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7. to ensure certainty and consistency – обеспечить определенность и устойчивость
8. to be flexible – быть гибким 
9. to be derived from – происходить
 
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland contains three major legal systems which 
have been developed through ages. The three systems, each with their own legal rules, courts and legal 
professions, are based geographically. These are systems of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and 
Scotland. 
England and Wales. These two areas form one jurisdiction. The national courts (High Court, 
Court of Appeal and House of Lords) are based in London, but there are local courts (Magistrates' 
Courts and County Courts) throughout the country and the Crown Court has many locations.
Northern Ireland. It has some unusual features in its system, which is centered in Belfast. 
Many relate to the political instability and violence which has taken place in the region since its 
establishment. One such feature is the absence of a jury in "terrorist" trials. But the legal system of 
Northern Ireland has otherwise grown very similar to that of England and Wales. 
Scotland. It had its own system of laws and courts (based in Edinburgh) before its union with 
England and Wales in 1707. The Acts of Union of 1707 expressly allowed these to continue, and so 
Scotland retains many distinctions from the English system. It should be noted that the United Kingdom 
has incorporated the legal system of the European Union since 1972. 
The legal systems within the United Kingdom were based largely on judge-made law since the 
17
th
century. The law developed through decisions made by judges and was called “case law” or 
“common law” (common to all courts of the country). Since that time, new laws and law reforms have 
increasingly been brought about through Acts of Parliament, usually inspired by policies of the 
Government. 
Even so, the development of case law still remains an important source of law. A statement of 
law made by a judge in a case can become binding on later judges and can in this way become the law 
for everyone to follow. 
Precedent has a very important role in the common law. It ensures certainty and consistency and 
logical progression and development in the law. Many countries (especially in Continental Europe) 
prefer a codified system in which laws are set out in legislation and cases which apply them may be 
illustrative but do not become binding. Nevertheless, the common law does have advantages over 
codified systems - it is more flexible, it is more practical as it is derived from real life dramas played 
out before the courts. 

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