
Offer a few good choices that match the goal of the content standard – assessment
gains meaning for the learner when there are options for demonstrating knowledge,
understanding and skills.
Provide feedback that is timely and specific regarding the student‘s strengths and
weaknesses. Note areas of improvement and what the students need to work on in the future.
Consider allowing the student to revise and refine their work based on the feedback, within a
reasonable time period.
Encourage self-evaluation and the students will become capable of knowing how they
11
«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
are doing and what they need to improve [5].
These assessment strategies address factors that motivate students to learn. Students
put effort into their work when they know the learning goal and how they will be evaluated;
when they think the goals and assessments are meaningful and relevant; when they believe
they can successfully learn and meet the evaluation expectations [6].
The most effective learners set personal learning goals, employ proven strategies, and
self-assess their work. Teachers help cultivate such habits of mind by modeling self-
assessment and goal setting and by expecting students to apply these habits regularly [7].
The rubric also includes space for feedback comments and student goals and action
steps. Consequently, the rubric moves from being simply an evaluation tool for ―pinning a
number‖ on students to a practical and robust vehicle for feedback, self-assessment, and goal
setting[8-10].
Initially, the teacher models how to self-assess, set goals, and plan improvements by
asking such prompting questions as,
What aspect of your work was most effective?
What aspect of your work was least effective?
What specific action or actions will improve your performance?
What will you do differently next time?
Questions like these help focus student reflection and planning. Over time, students
assume greater responsibility for enacting these processes independently [11].
Educators who provide regular opportunities for learners to self-assess and set goals
often report a change in the classroom culture [12].
Teachers can use a variety of practical pre-assessment strategies, including pre-tests of
content knowledge, skills checks, concept maps, drawings, and K-W-L (Know-Want to learn-
Learn) charts. Powerful pre-assessment has the potential to address a worrisome phenomenon
reported in a growing body of literature (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Gardner,
1991): A sizeable number of students come into school with misconceptions about subject
matter (thinking that a heavier object will drop faster than a lighter one, for example) and
about themselves as learners (assuming that they can't and never will be able to draw, for
example). If teachers don't identify and confront these misconceptions, they will persist even
in the face of good teachin[13]. To uncover existing misconceptions, teachers can use a short,
nongraded true-false diagnostic quiz that includes several potential misconceptions related to
the targeted learning. Student responses will signal any prevailing misconceptions, which the
teacher can then address through instruction. In the future, the growing availability of
portable, electronic student-response systems will enable educators to obtain this information
instantaneously [14-15].
Modes of assessment
1.
Function
Diagnostic – To determine the starting level of knowledge / ability
Formative – Feedback, to help the learner to improve next time.
Summative – For grades / marks, to give level of attainment.
2.
Type
Product – e.g. An essay, a report a design drawing, a poster.
Process – e.g. group working, Communication skills, problem solving.
3.
Process
Criterion referenced-
-
E.g. the driving test
-
Given standards against which each student is individually judged.
Norm referenced-
-
E.g. accountancy exams,
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
-
Students judged against their peers [16-17].
Assessment Criteria
-
Describe the extent to which a learning outcome has been achieved.
-
They provide grounds for judging quality and therefore marking.
-
They help make assessment decisions more transparent and this helps co-markers
and students [18-20].
The ways we assess our students can really make a difference to how students learn.
There are multiple and complex problems to resolve and solutions are not easy to find ( or the
brightest minds in the world would have done so already), permanent (as we have to deal with
an ever – changing), (or universal ( assessment is an area where context is of paramount
importance; what works well in a medical environment probably doesn‘t work equally well in
a poetry workshop, although there might be some interesting cross-overs). So we are left with
the need for professional higher education practitioners to take the lead in ensuring that we do
not allow the process to slip out of out hands. We cannot let bureaucratic regulations (
whether from within out institutions of nationally) to skew our effective assessment
processes[19]. If we find our systems do not allow us to implement a really valuable
assessment innovation, for example, then we must find ways to change the system. We need
to ensure that decisions about assessment strategies are based on the best available evidence -
based research on assessment, rather than on custom and practice or what is easy to do. So we
need to keep abreast of new developments, evaluate tried and tested ones and experiment with
our own initiatives, preferably within a supportive learning community of fellow
practitioners.
LITERATURE:
1.
Қазақ тілі терминдерінің салалық ғылыми тҥсіндірме сӛздігі:
Информатика және компьютерлік техника. Алматы «Мектеп баспасы» ЖАҚ, 2002.
2.
Banta T.W.A bird‘s-eye view of assessment: selections from editor‘s notes. San
Francisco: Jossey- Bass, 2001.
3.
Садуов Ш. Р.Ақпараттық технология. Алматы, 2009.
4.
Bresciani M.J. Assessing student learning in general education: good practice case
studies. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company, Inc, 2007.
5.
RUST C.LTSN Generic Centre Assessment Series. No,12. A Briefing on Assessment
of Large Groups, York: Learning and Teaching Support Network, 2001.
6.
Жоғары оқу орнында болашақ мқғалімдердің педагогикалық іс- әрекеттерін
модельдеу . Қазақстан жоғары мектебі,№1.2007.
7.
SCHWARTZ. P. WEBB, G. Assessment: case studies, experience and practice from
higher education. London: Kogan Page, 2002.
8.
Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B., &Wiliam, D. (2004). Working inside
the black box: Assessment for learning in the classroom. PhiDeltaKappan, 86(1), 8–21.
9.
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (Eds.). (1999). How people learn:
Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, DC: NationalResearchCouncil.
10.
Gardner, H. (1991). The unschooled mind. NewYork: BasicBooks.
11.
Информатикалық пәндерді оқытудың педагогиылқ технологиясы .
Қазақстан мектебі . №11- Алматы,2006
12.
Marzano, R. (1992). A different kind of classroom: Teaching with dimensions of
learning.Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
13.
Wiggins, G. (1998). Educative assessment: Designing assessments to inform and
improve student performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
14.
Fairtest. (1995). Principles and Indicators for Student Assessment Systems by the
National Forum on Assessment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Author.
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
15.
Kohn, A. (1999). The schools our children deserve: Moving beyond traditional
classrooms and ‗tougher standards‘. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
16.
М.Сыдықова. Ақпараттық технологиялар арқылы болашақ мамандарды даярлау
мәселелері. « Қазақ тілі мен әдебиеті», №1,2007
17.
Koski, W. (2001). Educational Opportunity and Accountability in an Era of Standards
Based School Reform. Standford Law and Policy Revieew, 12, 301-322.
18.
Neill, M., Guisbond, L., & Schaeffer, B. (2004). Failing Our Children, How "No
Child Left Behind" Undermines Quality and Equity in Education and An Accountability
Model that Supports School Improvement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: FairTest.
19.
Allen, Mary J., Assessing Academic Programs in Higher Education, Anker Publishing
Company, Inc., 2004
20.
Allen, Mary J., Assessing General Education Programs, Anker Publishing Company,
Inc., 2006
21.
Bresciani, Marilee J., Zelna, Carrie L. and Anderson, James A., Assessing Student
Learning and Development: A Handbook for Practitioners, National Association of Student
Personnel Administrators (NASPA), 2004
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