Conclusion
Overall, in order for EEU to emerge as strong political entity as EU it needs to overcome line of
gaps. Firstly, it needs to make clear how it is going to identify itself in the world arena. Also, members
should review their perceptions and define only one prism through which members are going to look on
Eurasian Union. Moreover, it needs to enhance its institutions by giving more power to executive
commission. In the aspect of presence, it needs to gather more members to develop in number, territory.
The current moment is high time for future Eurasian Union to form good foundation. It should enhance
its institutions especially Eurasian Union Commission, so that in future member could delegate some of
their competencies to it without any hesitation. Only then it will be able to act as a strong entity with
firm weight in international arena.
References
1http://www.socir.ru/content/dugin-ag-evrazes-kak-ideya-obraz-budushchego
2http://www.kp.kz/economics/4978-nursultan-nazarbaev-evrazes-stimul-dlya-modernizatsii-
ekonomiki
3 The regionalization of the world order,May, 2011, Luk Van Lagenhove, Regionness and
Regionhood, 79
4 Hettne, Björn and Fredrik Söderbaum (2008) ‘The Future of Regionalism: Old Divides, New
Frontiers’, Regionalization and Global Governance61–80, London: Routledge.
5 Bretherton, Charlotte and John Vogler (2006) The European Union As a Global Actor, Abingdon:
Routledge.
6 Bretherton, Charlotte and John Vogler (2006) The European Union As a Global Actor, Abingdon:
Routledge,26
7
http://news.rambler.ru/29387685/
8 Hettne, Björn (2005) ‘Beyond the ‘New’ Regionalism’, New Political Economy 10(4): 543–71
УДК 32:001.12/18
TRANSNATIONAL RIVERS ISSUES BETWEEN REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND
PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Kryakvina X.P.
Suleyman Demirel University
This paper is delivered for invoking consciousness and political identity of citizens of Republic
of Kazakhstan, and promote active stance of civil society, especially in adult population of our state, in
solving issues directly concerned with nature of future development of own state.
242
Key words: water issues, transborder rivers, international agreement, bilateral negotiations.
In the world there are a lot of states, which faced transnational rivers issues in their practice.
Most of all agreements on those issues are being nominal
1
and not performing their tasks in real life,
which itself leads to expansion of amount of conflicts in the world. For example, conflict between
Pakistan and India over resources of river Indus, conflict between Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia over Nil
basin
2
. There are still a lot of situations for providing as identical example. Worsening fact is that, there
are only a few for providing as example for solving such issues, most successful of them is “Water-
Framework Directive” in EU, which is practically regulating water-sharing issues on both: national and
international levels. Central Asia is one of world regions, where shortage of water supply rapidly
becoming obvious. Our state, as component of that region, is not an exception in level of urgency of
such issues. The question is in which side will we take in regulating of this issue of bilateral relations?
It is given that only central and ending parts of riverbeds of most of Central Asian rivers are
located on territory of Kazakhstan, so our state doesn’t have enough authority in deciding on destiny of
those rivers. Irresponsible attitude for expenditure of Syrdaria river resources led us to one world greatest
tragedies – Aral Sea drying. Identical process is now taking place on rivers which we share with our
other neighbor state – China. 23 rivers cross border between our states, largest of them are Irtysh and
Ili
3
.
Problems of sharing those rivers started in 70’s
4
, when Kazakhstan was a part of USSR. Solving
such kind of issues during that period was far more easier process for several reasons: firstly, at that
time Xing Jang autonomic region, which is bordering with Kazakhstan, was not so well developed and
overpopulated as it is now; secondly, solving issues between developed USSR and developing China
was far more successful, rather than solving same issues between developing Kazakhstan and one of
world’s biggest economic and military power; third reason also one of most important ones, Kyrgyzstan
also was in compound of USSR, and a lot of rivers which are important to China took their beginning
in Kyrgyzstan’s mountains, and in case of any unfriendly action from Chinese side, soviet governance
posed an ultimatum in face of project of “Changing direction of Syberian rivers towards Central Asia”
5
.
Nowadays situation varies deeply, Xing Jang territory is one of priorities in development strategy
of China, where industrialization and urbanization processes expanding in full speed, respectively
population of region expands too. That led to huge expenditure of water-energy resources, big part of
which is taken from those transnational rivers we are going to talk about. In negotiations on this issue,
China always insist on bilateral conduct
6
, which unfortunately is not allowing Kazakhstan to perform
efficiently.
As it was mentioned above, main issue for this article is excessive water intake from Chinese
side from rivers of Irtysh and Ili. First of all lets define level of importance of water recourses of those
rivers for Kazakhstan.
Irtysh rives is really significant for Kazakhstan, first of all because of about 2,5 million people
7
are living along its riverbed. Biggest industrial regions of our state, like Ust-Kamenogorsk,
Semipalatinsk, are also located there, and their work is directly depend on that river. Irtysh also supplies
with water resources central regions of states, and most important fact is that capital city - Astana is
supplied from that river too. Water supply channel Irtysh- Karamai, which was build to supply Xing
Jang initially was able to transfer 1 billion square meters
8
of water, but Chinese governance planning to
expand this number to 4,6 billion square meters
9
. Sequences of such actions can become really tragical,
including both economic and ecological sides: simple example is shoaling of that river, it will led to stop
the shipping along river, not even taking into account enormous ecological damage might be caused to
region.
Second large waterway in the region is Ili river, 56%
10
of length of which flow on the territory
of Kazakhstan. Kapchagay GES, which supplies electricity to largest city of our state – Almaty city, is
also located on that riverbed. Water resources of that river are usually used to supply local agricultural
243
sector with water on irrigation purpose. Also have to be admitted that Ili river is main inflow of water
to the Balkhash lake enormous water intake let that one year amount of water supplied to Balkhash
rapidly fallen from 17,8 cubic kilometers to 12,7 cubic kilometers
11
. Catastrophical sequences which
may come true in future starting to occur in real life right nowadays, and if no any radical response fir
that will take place, there is huge possibility of repeat of Aral Sea tragedy on Blkhash Lake. Economical
damage is also vital, mainly because reason, which was explained above, that most populated region of
our republic, is directly depend on water and energy supply from Ili River.
We can not say that such issues arisen recently, government of our state working on this subject
right from the beginning. Right from gaining the Independence in 1992
12
, a package of agreements on
mutual use or river resources was suggested to Chinese side, but China was not in hurry to respond any
decision on that issue. In order to make process faster, Kazakhstan suggested multilateral conduct to
negotiations, as it was mentioned earlier, Chinese side refused on that proposal. Only in 1999
13
, after
President of Republic of Kazakhstan – Nursultan Nazarbayev himself requested on this issue to Chinese
government, the deadlock was broken. 4 round of negotiations took place, during which several
agreements were settled, including agreement to open control posts on riverbed of these rivers along
border from both sides: from Kazakhstan side on river Irtysh – Buran post, on Ili River – Dubun post;
from Chinese side – on Irtysh River – Nan Van, on Ili River – San Daoheji
14
. Also one of significant
achievements of our negotiators was allowance from Chinese side, to let our experts to examine dam,
which was constructed on Irtysh River. That research showed that dam is due to settled agreements, and
is it not able to take resources in volume more than it was agreed
15
. Data presented follows that if
Chinese side is not violating agreements, which were settled between our state, and ecological and
economic damage are taking place, then all these happening is a fault of our negotiators and all the
agreements, which were accepted were disadvantageous right from the beginning.
Logical explanation for all of these may serve as follows, there is Ministry of Water management
created in China, which is actually regulating all water supply issues in a state, also focusing on possess
of interest of own nation-state in this issues on international arena in case if such interests appears in
outer side of Chinese border. In case of Kazakhstan, there is a sub-branch of committee of water
resources management under the Ministry of Agriculture control, named “Kazvodhoz”. It is not difficult
to imagine now how those bilateral negotiations on topic mutual use of recourses of trans-boundary
Rivers pass, when on negotiation table meet two teams, one of them are expert delegation from great
ministry and on the other side there is a group of representatives of small governmental organization.
For China such kind of negotiations - is “one way game”. Such practice used by China not only in
regard to our state, identical issues take place in China’s relations with its other neighbors. Russia has
several debates with China in aspect of transnational rivers over waterbeds of Amur River and its inflow
Sungari River, in deep - the issue of water pollution
16
. It seems like a kind of “egoistic” policy pursued
by China, flow only by China’s own interest in international relations, without any regard to “weight”
of opponent on international arena. Consequently any type of bilateral treaties with PRC in questions of
solving transnational rivers issues is inefficient right from its start. The reason for it can be fact that did
not sign nor “Helsinki Rules” agreement nor “Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of
International Watercourses”
17
. This is additional proof for idea that China does not intend to take any
concrete actions towards the settlement of current problem, even in face of responsibility towards
international community, not taking into account any of those bilateral agreements at all.
Blaming only Official Astana for all of these issues would be wrong, society itself and
international community also have big influence on settlement of such disputes. Perfect settlement
example can be “Water-Framework Directive” in EU. The main feature of it is that questions of mutual
usage of resources of trans-boundary Rivers appears on the agenda of not only interested sides, but on
agenda of all representatives of EU integration. Interested ones are just having chance to perform
actively on finding the solution. Community also performing crucial role in this negotiations
18
,
effectiveness of such actions rises because community itself is main consumer of those resources.
244
Involvement of individuals and lots of organizations is performed by organizing different seminars
19
,
where informing and motivating actions take place. During such conferences active points of views are
being formed.
Scheme may seem to much bright and fantastic, but it actually does it best, and furthermore it is
applicable to our region. Integration organizations already exist in our region, even some performances
on current issues solving took place, mischance in that aspect can be explained by lack of proper
attention, which itself does not diminish importance of our issue. Lack of attention to this questions from
side of world community can be explained by inactive position of our state community, how can problem
be on agenda of world community, if it is not even on agenda of Kazakhstan citizens? So the key solution
for that deal, which seemed almost lost for Kazakhstan, is in strengthening of public sentiment in the
state. To become motivated we do not need to search a lot for example of such performance: “Nevada-
Semipalatinsk” movement, when local activists brought local problem on world’s agenda and not just
solved own problems, but led to start of world-wide movement, achievements of which are crucial and
taking place even nowadays. Active citizenship – is a key answer for this issue, even if it will not bring
us total solution of a problem, at least it will make possible for us to take far more successful position
in negotiations and cooperation, which itself will occur right after even little effort of active position.
Kazakhstan now has all chances available to turn China’s game in its own favor. But from day
to day, as China’s potential and influence are growing, in direct proportion diminishing chances of our
Republic for success. As earlier active position of Kazakhstan will take place, as much chances we will
gain to stand on successful position in promoting our interests, it is right the moment for us to evaluate
current situation and start performance. Our future is in our hands!
References
1. “Transboundary river basins: the hydropower potential of CO”. 1 May, 2013.
http://gg-old.otgroup.kz/publication100
2.
Надежда Глебова
«Агентство Политических Новостей». Лицензия минпечати Эл. №77-2792
http://www.kofman.info/статьи/война-из-за-воды/
3. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
4. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
5. Internet Encyclopedia
http://www.centrasia.ru/news102
6. Article by Assem Mustafina, Transboundary river issues between Kazakhstan and China, 92.
7. Zh.Kayirbayev, “ The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
8. Dmitry Verhoturov, “Fight for Irtysh”, November, 2009.
http://www.apn.ru/publication103
9. Dmitry Verhoturov, “Fight for Irtysh”, November, 2009.
http://www.apn.ru/publication103
10. Wikipedia, “Ili IRver”, 29 January, 2015.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/publication105
11. Andrey Zubov, Interview with Konstantin Syroyezhkin, February, 2015.
http://365info.kz/2015/02/
12. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
13. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
245
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
14. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
15. Zh.Kayirbayev, “The problem of transboundary rivers between Kazakhstan and China”, 2012.
http://articlekz.com/article/7251
16. Sergey Luzyanin, “Environmental problems of transboundary rivers of China”, 2011.
http://arguncrisis.ru/documents/dokumenty-2011/neo-luzyanin/
17. Dmitry Verhoturov, “Fight for Irtysh”, November, 2009.
http://www.apn.ru/publication103
18.Ilya Trombitsky “Water-Framework Directive in EU, integration management of water resources of
Dnestr River and participation of society in it.”, (2006),15-17.
19.Ilya Trombitsky “Water-Framework Directive in EU, integration management of water resources of
Dnestr River and participation of society in it.”, (2006),18-19.
УДК 339.9
CULTURE AS ONE OF THE KEY REASONS FOR INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Elnur Kochiyev and Miras Unerbayev
Monitor: Nursaule Rsaliyeva
We think it is essential to open the theme of the role of culture in conflicts taking place in the
world.Majority of states and leaders,governments and International Organizations,different institutions
and Super Powers,alliances like NATO, following military interests, unfortunately in practice remain
neutral about the fact that thousands of people are dying at war,millions are suffering from
starvation,tortures and the lack of basic human needs.
It is important to note that conflicts happening in modern world situation have their particular reasons
and causes.War becomes real when the differences in political,economical and cultural approaches
appear between various states.
There are a lot of states having cultural problems in core of their society,after this problems fall
under political and economic prizma,conflicts are inevitable.War in Afghanistan,Boko Haram
insurgency,Syrian Civil War,Iraqi Civil War,Israeli–Palestinian conflict,War in Somalia,War in
Darfur,War in North-West Pakistan,Mexican Drug War,LibyanCrisis,YemeniCrisis,Central African
Republic conflict,South Sudanese Civil War,War in Donbass are all ongoing conflicts and are going to
concentrate on Syrian Civil War and War in Donbass.
We are now witnessing two major conflicts-Civil War in Syria and War in Donbass.Both of these
conflicts had cultural backgrounds.
To start our topic with,we want to emphasize the role of culture and cultural differences among the
states.These cultural differences are regarded as one of the key reasons of international conflicts.
War in Ukraine-by most of the politicians and scientists had only political and economic
backgrounds,but if we analyze the real situation-the picture changes.The most important factor was
cultural factor.Ukraine is divided into two cultural sub zones Western and Eastern.Western Ukraine
always kept near with European approach and Democratic development,while in Eastern Ukraine a lot
of working force was integrated from Russian Federation and pro-Russian ideology came into reality.So
it is understood that Western Ukraine keeps pro-Western ideology and generally people from Western
Ukraine voted for political and economic integration with European Union.People from Eastern Ukraine
always kept pro-Russian ideology because they were under Russian influence in times of Soviet
Union.Cultural shock that happened in Eastern Ukraine after long political discussions and disputes
246
resulted in huge armed conflict that is continuing by now.The result of cultural differences led to
conflict,and conflict itself led to huge losses.If we take some statistics into account-6,000 people killed
overall,including 300 foreign civilians, 1,200,000 Ukrainians internally displaced and 800,000 fled
abroad (mostly to Russia).
Syrian Civil War-started in 2011 with the ethnical confrontations and cultural diversity between Alawi
and Sunni muslims.With Syrian Opposition Uprisings and hursh governmental suppressions the
confrontation turned to the huge armed conflict that is continuing in present.The basic precause of this
conflict was predominantly the cultural and religious division of Syria into sunni,shia and
alawimuslims.Syrian population in deep inside were really careous about others before the emergence
of war.The most interesting fact is that USA and European Union in all their democratic views,concerns
and human rights preoccupations have not made any attempts in prevention of the war,humancasualities
and the general attempts to finish the war.It can be understood that they are not thinking about future of
Middle Eastern states and only made some comments when Chemical Weapons appeared in Syria.By
statistics-220,000 people were killed overall,and 130,000 captured or missing.9,000,000 were displaced.
To conclude our reseachwith,we want to tell that only speaking about the problems is not
sufficient,we need to act,it is time to act,it is no longer time to speak to issues,we have to move beyond
that,because thousands of people are dying and everybody is only speaking about this issue and not
acting on it,and we think this as indication of how far our responsibility can only take us at this point.The
UN have to move and have to address this problems as the UN,without any further delay so that more
inoccent people do not die and everybody can achieve a solution.Let us also say that the world is bigger
than five,the fact that the permanent members of the UN Security Council have rendered the UN
ineffective,despite the situation in the world can not be acceptable to global conscience.Because
decisions taken at the UN maybe dependent on a single country.if one country does not agree,then
decisions are not taken and not implemented.The UN has failed to find a solution as more than 2,000
inoccent people were killed within just two month in Palestine.InSyria,the UN has failed to find effective
solutions as more than 200,000 people were killed and more than 9,000,000 people were displaced in
the last four years.And we also find it strange that everybody focuses on issues selectively.2,000 people
are killed by chemical weapons and everybody focuses on chemical weapons,but on the other hand
200,000 people are killed by conventional weapons and everybody considers killing of 2,000 people by
chemical weapons as crime,but what about the killing of 200,000 by conventional weapons.Is this not a
crime?Wecan not understand this kind of an approach,this kind of mentality.We must first sort our
understanding out,we have to remember that the use of all kinds of weapons leading to the death of
people should be a crime,be it chemical or conventional arms.And we think,in order to change that
cultural mentality of conflict,we need to grow up good-willed generations,and in order to grow up good-
willed generations we need to upgrade our education.
УДК 32
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