Список использованной литературы:
1. Стратегия индустриально-инновационного развития Республики Казахстан на 2003-2015
годы
2. Послание Президента Республики Казахстан Нурсултана Назарбаева народу Казахстана
«Новый Казахстан в новом мире» от 28 февраля 2007 г. // Официальный сайт Президента РК
//
www.arkoda.kz
3. «Основы предпринимательской деятельности» под редакцией Осипова Ю.М., Москва, 1992
4. Мамыров Н.К. «Основы предпринимательства», Алматы, Экономика, 1997
5. Горфинкель В.Я. «Предпринимательство», Москва, «Банки и биржи», 1999
6. Гайнутдинов Э.М. «Основы предпринимательства», Минск, «Высшая школа», 2000
7. Закон Республики Казахстан от 31 января 2006 года №124-III ЗРК О частном
предпринимательстве (В редакции Закона Республики Казахстан от 07.07.2006 г. №178-III ЗРК,
11.12.2006 г. №201-III ЗРК)
8. Бусыгин А. В. Предпринимательство. Основной курс т.1 М.: Экономика», 2000
9. Лапуста М. Г., Старостин Ю. Л. Малое предпринимательство М. ИНФРА-М, 1998
10.Гражданский Кодекс Республики Казахстан (общая часть), Алматы: «Юрист», 2002г.
11.Послание Президента Казахстана Н.А. Назарбаева народу Казахстана – Стратегия
«Казахстан-2030
12.Кубаев Е., Кырбасов Е., Бордоусов О. Состояние и направления развития малого бизнеса и
предпринимательства в Казахстане. Журнал "Экономика и статистика." №4, 2003 г., стр. 56-60
УДК 338.1; 330.34/35;
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS AN ECONOMIC DRIVER OF DEVELOPMENT KAZAKHSTAN
Aiym Nurseitova
Student of Bachelor degree
Abstract. Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing economy in Central Asia.
Country is important to world energy markets because it has significant oil and natural gas reserves.
And energy is the leading economic sector. However, natural resources never lasts forever and we should
49
think of the other drivers of economy. In order to save and even develop economical position of country.
In this work we are going to focus on entrepreneurship and consider it as an economic driver of
development of Kazakhstan.
Definition and characteristics of Entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan
According to business dictionary, Entrepreneurship - capacity and willingness to develop, organize
and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious
example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship combined
with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized
by innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a nation's ability to succeed in an ever changing
and increasingly competitive global marketplace.
A business driver is a resource, process or condition that is vital for the continued success and growth
of a business. A company must identify its business drivers and attempt to maximize any that are under
their control. There are always outside business drivers that a company cannot influence, such as
economic conditions or trade relations with other nations. As organizations become more complex,
identifying business drivers becomes more difficult.
The first law to allow for entrepreneurship was passed in 1987, and subsequent laws continue to address
entrepreneurship. According to the 2006 Kazakhstani law, “About Private Entrepreneurship,” private
entrepreneurship is defined as an individual initiative based on organizing one or more person’s personal
property in a private business for the purpose of receiving income in exchange for accepting risk
associated with the use of the personal property (Law, 2006).
The pursuit of entrepreneurship including Kazakhstan, is often made difficult because of “resistance to
change within the government, religious, business, and social institutions; failing energy, transportation,
educational, and healthcare infrastructure; underdeveloped legal and financial systems; restrictive and
inconsistent taxation, high interest rates and inflation, and a lack of management skills” (Luthans &
Ibrayeva, 2006). However, as demonstrated in this paper, in recent years Kazakhstan has made important
progress in overcoming these barriers to entrepreneurship.
Kazakhstan’s legislation has defined terms as individual entrepreneur, social responsibility of business,
individual business, private business and many others.
Individual entrepreneur - a citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan or oralman carrying out individual
business without formation of a legal entity and matching the criteria specified in paragraphs 3 and 7 of
Article 6 of this Law;
Average annual revenue – sum of total annual revenues or revenues of private entrepreneurship
subjects applying according to the tax legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan special tax regime based
on the patent or simplified declaration, for the last three years divided to three;
Individual business - initiative activity of natural persons that is directed towards gaining income, based
on property of natural persons themselves and carried out on behalf of natural persons, at their risks and
under their financial responsibility.
Due to the law, average annual number of employees of the small entrepreneurship subject shall be
defined taking into account all employees including the employees of branches, representative offices,
and other separate divisions of this particular subject. (CHAPTER 2. Article 6. Point 5)
As can be seen in Table 1, (as amended and added as of January 13, 2014)
Table 1. Evolution of Entrepreneurship Laws in Kazakhstan.
Years
Laws
1986-1991
Law “About individual labor activity of citizens” (1987) was enacted.
“The law about cooperation” (1988) Laws about lease, joint venture, and
bank activities were also enacted.
50
1992-1994
Kazakhstan Law “About pleading and supporting private
entrepreneurship”
(1992)
Kazakhstan Law “About proprietors” (1993)
Kazakhstan Law “About privatization” (1993)
1995-1997
Kazakhstan Law “About the government small business support” (1997)
1998-2002
Code PK “About taxes and other obligatory payments in the budget”
(2001) Law PK “About complex enterprise license (franchising)" (2003)
2003- present
Law RK “About the micro credit organizations” (2003) Law RK “About
private entrepreneurship” (2006)
In Kazakhstan, the following documents must be submitted to register a new business:
• Letter of application for state registration in established format.
• Charter of legal entity, drafted in accordance with Kazakhstani law.
• Document confirming decision to create legal entity, decision of sole founder or foundation agreement.
Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies
Entrepreneurial development in Kazakhstan, Page 5
• Copy from trade register confirming legal status of any foreign investor (i.e., certificate of
incorporation).
• Letter/certificate from taxing authorities confirming founder has no outstanding debts due to the state.
• Copy of director’s passport.
• Copy of a lease agreement or similar agreements to confirm address of new legal entity.
• Power of attorney issued by founding company authorizing a designated representative to register legal
entity’s behalf.
• Receipt for payment of registration fee.
• Documents presented to authorities in a foreign language, which were issued abroad, must be notarized
and translated into Kazakh and Russian.
Types of Entrepreneurship
Research distinguishes between two types of entrepreneurs: “innovative entrepreneurs,” who bring
new products and processes to the market and introduce new services, marketing techniques, or business
structures, and “replicative entrepreneurs,” who enter existing markets with unique selling
propositions. Another differentiation is between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs, the first
engaging in entrepreneurial activity to become more independent or increase their income, and the
second doing so to maintain their income when there are no other options for work. All entrepreneurs
contribute to the advantages and disadvantages discussed here to differing degrees.
Analysis of Entrepreneurship sector in Kazakhstan
As a significant indicator of entrepreneurship considered the population. The general employment
indicators for Kazakhstan are also lower in comparison with that of developed countries: over the last
five years, this indicator has reached a plateau at 23%, whereas in Canada, it is 47% and in Japan, it is
up to 75 %. (Analytical Report, DAMU, 2010). In addition, as well as the structure of branch of an
51
entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan in comparison with other economies is different. Almost 40% of
entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan are involved in the sphere of wholesale and retail trade, more than 20 % of
entrepreneurs function in agriculture. (Analytical Report of DAMU, 2010).
Table 2. Entrepreneurs plateau, Analytical Report, Damu 2010.
The tendency of decreasing in the overall share of industrial entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan in branch
structure of entrepreneurship for the last four years is observed. It tends to increase dependence of home
market on import. Such tendency does not promote the economy diversification, as it needs to develop
industrial sector, particularly, manufacturing industry.
“Entrepreneurship does not impact an economy simply through higher numbers of entrepreneurs. It is
important to consider quality measures, like growth, innovation and internationalization.” (GEM report,
2011). For Kazakhstan every step in developing economy was very important decision. The aim of the
government policy in relation to entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan is establishing of the middle class by
development of the entrepreneurship oriented on high-guality and hightechnological manufactures.
(DAMU,
http://www.damu.kz
).
The majority of the small businesses in Kazakhstan are located in Almaty and the surrounding region
since Almaty is the large financial and industrial center of the Republic. Approximately 50-60% of the
businesses in Kazakhstan are involved in some sort of trading activity (SME Times, 2010).
Entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan are mainly divided into small businesses - 8 %, farm business – 24 %
and individual businesses – 68 %.
Kazakhstan
16%
Canada
32%
Japan
52%
Entrepreneurs plateau
Kazakhstan
Canada
Japan
52
Table 3. Sectors in Kazakhstan. Damu, 2010.
In Kazakhstan, the government’s support of entrepreneurship such as consulting, special programs in
financing, training has worked from the first days of existence. The correlation analysis was employed
in order to see the relationship among the GDP and rate of entrepreneurship change and GDP and output
done by small business and enterprises.
Table 4.
Correlation between GDP and the number of enterprises. RK Statistics Agency.
www.stat.gov.kz
The correlation analysis was carried out in order to find a relationship between GDP rate change and
entrepreneurship change rate in Kazakhstan. Under the GDP rate change data of Kazakhstan Statistical
agency with a given GDP rate change in accordance with the previous year was used. The
entrepreneurship rate change is calculated in accordance with the previous year. As you can see they
have quite strong correlation between GDP rate and rate of number of enterprises change which means
that positive relationship. The more numbers of enterprises the bigger GDP is gets.
As of January 1, 2014, there were 1,542 thousand registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Of the total
number of registered, 56.8% are active, i.e. they carry out ongoing activity and submit their reports to
Small Businesses
8%
Individiual
Businesses
24%
Farm Business
68%
Sectors in Kazakhstan
Small Businesses
Individiual Businesses
Farm Business
43,2
57,1
81
104,9
133,4
115,3
148,05
188,05
203,52
743
840
938
1026
935
1197
1384
1400
1542
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
53
statistics agencies. Therefore, 671 thousand are not active. Same as in previous years, the main reasons
include economic factors (for example: outage periods due to running at loss, seasonal nature of
operation in certain sectors of industry) and some other operational factors (e.g. absence of operations
due to recent registration).
Breakdown of enterprises by regions practically did not change comparing to that of 2012. Same as
before, the greatest number of active SMEs operates in South Kazakhstan region (125,8 thousand
entities), in East Kazakhstan (75,8 thousand entities) and West Kazakhstan (29,2 thousand entities). The
lowest number of active enterprises same as in 2012, operates in the North Kazakhstan region (25,2
thousand entities).
www.doingbusiness.gov.kz
Table 5. Number of Active enterprises by regions as of January 1, 2014, Thousand Entities. RK
Statistics Agency.
www.stat.gov.kz
According to the results of 2013, total number of people employed by entrepreneurs was 2,635 thousand,
which was 3.1% higher comparing to the similar number of 2012. The highest number of people is
employed by South region (279,6 thousand people), East Kazakhstan region (241,7 thousand people),
North region (103 thousand people) and East Kazakhstan region (241,7 thousand people).
The lowest number of people employed by SMEs is observed in Kyzylorda region (74,4 thousand
people), Mangystau region (85,8 thousand people) and Atyrau region (89,3 thousand people).
125,8
75,8
29,2
25,2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION
EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION
WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION
NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION
279,6
103
241,7
94,1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
SOUTH REGION
NORTH REGION
EAST REGION
WEST REGION
54
Table 6. Breakdown by Regions of the Number of People Employed by Enterprises as of January
1, 2014, thousand people.
Three specific challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan
Sources: OECD (2012 ), OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan,
OECD, Paris; OECD (2013).
Why it should be an economic driver?
Pros
Cons
Cons
Entrepreneurs often create new technologies, develop new products or process innovations, and open up
new markets. They can change the way we live and work. If successful, their innovations may improve
our standard of living. In short, in addition to creating wealth from their entrepreneurial ventures, they
Key Skills
Key business
environment
elements
Support
structures
• Shortage of qualified personnel across a range of sectors, all the
more in nascent/non-existing sectors
• Lack of entrepreneurial skills enabling small companies to grow
• Low innovation capacity
• Poor infrastructure
• Low transparency on rules and regulations
• Lack of coordination among different programmes
Entrepreneurs boost economic growth by introducing innovative technologies,
products, and services.
Increased competition from entrepreneurs challenges existing firms to become more
competitive.
Entrepreneurs provide new job opportunities in the short and long term.
Entrepreneurial activity raises the productivity of firms and economies.
Entrepreneurs accelerate structural change by replacing established firms.
Only a few people have the drive to become entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs face a substantial risk of failure, and the costs are sometimes borne by
taxpayers.
In the medium term, entrepreneurial activities may lead to layoffs if existing firms
close.
A high level of self-employment is not necessarily a good indicator of entrepreneurial
activity.
Entrepreneurship cannot flourish in an overregulated economy.
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also create jobs and the conditions for a prosperous society. Brining us new product and services we
will have a choice to choose.
Entrepreneurial ventures literally generate new wealth. Existing businesses may remain confined to the
scope of existing markets and may hit the glass ceiling in terms of income. New and improved offerings,
products or technologies from entrepreneurs enable new markets to be developed and new wealth
created.
Additionally, the cascading effect of increased employment and higher earnings contribute to better
national income in form of higher tax revenue and higher government spending. This revenue can be
used by the government to invest in other, struggling sectors and human capital.
The interesting interaction of entrepreneurship and economic development has vital inputs and
inferences for policy makers, development institutes, business owners, change agents and charitable
donors. If we understand the benefits and drawbacks, a balanced approach to nurturing entrepreneurship
will definitely result in a positive impact on economy and society.
Conclusion
In just under twenty years as an independent country, Kazakhstan has made great progress. The support
of entrepreneurship has been a strong contributor to this development. The Republic of Kazakhstan
holds tremendous promise in its ability to contribute to the worldwide economy and to ultimately benefit
its newly independent population through financial prosperity and economic stability. With its valuable
natural resources, an educated workforce, along with a government that has shown strong support for
entrepreneurship and recognized its value to both to the government and to the people, the Republic of
Kazakhstan is uniquely positioned to develop its potential as a strong contributor to the world economy.
Thus, on the basis of the review of macroeconomic indicators of small business and entrepreneurship
development, it is possible to draw the following conclusions:
Kazakhstan has a rhythmic economy with positive determinants for further development. The
entrepreneurship contribution into country GDP exists, the growth of absolute figures of
entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan takes a place;
The negative factors in the sector of small business and entrepreneurship, the share of
production in GDP and the volume of production are still there;
GDP and number of enterprises are positively related;
There is a necessity of the government co-ordination of small businesses and entrepreneurship
with a view of updating and improvement of negative tendencies of development of small
business employing both financial and non-financial tools as well.
References
Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Private Entrepreneurship.” Signed by the President of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev in Astana, Akorda, January 31, 2006.
Retrieved from
www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwekaz.htm
, December 29, 2010.
Luthans, Fred, and Elina S. Ibrayeva. (2010) Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in Central Asian transition
economies: quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Studies, 37.1,
January 2006, pages 92-110.
Business Dictionary Online:
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entrepreneurship.html#ixzz3U5VJunSC
RK Statistic Agency.
www.stat.gov.kz
SME Times, June 5, 2010. Entrepreneurship Development Institute centre in Kazakhstan. Retrieved
from smetimes.tradeindia.com December 29, 2010.
Baumol, W., and Schilling, M. “Entrepreneurship.” In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Official website of governmental business analytics:
http://doingbusiness.gov.kz/en/analysis-statistics/
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Law № 124 of 31 January 2006 of the Republic of Kazakhstan. CHAPTER 2. Article 6. Point 5
УДК 338.12;
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