STUDENTS’ DEFENSE MECHANISMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON RESILIENCE,
NARCISSISM , AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT.
Manas Salamatovich Zhalgaspaev, Ainur Azimkhanovna Maibasarova
Suleyman Demirel University
Abstract
We often encounter stress in our daily life. Stress influences various spheres of our life
including our inner world, job career , and personal life. In case of students, first of all, it may
significantly affect students’ academic achievement. In order to live a healthy and happy life we
should protect ourselves from different anxieties and stress. This fact motivated us to make a
research on students’ Defense Mechanisms use and its correlation with students’ Resilience rate
and Narcissism level. We expect that the more defense mechanisms students use, the lower
resilience rate and narcissism level theyhave ;and the opposite, the less defense mechanisms, the
higher resilience rate and narcissism level students obtain. So, we decided to identify the most
common defense mechanisms of students because this has significant implicationsto the teaching-
learning process. We believe that teaching-learning practice should include a basic knowledge of
these concepts as well as the methods of use and improvement.
Research aims and participants
The present study was conducted to explore frequency of use of defense mechanism (DM)
of 2
nd
and 3
rd
year students. The aim of the study was to ascertain relationship between defense
mechanism use and students’ academic achievement i.e. the degree of defense mechanism
influence academic achievement and possibility of changing immature defense mechanism into
more mature. Another aim of the study was to find correlation between Defense Mechanism (DM),
Resilience (Rsl) and Narcissism (Nr), and thus, to find out whether there exist any difference
between the frequency of Defense Mechanism use, the level of Narcissism and the rate of
Resilience of 2
nd
year philology faculty students and 3
rd
year economic faculty students. The
sample included 36 economfaculty students and 34 philology faculty students selected from
Suleyman Demirel University (SDU) and Kazakh-British Technical University (KBTU).
Research Tools
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1.
Defense Mechanism test
2.
Narcissistic Personality Quiz based upon the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
3.
Resilience test
Research Hypotheses
1.
All students use both immature and mature defense mechanisms to moderate extent with a
slight shift to maturity.
2.
The level of Narcissism has negative correlation with frequency of Defense Mechanisms
use.
3.
High level of Narcissism leads to higher rate of resilience.
4.
The higher level of resilience leads to the higher level of academic achievement.
5.
Development of mature defense mechanisms leads to higher levelof resilience.
Method
We used 3 research tools to support our research hypotheses. The first test we used was
Defense Mechanism (DM) questionnaire which consists 80 agree/disagree statements. The aim of
the test is to find an average mean Defense Mechanism Use (DMU). Maximum mean equals 100.
We refer to higher use of DMs from 50 to 100 and lower from 0-49. Accorsing to the test there are
8 DMs, divided into:
4 Immature (ImDM): Denial (Dnl), Regression (Rg), Projection (Proj), Reaction
Formation (ReF);
4 Mature (MDM): Repression (Repr), Displacement (Dsp), Intellectualization (Int),
Compensation (Com).
Resilience (Rsl) test measures low 0-49, moderate 50-69, high 70-100. It is 20 item test where
participants offered to choose 1 true for them answer on the scale from “never” to “always”.
The third test we applied was Narcissism (Nr) test. It is considered low 0-11, moderate 12-19.
High 20+. It is 7 item scale: Authority, Self-Sufficiency, Superiority, Exhibitionism,
Exploitativeness, Vanity, Entitlement. Test is represented as a table of 2 columns A and B and
consists of 40 statements.
Theoretical Finding
Defense mechanism is Psychological device to maintain mental health of an individual [1].
Defense Mechanisms in psychology refer to habitual ways of dealing with negative emotions, fear
and frustration. Their main function is to distort, manipulate or even completely deny the reality
in order to reduce your anxiety.
G.F. Vaillant categorized defenses into 4 levels as mentioned bellow:
Level 1: Psychoticdefenses i.e. psychotic denial, delusional projection etc.
Level 2: Immature defenses i.e. fantasy, projection, passive aggression, acting out etc.
Level 3: Neurotic defenses i.e. intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation,
displacement and repression etc.
Level 4: Mature defenses i.e. humor, sublimation, suppression, altruism etc [2].
Dr.John Grohol categorized defenses into 3groups:
Primitive or Immature Defense Mechanisms: denial, regression, actiong out, dissociation,
projection etc.
Less primitive-More Mature: repression, displacement, intellectualization etc.
Mature Defense Mechanisms: sublimation, compensation etc [3].
Evans and Seaman carried out study concerning defense mechanisms. Adolescents were
divided into 2 groups “mature nd immature” defense users. The mature group showed greater
ability to differentiate among various domains of their self-concept (e.g. romantic relationship,
frienship, physical appearance) suggesting a higher developmental level in the adolescent who
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used more mature defense. The immature groups showed less differentiation among the various
domains of the self-concept, suggested a kind of developmental delay [4].
According to reserch by G.Vaillant, people who use these “mature” Defense Mechanisms
more often than others tend to experience better family relationships and work lives. It is
impossible to rid of all Defense Mechanisms, but al least we can grow from understanding what
they can,or can not, do for us[5]. Though we cannot rid of our defenses, we can change them i.e.
educate and train them in our selves.
There is also evidence that the use of defense mechanisms changes over the course of normal
development. Cramer has proposed a theory of defense mechanism development based on two
general assumptions. The first is that different defense mechanisms will predominate at different
points in development. The second assumption is that each defense mechanism has its own
developmental history-namely, that the precursors of each defense are present in the earliest
periods of development and that each defense has its own time of emerging predominance [6].
Correlation between Defense Mechanism and Resilience.
Resilience in psychology is defined as an individual’s ability to properly adapt to stress and
adversity. Stress and adversity can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health
problems, or workplace and financial stressors, among others. Those with resilience adapt to
stressful events in healthy and flexible ways [7]. Resilient people are clearly among those we
should regard as mentally healthy. When life gives them lemons, they make lemonade.
Resilience can be viewed as a defence mechanism, which enables people to thrive in the face of
adversity and improving resilience may be an important target for treatment and prophylaxis [8].
While resilience is a defense mechanism, it is more conscious and more malleable than other
defense mechanisms and can thus be shaped and reworked to bring us happiness [9].
Let’s take an example, Renaud is a student. He has foreign roots and comes from dysfunctional
family. He spent his childhood going from one foster to the next. Despite this difficult childhood,
he managed to gow up in an acceptable manner. He works evenings and weekends to cover his
expenses and studies. Despite his workload, he manages to obtain good grades. Renaud, in spite
of his difficult origins, now aspires to succeed in life. We see that resilience allowed him to adapt
to his situation.
Boris Cyrulnik described this concept, illustrating that regardless of a child’s experiences, if he
manages to use the affective resources at his disposal during the first few months of his life, he
can then take advantage of the possibilities encountered thereafter, even if they are limited, and
develop defense mechanisms that favour his adaptation to a hard life [9].
Correlation between Defense Mechanism and Narcissism.
One of the features of neurotic defense styles is narcissism; a factor which researchers always consider
related to ineffective and unethical behaviors of individuals.
Narcissism is a wide range of personality
traits includingexaggerated sense of self-admiration, tendency toward praising themselves.
Although narcissistshave an exaggerated image of themselves, they have a very vulnerable self-
concept and most of thetime they are not familiar with themselves.
Perry and Perry (2004) also stated a directcorrelation between the narcissism personality disorder with
immature and neurotic defensemechanisms [12].
Cramer (1995) in
his study of identity development in late adolescence identify that students
who
were in the process of experiencing identity crisis showed greater use of defense mechanismsand
lower narcissism, while those who were without crisis (Foreclosed and Achieved) showed greater
narcissism and lower defenses[11].
Results also showed that a negative and significant correlation exists between the mature defense
mechanisms and narcissism. In other words, the higher the immature and neurotic defense mechanisms
the higher the narcissism will be and the higher the mature defense mechanism the less [10].
People at higher levels of narcissism exaggerate in using neurotic defense mechanisms, and they have
more limited social relationships, and also more shame and frustration.It is recommended to provide
training programs at the universities in order to help individuals to use mature defense mechanisms.
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Defense
Mechanism
Characteristics
Example
1.
Denial
The refusal to a accept
reality
or
fact,
preventing
ourselves
from pain.
Student denies to believe that he fail the
course by asking everybody again and
again.
2.
Regression
Returning to a previous
developmental
stage
when stressed. Childish
way of dealing with
challenges.
When student while anxious keeps on
barking orders at his mother and imposes
all sorts of childish demands on her.
Bedwetting, overeating crying.
3.
Projection
Transferring
the
responsibility
to
another person.
When student fears disappointing parents and
concealing his laziness says: “It’s the
teacher’s fault. He can’t explain anything and
nobody understands what he says. He doesn’t
give us enough time to study or to complete
our assignments. It’s impossible to cover all
that material at such short notice”
4.
Reaction
Formation
Expressing the opposite
of the feeling that cause
tension or quilt.
A teacher who is very angry with her
student and would like to fail her/him may
instead be overly kind and generous toward
her/him and pretend that he/she is her
favorite student.
5.
Repression
Forgetting one’s lack of
moral courage.
When student faces troubles and challenges
in his study, he postpones it for later or just
stops thinking about it.
6.
Displacement
Transferring negative
emotion
to
a less
threatening target.
Student who is frustrated by his/her teacher
at university may go home and kick the dog
or have an argue with parents or sibling.
7.
Intellectualization Avoiding
painful
feelings by focusing on
ideas.
A student who has just been failed might
focus on learning about the credits and
retake course in order to avoid distress and
remain the distant from the reality of the
situation.
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8.
Compensation
Perceiving weaknesses
by
emphasizing
strength in other areas.
When a student says, “I may not good in
theoretical part, but I can sure do the
practics!”
Results and Findings
There are 4 stages in our research. The aim of the first stage is:
a)
To measure amount of DMs and identify the proportion of maturity and immaturity of
DMs.
b)
To measure level of Rsl for both groups and find out the mean for each.
c)
To measure level of Nr for both groups and find out the mean for each.
Table 1. Correlation of DMs with Nr, Rsl and Academic Achievement.
According to Table 1 the mean of DM for both groups rates 32,8 out of 100 which is moderate
use. (MDM -32,5 and ImDM-33)
Nr mean scores moderate level with 17,5 (12-19 is moderate).
Both DM and Nr rates are correlated with moderateRslgained result , which is 64,5 out of 100.
In the second stage, we reviewed and measured all above listed aims separately for 2 groups
(Senior Philology Group (S.Phil) and Junior Economic (J.Eco) Group):
a)
Mean of DM for S.Phil is 33,8 which is greater than mean of DM for J.Eco which equals
31,7. Correspondingly, mean of MDM and mean of ImDM for S.Phil is greater too.
b)
Nr mean for S.Phil scores 16,2 and 18,7 for J.Eco which are moderate level. But we see
that J.Eco is superior.
c)
Rsl mean for S.Phil equals 60,9 while Rsl mean for J.Eco scores 68,1 which is obvious
much higher. Although both results are moderate level.
As we can mention, our hypotheses are confirmed. S.Phil has the higher level of DMU,
and for this reason they have the lower Level of Rsl and Nr. And vice versa, J.Eco has the
lower level of DMU, the higher level of Rsl and Nr.
Defense Mechanisms
Narcissism
Resilience
Academic
Achievement
Immature D.M.
Mature D.M.
Both Groups
32,8
17,5
64,5
3,0
33
32,5
Senior Philologist
Group
33,8
16,2
60,9
2,8
33,9
33,6
Junior
Economists
Group
31,7
18,7
68,1
3,2
32
31,4
Narcissism
Authority
Self - Suff.
Superiority
Exhib -
nism.
Exploy. - ness
Vanity
Entitlement
J. Eco Group
4,8
3,2
2,6
2,6
1,8
1,3
2,5
S. Phil Group
3,3
2,5
1,6
2,9
1,9
1,4
2,5
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Table 2. Scales of Nr and DMs.
The aim of the third stage is to define the most commonly used DMs and scales of Nr.
According to Table 2, Denial and Intellectualization DM are the most popular among students of
both groups (38,6 and 44,4 for J.Eco and 38,8 and 38,8 for S.Phil). As for the least used DM :
J.Eco does not prefer Displacement (only 15 points) and S.Phil avoids using Reaction formation
( with 20,9).
Narcissism has 7 item scale. We discovered the same quality : Authority and Superiority have the
most impact on Nr growth in both groups. However , Eco group rate considerably higher than Phil
teachers (4.8 and 3.3 accordingly) . As authority refers to a person's leadership skills and power ,
this findings seem really good for future managers and teachers. As well as Superiority (2.6 and
1.6 accordingly) which
refers to whether a person feels they are more superior than those around
them.
The least popular scale among sampled students is Vanity (only 1,4 for S.Phil and 1,3 for J.Eco)..
Vanity refers to a person's vanity, or their belief in one's own superior abilities and attractiveness
compared to others.
The most interesting thing is that students of 2 absolutely different faculties are influenced by the
same Nr scales. This fact can be explained by our natural heritage and influence of post-soviet
space i.e. authoritarian society.
The purpose of the fourth stage was to measure GPA mean of the serveyed participants
and determine whether frequency of DM , gained Nr level , and Rsl scores have any impact on
academic achievement. According to Table 1, GPA mean for both students groups make up 3.0 ,
which is slightly higher than average. Results from separate groups support our hypotheses,
which maintain that higher level of Nr lead to higher Rsl rate , which then bring students to
higher level of academic achievement. All 3 scores depend on DM total use. Our findings
support the research results from Boris Cyrulnik who maintain that while resilience is a defense
mechanism, it is more conscious and more malleable than other defense mechanisms and can
thus be shaped and reworked to bring us happiness.
Conclusions
1.Both economists and philologists demonstrate similar quality and quantity Defense
Mechanisms use. The frequency is moderate and a slight preference is given to mature
mechanisms.
2.Frequency of DM use influences the development of Narcissism , they show negative
correlation.
3. Narcissism level and Resilience rate reveal positive correlation.
4.Higher level of academic achievement depends on higher level of Narcissism and higher rate
of Resilience.
5.Culture and age have a great influence on the preference of our types of DM and Narcissism.
Novelty
The novelty of this research lies in its finding out comlex relationship and correlation between
DMs use in our environment with students’ achievement level. The study stresses the need for
fostering regulation of DMs use,Rsl and Nr levels in students in order to help them achieve success
in academic life and career.
Implications
Defense Mechanisms
Rg
Dnl
ReF
Proj
Dsp
Repr
Int
Com
J. Eco Group
32,2
38,6
21,4
35,8
15
28,9
44,4
37,2
S. Phil Group
37,4
38,8
20,9
38,5
24,7
33,5
38,8
37,4
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1.Recognition of maturity or immaturity of our DMs. First of all as present students of Two
Foreign Languages (TFL) faculty, we should know about existence, properties and application of
DMs. We should be given a special seminar or course like “Self-Knowledge” in which testing
would be given to make students know more about general information and DMs they use.
2.Application of DMs future teachers. DMs in general are good for us because they protect our
ego and self-esteem. But as adults we should use more mature DMs(Rpr, Dsp, Int, Com) than
immature (Rg, Proj, Dnl, ReF). Immature DMs are more primitive, and for this reason they turn
an adult into a child i.e. adult acts and deals with challenges in a childish way. And now imagine
such kind of person teaches your child. As the result, the teacher will transfer his DMs and habits
to your child. Child won’t grow socially, mentally, emotionally. And this situation is related not
only to teachers but to parents too. We can not rid of our DMs at all, but we can train and upbring
them in ourselves.
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