«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
Figure - 5.Underground greenhouse-thermos.
1 – polycarbonate , 2 – brick, 3 – reinforced concrete wall , 4 - light reflective
material.
The main feature of this greenhouse is economical in its using of energy for heating.
Of course greater efficiency savings depends on how this greenhouse is buried in the ground.
Although the greenhouse-thermos can build on the ground, but the best effect to retain
heat in the greenhouse is achieved if the greenhouse is partially or completely embedded in
soil. From this stems the second feature is the greenhouses‘ construction.
The third feature is reflective wall, which is supportedby high light in the greenhouse.
In cloudy weather, this greenhouse is lighter respectively two times higher than in open areas.
This gives an advantage over other greenhouses in the winter period, as in sunny weather the
heat inside will be by solar energy.
Due to the bright lighting and constant temperature we can achieve the high of harvest
of more than to 30%.
When we use energy-saving technologies,we can decrease costs by 45%, which
contributes to a rapid payback in 2-3 years.
The measures and techniques for installation and fastening of sheets from
polycarbonate, ensure sufficient tightness of connections and eliminate the possibility of heat
loss.
Recommendations for the care of the soil in the greenhouse and lighting parameters.
The use of solar energy for energy supply will help to replace from 20 to 60% of the
thermal load on the objects of agriculture, depending on climatic location, to exclude the cost
of shipping fossil fuels (important for remote users), to prevent pollution of the environment
and agricultural products.
Conclusion. Microclimate conditions that have to be controlled to optimize crop
growth include temperature, RH, solar radiation, CO2 and internal air velocity. Light intensity
(solar radiation) and CO2 are the primary factors that enhance photosynthesis and plant
growth.Temperature and RH are the critical factors to control, to optimize plant
photosynthesis under optimal light and CO2 conditions, but are also the most difficult factors
to successfully control in greenhouses, especially in Kazakhstan, where extremely high
temperatures are experienced at certain times of the year and therefore greenhouse cooling
remains a challenge.
Greenhouse structures are designed to control and optimize the internal micro-climate
inside the structure. Some have evaluated types of greenhouse structures and the performance
in terms of internal temperature and ventilation rates. Different shapes, sizes, orientations and
greenhouse covers are used in combination with cooling systems, to support the optimal
control of the internal climate. Various cooling systems across the globe and their
performance in controlling these factors have been reviewed and compared by several
24
«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
researchers. Experimental and numerical studies have been done, as described in the
literature, on the performance of different cooling systems under specific conditions. Natural
ventilation, pad fan evaporative cooling, screening and fogging systems are commonly used
cooling systems in Kazakhstan. Each system will perform differently, depending on the area.
Limited literature is available for cooling system performance for the variable agro-climatic
conditions in Kazakhstan.
In conclusion, there is a large knowledge gap in data and literature availability, to
sufficiently assist local Kazakhstan investors/farmers to select the optimum greenhouse
design and the associated systems. There is limited peer-reviewed literature available in
Kazakhstan that compares the performance of different natural and evaporative cooling
systems. To be able to develop models for predicting this performance for different designs
and climatic conditions, the calibration and optimization of models are required. The selection
of greenhouses cannot be done without taking into account capital expenditure and operating
and maintenance costs. This article will, thus, also look at these aspects for the greenhouse
selection process.
LITERATURE:
1.
Lala, H.R., Nacer, K. M. and Jean-Francois, B.: Micro-climate optimal control for
an experimental Greenhouse Automation.
2.
Bot, G.P.A: Greenhouse climate from physical processes to a dynamic mode, PhD
thesis, Agricultural University of Wageningen: The Netherlands, 1983.
3.
Momirović, N., Vasić, B., Raičević, D. and Oljača, M.: Technical systems for
microclimate control in greenhouses, Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture,
Universities in Belgrade, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, No.4, 2007.
4.
Farid, G. and Benjamin, C.K.: Automatic Control Systems, 9th edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 2010.
5.
Buffington, D.E., Bucklin, R.A., Henley, R.W. and McConnell, D.B.: Heating
Greenhouses, documentAE11, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of
Florida, published in 1983 and revised in 1992, Reviewed July 2002, April 2010, and January
2013.
УДК 541.124
INNOVATIONS IN TEACHING ENGLISH WITHIN PRIMARY SCHOOL.
Issabekova Zh.K.
Nazarbayev Intellectual School Physics and Mathematics, Taldykorgan city,
isabekova_j@tk.nis.edu.kz
In this early part of the 21st century the range of technologies available for use in
language learning and teaching has become very diverse and the ways that they are being used
in classrooms all over the world. Since computers started to be introduced in language
learning (and in education in general) people have rightly asked whether the investment we
are making in these technologies gives us value for money. As digital technologies have taken
a hold in society in general, this particular question is not asked quite so often, but it is still
important to make sure that the technologies that we have available are used effectively.
People are always tempted to try to make an argument for technology having an impact on the
development of pedagogy and in many cases it is seen that the use of technology has enabled
teachers to re-think what they are doing (Motteram and Sharma, 2009).
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
Use of technology for English language learning does not appear to be restricted
to
any
particular
age
group
and
practitioners
are
increasingly using ICT innovatively within the early years. In many contexts, learners
are being exposed to a range of technologies from a very early age in the home
and by the time they reach nursery age many have developed at least some of the
digital skills that enable them to participate in technology-driven activities as soon
as they start school (Battro, 2004; Facer et al., 2003). Even where the use of certain
ICT outstrips the current skill level of the children, there is evidence that practitioners
can
provide
scaffolding
in
the
overall
language-learning
objective.
Tech-savvy teachers have also begun to embrace children‘s interest in ‗digital play‘,
creating language learning opportunities through the use of computer games within
an educational context – this is sometimes known as digital games-based learning
(DGBL).
The question of when the best time to start learning English is remains a much
debated subject. This conundrum has been the subject of intense scrutiny for
many
years
and
continues
to
vex
policy
makers
all
over
the
world.
Much of the early debate around the early introduction of language learning into
schools centred on the critical period hypothesis (CPH) which, broadly stated,
‗is a causal explanation for the differential success in acquisition of a second
language by younger and older learners‘, (Bialystok and Hakuta, 1999: 162).
However, a longitudinal study in the UK on the teaching of French in both primary
and secondary schools conducted by Burstall et al. (1974) showed that apart from
improved pronunciation there appeared to be no significant difference between
attainment for learners who started earlier and those that started later. This meant
that, in the state sector in the UK at least, foreign languages were not taught in the
primary sector for many years. The research and the debate have continued, but no
definitive answer has been forthcoming. Kirsch (2008: 4) summarising the understanding in
this area suggests the following:
■ research into the optimum age for language learning is inconclusive
■ an early start has a positive impact on children‘s attitudes
■ the only advantage of an early start is the total amount of time spent actively
on learning a language.
However, the growth of globalisation of trade and the predominance of English in
the media, particularly on the internet, have been responsible for driving change in
language education policy and there is a global trend towards introducing English
language
teaching
into
the
primary
sector.
Within a politically charged educational environment, some policy makers have
decided that the creation of a well-educated, English speaking workforce may be
one route out of the current global economic downturn. Parents often consider
academic excellence in English to be the number one priority in terms of access
to higher education, university accreditation and economic prosperity for their
children. Consequently, in many countries, children now begin their study of
English at primary level
What is the most appropriate approach for teaching young learners?
There is no right answer to this question, as it will depend on many factors: the age of the
children, class size, the competency of the teacher, availability of resources, the school
context and the framework constructed by bodies that create the educational landscape for the
locality.
Should oral development precede reading and writing? There is a school of thought that
suggests children learn best by hearing language being effectively modelled by skilled
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
teachers, and having natural opportunities to use language in productive activities, before
embarking on robust learning of literacy. However, the relative success of this type of
approach may lie in the oral competency of the teacher and easy access to appropriate
resources. In some contexts it may make more sense to expose children early to reading,
learning phonics and the explicit teaching of grammar. Clearly, it makes little sense to be
teaching reading and writing in a second language beyond what has been achieved in a first
language, although it may be possible for the two languages to develop at similar rates.
However, older learners may have knowledge of literacy to transfer over from a stronger first
language. In many contexts, schools are measured by how many children pass academic
exams, which may necessitate and encourage a ‗teaching to the test‘ mentality amongst
teachers. However, this could mean that the more important aspects of learning are neglected.
When learners of English are immersed in the target language, for example children
studying in English medium schools or where the dominant language of the locality is
English, as in the UK, the development of oral competency naturally tends to precede
a more specific focus on reading and writing. However, when we are talking about
foreign language learning the decision is more complex.
Cameron separates learning the written language, not necessarily because she sees
this as coming later in a child‘s development, but because the written language
needs to be explicitly taught by the teacher; the process needs planning and the
teacher needs to understand what is involved in doing this. However, this does not
mean that written language is divorced from spoken language, but for the young
language learner, language is presented, practised and learned through speaking
and listening. As the result of activities that take place in the class, children learn
the meaning of words and grammar ‗emerge[s] from the space between words and
discourse‘ (Cameron, 2001: 18) and supports the development of meaning.
For younger learners effective classroom strategies have traditionally involved use of
songs, rhymes and traditional stories with repeated language structures. The internet
can be a rich source of authentic oral models via recorded songs, talking electronic
books, podcasts and video clips that help learners with pronunciation as well as
acquisition and reinforcement of new vocabulary. These tools can also help to support
teachers who don‘t feel as confident with their own language skills. Technology also
affords children the opportunity to record themselves for playback at a later time.
Learners report that the ability to listen and play back recordings helps identification
of grammatical errors and inaccuracy in pronunciation, encouraging self-improvement.
Young children can use Flip, or other video cameras to record their mouth
movements
to
develop
phonetic
accuracy;
recordings
can
subsequently
be
compared with standard models sourced from the internet. Learning resources,
such as songs and poems, can be downloaded from the internet and practised as
a whole class via an interactive whiteboard prior to a live performance that can be
filmed for posterity. Taking a karaoke-style approach, children are able to digitally
visualise rhymes and songs through freeze-frame photography, artwork and textbased legends
that can be synchronised to the words.
Audio recorders like talking tins, pegs or cards can be used to reinforce the
learning of traditional rhymes or to record the singing of popular songs. Talking
photo albums have been successfully used to create stories or non-fiction texts
with an oral narrative. Here photos and text can be inserted into each page of the
album
and
the
user
can
subsequently
record
a
corresponding
narration.
Recording devices like these are cheap, portable and simple enough to be used by
even the youngest learner, where being able to overwrite recordings multiple times
is essential to allow learners to achieve relative success in their oral work. Audio
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«ЗАМАНАУИ СЫН-ТЕГЕУРІНДЕР МЕН ҚОҒАМНЫҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ
БІЛІМ МЕН ҒЫЛЫМНЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ҼЛЕУЕТІ»
халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
28-29 қазан, 2016 ж.
recorders have also been used to encourage reticent speakers to use oral language
more openly in the classroom; a child makes a recording in isolation and plays this
back in the classroom, validating their voice to their peers (Howard and Pim, 2007).
The interdependence of reading and writing cannot be over-emphasised; ‗reading
makes the writer‘ (Corbett, 2008: 1). This is a simple notion, yet the teaching of
reading, in the worst cases, can lead to children who are able to decode, but are
unable to comprehend or appreciate the full purpose of a piece of text. Whilst this
would be an anathema for teachers of a first language, all too often this can be the
case for children learning English as a foreign language. This might happen when
reading is forced too early and becomes a purely mechanistic process, or if there are
few engaging texts to interact with and where there is a lack of exposure to authentic
oral models.
Reading can be severely compromised by limited access to appropriate texts and
the internet itself offers texts that are often too sophisticated for many learners of
English. However, there are places on the web where more accessible English can
be found, for example, Simple English Wikipedia (http://simple.wikipedia.org/) that
supports
texts
with
a
high
content
level,
but
reduced
literacy
demand.
Nowadays, digital literacy is particularly significant, as children are bombarded
daily by an array of digital texts, and it is particularly important that they learn to
understand the nuance of media-types that surround them in the physical world
as well as on the internet.
Wordle (www.wordle.net) is a good example of a web-based tool that can help
cement the interface between reading, writing and the significance of visual literacy
in a 21st century world. The tool produces word clusters based on the frequency
of words occurring in a sample of writing. Practitioners can use Wordle to help older
children compare texts from different genres and ages, analyse the formality in
writing or simply focus on key vocabulary from a particular topic. Children producing
their own Wordles can also play around with shape, colour and styling in order to
consider
the
impact
of
their
work
on
different
audiences.
Digital texts and electronic books (e-books), particularly when accessed on cool,
portable technologies, can inspire children to read. Many offer effective oral modelling
via text-to-speech synthesis and access to other tools like electronic dictionaries.
Specialised software can record, measure and track progress in reading, and
interactive fiction (IF) promotes active reading by enabling learners to affect outcomes
in stories, maximising engagement in the storytelling process. Children are also
motivated by their own personal writing and there are many tools available to support
writing and allow them to author for different audiences – multi-modal digital narratives
like cartoons, storyboards, presentations, blogs, websites and extended prose.
Talking texts
Books are a natural starting point for language learning at whatever age the process
starts, particularly where the written form can be linked to an oral equivalent. Oral
versions of a text can increase access for those whose current reading proficiency
lags behind their ability to read. Moreover, well-produced talking books bring texts
alive through the quality of voice characterisation, intonation and expression and in
many cases can be one of the few ways of modelling authentic oral language to an
English language learner.
Many professionally produced reading schemes offer audio CDs or online oral
versions of the texts. Some companies, like Mantra Lingua (http://uk.mantralingua.
com/), produce pointing devices that can play audio by scanning texts or interfacing
with microdots printed onto paper. Digital texts can also be imported into e-book
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