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УДК 37
ENHANCING TEACHER AND LEARNER PRODUCTIVITY VIA THREE BIG
MOTIVES
Orynbasarova Farida and Kulchimanova Ulzhan
Suleyman Demirel University
Abstract. Education has been undergoing rapid change in the last several years. Credit
system of education,established in Kazakhstan in 2002, strengthens the role of individual
742
differences of students and focuses on effective methodology accordingly. The purpose of credit
education system
implementation is to increase students’ professional preparation level, develop their individual
creative abilities and providing better opportunity for students. So in this respect, we make a
research on students, particularly future teachers. Our aim is to examine three big motives: need
for
achievement, need for power and need for affiliation, their correlation and its impact on students
teaching and learning. Achievement motivation is defined as a concern for standards of excellence
and doing well on tasks, power motivation involves a heightened concern about having impact or
influence over other people, the affiliation– intimacy motive is a concern for establishing,
maintaining, and repairing friendly relationships as well as experiencing warm and close
interactions with others. Every person holds an aspiration for achievement, power or affiliation.
Interestingly, each person has a tendency to be motivated by one of these needs more so than by
the other two. Consequently, a student's behavior and performance at work is strongly influenced
by the most meaningful of the three needs. So we decided to measure three big motives in teacher
candidates, because it plays a significant role in their professional growth . We believe that
educators should show high scores in three big motives. This kind of research has not been done
in relation with teacher candidates.
Research aims and participants
The primarily focus of this study is to explore the students, especially future teachers with
all three big motives: need for achievement, need for power, need for affiliation(intimacy), then to
determine which of the three motivators is dominant for each person., in addition we use GPA
scores of students, because high GPA score is correlated with high need for achievement. We
expect higher results from all three motives. Finally, correlate the results with our strategies for
teachers for students with different level of needs. To investigate this issue practically in
Kazakhstani educational environment, we surveyed 50 students of 1 and 2 year study, two foreign
languages and math departments of Suleyman Demirel University.
Reserch tools
1 Motives.Motives Questionnaire. (David McClelland)
2.Motivational needs questionnaire.(Junker, K)
Research questions
1. Which needs are predominant in future teachers: need for achievement, need for power, need
for
intimacy (affiliation)?
2. Is there direct correlation between achievement need and GPA score?
3. Is there direct correlation between power need and students' s desire to be a leader?
4. Is there direct correlation between intimacy need and desire to keep friendly relationships with
all
people around?
5. Should teachers take into account individual differences in students' needs for achievement,
power, intimacy (affiliation)?2
6.Which strategies should teachers use to meet students' needs for achievement, power, intimacy
(affiliation)?
Theoritical findinds
McClelland achievement and acquired needs theory. 'The Achieving Society' (1961), David
McClelland reflects on his acquired-needs theory. He proposed that an individual's specific needs
are acquired over time and are shaped by one's life experiences. He described three types of
motivational needs. A person's motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced
by these three needs.[1] The n-ach person is 'achievement motivated' and therefore seeks
achievement, attainment of realistic but challenging goals, and advancement in the job. According
to definitions, achievement motivation is a subjective, internal, and psychological drive, enabling
743
individuals to pursue work they perceive to be valuable and eventually achieve their goals. There
is a strong need for feedback as to achievement and progress, and a need for a sense of
accomplishment. People with a high need for achievement seek to excel and thus tend to avoid
both low-risk and high-risk situations.Achievers avoid low-risk situations because the easily
attained success is not a genuine achievement.In high-risk projects, achievers see the outcome as
one of chance rather than one's own effort. High n-ach individuals prefer work that has a moderate
probability of success, ideally a 50% chance. They prefer either to work alone or with other high
achievers a concernwith“doing things better, with surpassing standards of excellence” [1].
Decades of research have shown n Achievement to be related to moderate risk taking,
responsiveness to feedback, future-time-orientation, personal responsibility for performance
outcomes, and participation in entrepreneurial activity [2]. People high in need for achievement
get satisfaction from unique accomplishments, strive for successful attainment of standards of
excellence, but feel disappointed with failure or lack of excellence [3]. This conclusions are
supported by Winter in his the presence of achievement motivation includes adjectives that
evaluate positive performance, goals or performances that are described as successes, success in
competition with others,unique accomplishments,and negative affect expressed in the face of
failure [4]. As McClelland defined, the n-pow person is 'authority
motivated'. This driver produces a need to be influential, effective and to make an impact. There
is a strong need to lead and for their ideas to prevail. There is also motivation and need towards
increasing personal status and prestige. A person's need for power can be one of two types -
personal and institutional. Those who need personal power want to direct others, and this need
often is perceived as undesirable. Persons who need institutional power (also known as social
power) want to organize the efforts of others to further the goals of the organization. It involves a
heightened concern about having impact or influence over other people. Key written images that
denote power motivation include strong vigorous actions that necessarily impact others, behaviors
that arouse strongemotionsinanotherperson,attempts to influenceothers,mentions of prestigeor
fame,control or regulation of other people, and giving help that is not explicitly solicited. People
with power motivation perform powerful actions; control, influence, or persuade people; impress
people inside or outside the company; generate strong positive or negative emotions in others;
maintain their reputations, positions or strength. The same
findings were revealed by Winter (1973) who stated that power motivated people derive pleasure
from having emotional or behavioral impact on others, and experience impact from others as
aversive.[5]
According to McClelland n-affil - affiliation motivation. The n-affil person is 'affiliation
motivated', and has a need for friendly relationships and is motivated towards interaction with
other people. They need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by
other people. The affiliation driver produces motivation and need to be liked and held in popular
regard. These people are team players. They tend to conform to the norms of their work group.
High n-affil individuals prefer work that provides significant personal interaction. Also it is a
concern for establishing, maintaining, and repairing friendly relationships as well as experiencing
warm and close interactions with others. Key imagery includes companionate activities; nurturant
acts; expressions of warm, positive, friendly feelings toward other people; and negative affect
about the disruption of friendly relationships. According to Schulte people high in need for
affiliation take pleasure in establishing, maintaining, or restoring a positive affective or intimate
relation with another person or a group of people, and evaluate separation or disruption of friendly
relationships as unpleasant. [6]
"The big three" implicit motives - achievement, power, and intimacy/affiliation - have
been the subjects of highly successful research programs for over four decades, and considerable
evidence for construct validity of each of these three personality dimensions has accumulated.[7]
For example, high TAT achievement motivation is correlated with high aspirations but moderate
risk taking, selfcontrol, delay of gratification, upward social mobility, higher education attainment,
entrepreneurial innovation, and success in business. High power motivation is correlated with
744
holding elected offices, being forceful and influential in small groups, effective organizational
leadership, taking large risks to gain visibility, and getting into arguments. Inhibited power
motivation may be a risk factor for illness. Intimacy motivation has been associated with time
spent thinking about relationships, number of friendly conversations in daily life, and a wide range
of other behaviors indicative of warm and caring interaction with others. Research also suggests
that high TAT intimacy motivation predicts various indices of mental health and well-being.
Method
In our research we used 2 psychological tools to measure students’ needs for achievement,
power, and intimacy. One of these is David McClelland Motives Questionnaire which shows the
motive’s percentage rating of participants. This test can help to identify the dominant need of
people. Test has 30 items with 10 questions for each motive. According to the test the score
between 0-2 displays low need , while 3-8 average, finally 8-10 reveals high need for achievement,
power, intimacy. The second test we decided to apply in our study is Motivational Needs
Questionnaire, Junker, K., (2001) 11-item test in which the participant should choose the statement
in each set that best describes him. The test examines the preference among 3 needs : achievement,
power, intimacy. Each statement presents 3 alternatives and is directed to identify the priority
motive. We also offered each participant to self- assess their leadership potential and affiliation
desire , latest GPA score in order to correlate this with received data from the tests .
Results and findings
There were 4 stages in our research. The aim of the 1 stage was to calculate the overall
score from David McClelland Motives test. According to illustration 1 the participants results
demonstrate higher than average ratings in nAch and nInt needs with 7.4 and 6.8 accordingly. As
for nPow, it reveals just average score of 5.6 out of 10. Therefore the research results indicate that
such needs as achievement, affiliation and power are valued among teachers. Learners with high
nAch work hard to meet their goals and tend to take on tasks that are moderately difficult to
accomplish. Learners with high nInt have assignments which offer personal interactions, team
work and more communication and people- oriented.
illustration 1 nAch, nPow, nInt overall score
2 stage: The purpose of the second stage was to divide math and philology students-
teachers in order to compare their achievement, power, intimacy needs. The obtained results mean
almost the same, with a slight preference of achievement. Math teachers display 8 out of 10 nAch-
high score, whereas philology teachers rate lower in their need with 6.9 nAch .Interestingly, both
groups show equal average preference to power influence with 5.6. As regards nInt, math and
philology student- teacher participants are equally motivated showing higher than average ratings:
though math students rate slightly higher. It can be explained by cultural influence since
Kazakhstan is one of the collectivistic countries .Collectivistic Society according to Hofstede can
be described as follows: relationship prevails over task, people are born into extend families or
clans which protect them in exchange for loyalty. This assumption is based on scientific research
and is supported by other scientists. For example, McClelland’s theory states that we all have one
ACH
7,372549
POW
5,627451
INT
6,745098
0
5
10
David McClelland Motives test1
745
dominant motivator that moves us forward, and this motivator is based on our culture and life
experience.
illustration 2 Math and philology students’ ratings in nAch, nPow, nInt
3 stage : The purpose of the third stage was to identify priority needs according to Junkers(2001)
test .The whole sample in the previous test demonstrated struggle between 3 needs, especially
achievement and intimacy .In the 3stage we decided to resolve this dilemma. Although David
McClelland Motives test shows high nAch result, in priority Junkers(2001) test nInt turns out to
be the highest. This means that when they have to make choice among 3 needs they prefer more
nInt rather than nAch and nPow. The difference between nAch and nInt is not large though.
Illustration 3 Priority needs overall score
However, having observed the data of two groups separately , philology students- teachers
are found to be more committed to nAch. Compared to math student teachers who chose nInt first.
nPow remains the least preferred by both group.
i
Illustration 4 Math and philology students’ priority needs score in nAch, nPow, nInt
4 stage: The aim of the fourth stage was to correlate the obtained data with students’ latest GPA
score, self- assessment of leadership potential. On average , the results from the first 2 tests
correlate with nAch which make up 2.7 moderate score for both groups (philology students 2.8,
math students 2.7), self- assessment decisions of the participants. Overall, our students are
moderately motivated to become leaders by 72%. And their affiliation desire rates much higher by
85%- high than average score. We can conclude , that result of our research are valid enough.
8
6,9333
5,6666
5,6
7,0476 6,5333
0
AchN PowN IntN
Mathematics and philologists result test 1
Mathematics
Philologists
ACH
3,843137
POW
2,941176
INT
4,196078
0
5
Junker, K., (2001) test 2
3,1428
4,3333
3,4285 2,6
4,4285 4,0333
0
AchN PowN
…
Mathematics and philologists result test 2
Mathematics
Philologists
746
Implications
To implement this research results with teaching practice we have designed strategies for teachers.
The purpose of this program is to show teachers different methods of working with students with
high and low level of needs. The knowledge of these methods may help to improve teacher-student
relations, to facilitate study satisfaction, promote achievement and raise future leaders among
teacher candidates.
The strategy of program for teachers
Students
with
need
(for
achievement,
power, intimacy)
Teacher's strategies
High need for
Achievement
Should work to provide them with challenging projects filled with
attainable goals
Ask her/him to work independently on projects that allow for her to
use her knowledge and skills in a way that challenges her/him
Provide her/him with a clear path for how she can successfully
accomplish her/his task
Give achievers a fair and balanced appraisal.
Low need for
Achievement
The teacher is the only factor that can improve student achievement.
Strong focus on ensuring academic success for each student;
Refusal to accept excuses for poor performance;
Willingness to experiment with a variety of strategies;
Intensive and sustained efforts to involve parents and the
community;
An environment of mutual respect and collaboration;
Passion for continuous improvement and professional growth
High need for
Power
Should provide them with an opportunity to manage others
They must pay special attention to the type of power-seeker
a)personal power is a strong desire to control others ; b)institutional
or social power is the use of their power to help mobilize efforts
aimed at organizational goals
Keep them motivated by helping them further their career goals
When providing feedback, be direct with these team members
Low need for
Power
Involve Students in the Process of Evaluation and Self-Evaluation
Teach to Use Freedom Phrases
Stretch, Risk, Challenge
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