part of the prototype retained. These are few and definitely colloquial: e. g. flu - influenza, frig
ox fridge – refrigerator. It is worthy of note that what is retained is the stressed syllable of
the prototype.
3. Curtailed words with the middle part of the word left out are equally few. They may
be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the
functional morpheme: math- mathematics, specs - spectacles; (b) contractions due to a
gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus fancy - fantasy,
ma'am - madam may be regarded as accelerated forms.
It is also possible to approach shortened words on the basis of the structure
characterizing the prototype. Then the two mutually exclusive groups are cases correlated
with words and those correlated with phrases. The length of the word giving rise to a
shortening might result from its being a derivative, a compound or a borrowing. The
observation of language material, however, can furnish hardly any examples of the second
type (compounds), all the word prototypes being derivatives, either native or borrowed, as is
shown by all the examples quoted in the above paragraphs.
The group we have opposed to the curtailed forms of words is based on clipped phrases,
chiefly set expressions. These differ severable from word clippings as they result from a
combined effect of curtailment, ellipsis and substantiation.
Various other processes are often interwoven with ellipsis. For instance: finals for final
examinations are a case of ellipsis combined with substantiation of the first element, whereas
prelims for preliminary examinations results from ellipsis, substantivation and clipping. Other
examples of the same complex type are perm - permanent wave, pop - popular music, prom -
promenade concert, i. e. a concert at which at least part of the audience is not seated and can
walk about, pub - public house - an inn or tavern, taxi - taxi-cab, itself formed from taximeter-
cab. Inside this group a subgroup with prefixed derivatives as first elements of prototype
phrases can do distinguished, e. g. co-ed “a girl student at a co-educational institution”, co-
op “co-operative store or society”, non-com “a noncommissioned officer”, prefab “a
prefabricated house or structure”; to prefabricate means “to manufacture component parts
of buildings prior to their assembly on a site”.
It has already been mentioned that curtailed words from compounds are few; cases of
curtailment combined with composition set off against phrasal prototypes are slightly more
numerous, e. g. ad-lib v “to speak without notes or preparation” from the Latin phrase add
labium meaning “at pleasure”; sub chaser n from submarine chaser. A curious derivational
compound with a clipping for one of its stems is the word teen-ager “a person between 13 and
19”, i. e. “a person in his or her teens”. The jocular and ironical name Lib-Labs (Liberal and
Labor Party members) illustrates clipping, composition and ellipsis and imitation of
reduplication all in one word.
Among these formations there is a specific group that has attracted special attention of
several authors and was even given several different names: blends, bleu dings, fusions
128
airport an tea words. The last term is due to Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in
Wonderland" and "Through the Looking Glass". One of the most linguistically conscious
writers, he made a special technique of using blends coined by himself, such as chortle v -
chuckle + snort, missy adj - miserable -j- flimsy, galumph v - gallop -j- triumph, slither adj -
slimy - lithe. Humpty Dumpy explaining these words to Alice says: "You see it's like a
portmanteau - there are two meanings packed up into one word."
Depending upon the prototype phrases with which they can be correlated two types of
blends can be distinguished. One may be termed additive, the second restrictive. Both involve
the sliding together not only of sound but of meaning as well. Yet the semantic relations who
are at work are different. The first, i.e. additive type is transformable into a phrase consisting
of the respective complete stems combined by the conjunction and: e.g. smog - smoke and fog
'a mixture of smoke and fog. The element may be synonymous, belong to the same semantic
field or at least "be members of the same lexico-grammatical class of words: (smoke) + (fog)
- smog; cf. also a new coinage amaze smog + haze: A Weath er Bureau official described the
condition as a kind of smog-like haze. "Call it amaze," he said. Pakistan was made up of
elements taken from the names of the five western provinces: the initials of Panjab, Afghanis,
Kashmir, and Singh, and the final part of Baluchistan. Other examples are: brunch breakfast
and lunch; transceiver transmitter and receiver, Niffles - Niagara Falls.
Literature:
1.
Dubenets E.M. Modern English Lexicology (Course of Lectures) M., Moscow State Teacher Training
University Publishers, 2004.
2.
"What does "OK" stand for?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
3.
Crystal, David. Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
УДК 81’23
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ
Зубайраева А., Яковенко Л.К.
(ЮКГУ им. М.Ауэзова)
Президент Республики Казахстан Н.А. Назарбаев в своем Послании Народу
Казахстана «Стратегия «Казахстан-2050»: Новый политический курс состоявшегося
государства» отметил: «Ответственная языковая политика является одним из главных
консолидирующих факторов казахской нации. Казахский язык – это наш духовный
стержень… Всем очевидно, что владение русским языком – это историческое
преимущество нашей нации… Мы должны сделать рывок в изучении английского
языка… Трехъязычие должно поощряться на государственном уровне» [1].
Владение тремя языками подразумевает формирование полилингвальной
языковой личности. В связи с этим актуальным является вопрос о языковой личности и
направлениях ее исследования.
В русской лингвистике изучение языковой личности тесно связано с именем
Ю.Н. Караулова [2], который под языковой личностью понимает совокупность
способностей и характеристик человека, обусловливающих создание и восприятие им
129
речевых произведений (текстов), которые различаются а) степенью структурно-
языковой сложности, б) глубиной и точностью отражения действительности, в)
определенной целевой направленностью.
В науке формируются различные аспекты изучения языковой личности,
определяющих различные статусы ее существования: полилектная (многочеловеческая)
и идиолектная (частночеловеческая) личности (В.П. Нерознак), этносемантическая
личность (С.Г. Воркачев), элитарная языковая личность (О.Б. Сиротинина,
Т.В. Кочеткова), семиологическая личность (А.Г. Баранов), русская языковая личность
(Ю.Н. Караулов), языковая личность и речевая личность (Ю.Е. Прохоров,
Л.П. Клобукова), языковая личность западной и восточной культур (Т.Н. Снитко),
словарная языковая личность (В.И. Карасик), эмоциональная языковая личность
(В.И. Шаховский), диалектная языковая личность (О.Ю. Крючкова) и пр.
Ю.Н. Караулов представляет языковую личность в трех уровнях: 1) вербально-
семантическом, предполагающем для носителя нормальное владение естественным
языком, а для исследователя – традиционное описание формальных средств выражения
определенных значений; 2) когнитивном, единицами которого являются понятия, идеи,
концепты, складывающиеся у каждой языковой индивидуальности в более или менее
упорядоченную, более или менее систематизированную «картину мира», отражающую
иерархию ценностей; 3) прагматическом, заключающем цели, мотивы, интересы, уста-
новки и интенциональности. Этот уровень обеспечивает в анализе языковой личности
закономерный и обусловленный переход от оценок ее речевой деятельности к
осмыслению реальной деятельности в мире.
Для изучения языковой личности Ю.Н. Караулов предлагает использование
метода лингвистического анализа материала. Этот метод позволяет реконструировать
содержание мировоззрения личности. Причем для такого анализа вовсе не обязательно
располагать связными текстами, достаточен определенный набор речевых
произведений отрывочного характера (реплик в диалогах и различных ситуациях,
высказываний длиной в несколько предложений и т.п.), но собранных за достаточно
длительный промежуток времени.
Существующие в современной лингвистике подходы к построению типологии
языковой личности могут быть сведены к следующим направлениям: психологический
анализ языковой личности; социологический анализ языковой личности;
культурологический анализ языковой личности; собственно лингвистический анализ
языковой личности.
В многочисленных трактовках языковой личности, появившихся в 80-90 гг. XX в.,
различимы два магистральных направления: лингводидактика и лингвокультурология.
Лингводидактический и лингвокультурологический подходы различаются путями
описания языковой личности.
Лингводидактику отличает «крупный» масштаб при описании языковой личности
(в центре внимания находится индивид как совокупность речевых способностей). Для
лингвокультурологии, напротив, характерен «мелкий» масштаб при описании языковой
личности: предметом исследования становятся «национально-культурный прототип
носителя определенного языка…», собирательный культурно-исторический образ –
«Языковая личность существует в пространстве культуры, отраженной в языке, в
формах общественного сознания на разных уровнях (научном, бытовом и др.), в
поведенческих стереотипах и нормах, в предметах материальной культуры и т. д.
Определяющая роль в культуре принадлежит ценностям нации, которые являются
концептами смыслов». Таким образом, если в первом случае языковая личность
представляется совокупностью ипостасей, в которых индивид воплощается в языке, то
во втором – совокупность индивидов составляет образ языковой личности [3, с. 14].
130
В настоящее время возрастает интерес к языковой личности как к динамическому,
развивающемуся феномену. Исследование языковой личности в данном аспекте было
предложено Ю.Н. Карауловым, разработавшим понятие общерусского языкового типа.
Возможны два пути исследования языковой личности в развитии: с помощью
протяженного во времени ассоциативного эксперимента, а также с помощью
исследования текстов языковой личности разных исторических эпох. В первом случае
может использоваться метод наращивания ассоциативных цепей или метод
вербального ассоциативно-частотного ряда, восходящий к трудам А.Н. Леонтьева и
Р.М. Фрумкиной, обнаружившей иерархическую упорядоченность слов в
идеолексиконе в соответствии с частотой их встречаемости в речевом опыте человека.
Во втором случае изучение языковой личности неизбежно ограничивается
исследованием вербального ассоциативно-частотного ряда, зафиксированного в
письменных источниках.
В новейшей лингвистике проблема языковой личности все чаще рассматривается
в смежных науках в качестве объекта междисциплинарных исследований и в аспекте
формирования национального языка, в котором субъективное преобразуется в
объективное. «Языковая личность – вот та сквозная идея, которая, как показывает опыт
ее анализа и описания, пронизывает и все аспекты изучения языка и одновременно
разрушает границы между дисциплинами, изучающими язык, поскольку нельзя изучать
человека вне его языка» [4].
Занимаются исследованием языковой личности и казахстанские ученые, в работах
которых выявляются особенности тезауруса языковой личности (А.Б. Жуминова),
предпринимается
попытка
реконструкции
языковой
личности
писателя
(О.Ф. Кучеренко), исследуется коммуникативно-когнитивная деятельность вторичной
языковой
личности
(Г.Е.
Утебалиева);
формирование
и
актуализация
профессиональной языковой личности (А.Х. Азаматова), исторической языковой
личности (Н.И. Гайнуллина) и др. [5].
Основы изучения языковой личности в Казахстане заложены в трудах таких
исследователей, как Н.Ж. Шаймерденова, Х.Х. Махмудов, М.М. Копыленко,
Х.М. Сайкиева, В.М. Никитевич, Е.А.Седельниковой, В.Н. Поповой, А.К. Каиржанова,
З.К.
Сабитовой,
Л.Т.
Килевой,
З.К.
Темиргазиной,
В.И.
Жумагуловой,
А.К. Жумабековой, Д.Д. Шайбаковой и др.
Как один из ведущих филологов Казахстана, Н.Ж. Шаймерденова
профессионально комментирует основные задачи и направления языковой политики
государства, выдвинутые в Государственной программе развития и функционирования
языков на 2011–2020 гг.: государственный язык, считает она, – главный фактор
национального единства; популяризация широкого применения государственного
языка, развитая языковая культура – потенциал интеллектуальной нации. Важнейшей
задачей она считает развитие лингвистического капитала казахстанцев [6].
Г.П. Байгариной обозначены составляющие языковой личности. Языковая
личность – социальное явление, но в ней присутствует и индивидуальный аспект.
Каждая языковая личность формируется на основе присвоения конкретным человеком
языкового богатства, созданного предшественниками [7].
В работах Н.В. Дмитрюк проблема языковой личности рассматриваются во
взаимосвязи с особенностями существования и функционирования русской и казахской
языковой культуры на основании проведенных экспериментальных исследований [886].
К.С. Аменова обращает внимание на роль и личность современного учителя
русского языка и литературы. Любая личность, пишет она, проявляет себя и свою
субъективность не только через предметную деятельность, о и через общение, которое
немыслимо без языка и речи. Это мы можем наблюдать на уроках, когда создаем
131
разноуровневые ситуации для учащихся, в которых они могут проявить свои знания,
умения и навыки в применении полученных знаний на уроках русского языка
[9]
.
Языковая личность, отмечает Н.Ж. Шаймерденова, оказывает заметное влияние
на становление языковых традиций. Характеризуя проводимые в Казахстане
исследования, она пишет о том, что языковая личность вызывает особый интерес у
казахстанских русистов, поскольку расширяются границы данного феномена и
внимание уделяется национальной языковой личности. Молодые казахстанские
исследователи на материале поэтических и прозаических текстов анализируют разных
авторов, так, в кандидатской диссертации А.Б. Жуминовой «Тезаурус языковой
личности поэта О.Сулейменова» (специальность 10.02.01 – русский язык, Алматы,
2004) выявлены особенности тезауруса языковой личности поэта О. Сулейменова. В
кандидатской диссертации О.Ф.Кучеренко «Языковая личность Л.Н. Толстого (на
материале переписки)» (10.02.01 – русский язык, Алматы, 2004), эпистолярное
творчество Л.Н.Толстого описано в общем контексте писательского эпистолярия
середины XVIII – начала ХХ вв.; предпринята попытка реконструкции языковой
личность Л.Н.Толстого на когнитивном и прагматическом уровнях; установления
степени влияния этой языковой личности на эволюцию эпистолярного жанра ХХ века.
Кандидатская диссертация Г.С. Омарбаевой «Авторская речь как отражение языковой
личности писателя (на материале произведений Ю.Трифонова)» (10.02.01 – русский
язык, Алматы, 2001) посвящена теоретическому осмыслению и анализу авторской речи
Ю.Трифонова, являющейся отражением его языковой личности [10].
Возникновение новых независимых государств с конца ХХ в. по-разному
отразилось на количестве и качестве исследований по русскому языку в различных
государствах постсоветского пространства, полагает Н.Ж. Шаймерденова. Однако
интерес к русскому языку в Казахстане не ослабевал, а с появлением Интернета
появилась возможность более тесного сотрудничества с зарубежным русистами, поиска
отсутствующих в книжных фондах научных работ, что положительно отразилось на
качестве казахстанских работ и более жесткой экспертизе защищаемых работ (там же).
Человек не может развиваться или мыслить без языка. Язык – не просто внешнее
средство общения людей, но заложен в самой природе человека и необходим для
развития духовных сил и формирования мировоззрения.
Языковая личность – это сквозная идея, которая, как показывает опыт ее анализа
и описания, пронизывает и все аспекты изучения языка и одновременно разрушает
границы между дисциплинами, изучающими язык, поскольку нельзя изучать человека
вне его языка.
Литература:
1.
Послание Президента Республики Казахстан – Лидера нации Нурсултана Назарбаева народу
Казахстана «Стратегия «Казахстан-2050»: новый политический курс состоявшегося государства».
2.
Караулов Ю. Н. Русский язык и языковая личность. – М.: УрСС, 2002.
3.
Аникин Д.В. Исследование языковой личности составителя «Повести временных лет»: дисс. …
к.филол.н. – Барнаул, 2004. – 205 с.
4.
Михалевич О. В. Проблема изучения языковой личности в лингвистике: исторический аспект.
5.
Шаймерденова Н.Ж. Русистика в Казахстане // Русский язык в Казахстане: сборник научных статей.
Сост. Н.Ж. Шаймерденова, М.А. Бурибаева, С.Ф. Петрова. – Астана, 2007. – 309 с.; Сулейменова Э.
Д. Новые научные парадигмы в казахстанской науке о русском языке // Сб. мат-лов 2 междунар.
конгресса «Русский язык как язык межкультурного и делового сотрудничества в полилингвальном
контексте Евразии». – Астана: Сары-Арка. – С. 20.
6.
Русский язык в Казахстане: сборник научных статей / Сост. Н.Ж. Шаймерденова, М.А. Бурибаева,
С.Ф.Петрова. – Астана, 2007. – 309 с.
7.
Байгарина Г.П. Казахстанская социально-политическая картина мира в метаязыковом
комментировании // Особенности существования и функционирования русской языковой культуры
132
в России и в Казахстане // Проблемы межкультурной коммуникации в современном обществе:
международный сборник научных трудов (Казахстан – Венгрия) / Отв. ред. Е.А. Журавлева. –
Астана: Изд-во ТОО «КаzServicePrint LTD», 2014. – С. 10-15 с.
8.
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Режим
доступа:
http://inlang.linguanet.ru/Cis/
CisRussianLanguage/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2255&SHOWALL_1=1
ӘОЖ 811.512.122/.161.1῾23:811.111
DIFFICULTIES OF SHIFTING FROM KAZAKH/RUSSIAN TO SPOKEN ENGLISH
Idris Marzhan,
A.O. Iskakova – Supervisor
(L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University)
The learning and speaking foreign languages is demanded passion and time. There are
many people who have spent more than five and ten years studying and learning their target
languages. However, the stark fact is that only the half of people succeeds in their goals.
Moreover they have problems in shifting from their native language to spoken English or
other foreign languages. More and more people of the Kazakh and Russian-speaking learn
and use English in their everyday life, works, and study. Depending on the abilities of people
there can occur different problems. These problems are common to Kazakh and Russian
speaking people as well. The difficulties and problems are often met among people or learners
of the English. In our research work we have considered and analyzed the difficulties of
shifting and tried to find new ways to solve these problems related to shifting from
Kazakh/Russian to spoken English language.
Spoken language has two meanings. In one sense, it is any example of language
produced using some of the articulatory organs, e.g. the mouth, vocal folds or lungs, or
intended for production by these organs. In another way, it may refer to the entire act of
communicating verbally - what people mean or intend, the words they use, their accent, and
intonation and so on; anything, in fact, that might be found in speech rather than other forms
of expression. Generally, spoken or oral language is language produced in its spontaneous
form, as opposed to written language. The main features of a spoken language are:
- This is made on the spot – speakers are not prepared for their speech, so it is
spontaneous process;
- It is mostly used for communication – we use spoken language when we communicate
with other people and have conversation; a systematic means of communicating by the use of
sounds or conventional symbols;
- Tends to be informal – spoken language is common language used between colleagues
and friends;
- It is picked up visually and audio-logically;
- Contractions are used - it refers to the use of slang or colloquialisms in
communication;
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- Dynamic and immediate – spoken language are live and spontaneous;
- Body language and tone of voice indicated things – the advantage from written
language is that people can use non-verbal means of communication
- Came before written history.
Some Features of Spoken Discourse in daily life:
• Composed of idea units (combined short phrases and clauses)
• May be planned (e.g., a lecture) or unplanned (e.g., a conversation)
• Employs more vague (rather unclear) or generic (simple) words than written language.
• Employs fixed phrases, fillers, and hesitation markers;
• Contains slips and errors reflecting online processing;
• Involves reciprocity (i.e., interactions are jointly constructed);
• Shows variation (e.g., between formal and casual speech), reflecting speaker roles,
speaking purpose, and the context. (Luoma, 2004)
According to Luoma the ability to speak in a foreign language is at the very heart of
what it means to be able to use a foreign language. Our personality, our self image, our
knowledge of the world and our ability to reason and express our thoughts are all reflected in
our spoken performance in a foreign language. [1]
Moreover, Luoma points out that speaking is done in real-time, learners’ abilities to
plan, process and produce the foreign language are taxed greatly. For that reason, the structure
of speech is quite different from that of the written language, where users have time to plan,
edit and correct what they produce.
English, Kazakh and Russian are very different in many important aspects. In particular
the grammar systems show significant variations. English has a fairly fixed word order.
Meaning is expressed through the addition of words (for example auxiliaries) and movement
of words within limited boundaries. Russian, on the other hand, conveys meaning largely
through changes in the composition of words (e.g., by inflections or the addition of prefixes
and suffixes). Its word order is very fluid. Because of these differences Kazakh people and
Russians often find speaking English a serious challenge. [2]
Considering all aspects of speaking process it is stated that there are many problems and
difficulties of shifting from Kazakh and Russian to spoken English. Generally, it is assumed
that difficulties of speaking process can be classified into groups like linguistic, cognitive, and
psychological.
Linguistic difficulties are based on general differences of languages: - grammar
structure, variety of special phrases for spoken language – set expressions, lexical, semantic,
grammatical, stylistic properties of each language. Deeply rotted in the behaviorist and
structuralistic approaches, contrastive analysis hypothesis claimed that the principal barrier to
second learning acquisition is the interference of the first language system with the second
language system. According to Lado in 1957 (in Brown, 2007), the patterns that caused
difficulty could be predicted and described.
The grater the differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of
interference are likely to be. The effect of the mother tongue on the acquisition of the foreign
language is decidedly significant and has been the focus on of the researchers for many
decades. One of the aspects of the influence of L1 is known as language transfer or
interference. While learning a foreign language, in many cases students employ their first or
second language (L2) to try to communicate in the foreign one. As a result, this kind of
approach encourages learners to follow the grammatical and lexical patterns of their mother
tongue (L1) in the foreign language. A. Zh. Argynbayev noticed a common tendency among
Kazakh students to use L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) lexis while
communicating in English either orally or in written form. According to him students were
unaware of the fact that they were using the direct translation technique and false cognates in
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their speech and, therefore could not properly convey the message they had in their mind. [3,
201] During the research he considered the most frequent false cognates in students’ speech.
It is common knowledge that when a student is learning a foreign language, he uses the first
language as an effective instrument to make this procedure easier and faster. The result of the
research conducted by A. Zh. Argynbayev showed that students can easily be misled by false
cognates and make mistakes that can cause misunderstanding. According to him students
translated the word “интелегентный” as “intelligent, though intelligent people are not
necessarily cultured. It is assumed and verified that the ratio between mistakes in false
cognates and proficiency in the Russian language is direct. The better participants speak
Russian, the more mistakes they are prone to commit.
A different view towards language transfer is suggested by L. Newmark who points out
that “interference is not the first language getting in the way” of second language skills.
Rather, it is the result of the performer falling back on old knowledge when he or she has not
yet acquired enough of the second language. [4, 77]
The main problem is that people attempt to formulate linguistic rules with the
information they have: from the native language (Kazakh/Russian); from the second language
(Russian); from teachers and classmates. Psychological analysis of literature V.A Artemov,
Belyaev B.V, Eluhina N.V., Zhinkin N.I., Zymnyaa IA showed that the main cause of
difficulties in learning foreign languages (in our case – Russian, Kazakh and English
languages) is the difference in their language structures.
Clifford Practor (1967) captured the essence of the grammatical hierarchy (Stockwell,
Bowen, and Martin, 1965) in six categories of difficulty –it was applicable to both
grammatical and phonological features of language. [5] He used the examples from English
and Spanish. As for the features of Kazakh and Russian and English it is assumed that there is
a tremendous difference between these languages.
Hierarchy of difficulties:
• 6 categories of difficulty in ascending order. Applicable to both grammatical and
phonological features of language. “Zero”´= one-to-one correspondence and transfer “Fifth”
= the height of interference. Transfer:
• No difference or contrast is present between L1 and L2.
• Positive transfer of a sound, structure or lexical item from L1 to L2.
• Level 0. No difference or contrast is present between the two languages. The learner
can simply transfer a sound, structure, or lexical item from the native language to the target
language.
• Level 1 –coalescence two items in the native language become coalesced into
essentially one item in the target language. Example: English 3rd p. possessives require
gender distinction (his/her) and in Kazakh they do not (Оның, оған)
• Level 2 under differentiation – an item in the native language is absent in the target
language. The learner must avoid that item. Example: (the category of case (Kazakh-7 types,
in Russian -6 types)-while in English instead of the endings of declension the prepositions are
used.
• Level 3 Reinterpretation – an item that exists in the native language is given a new
shape or distribution. Example: new phonemes require new distribution of speech articulators
- (Kazakh –is equated to [ŋ], while it is absent in Russian etc.
• Level 4. Over differentiation – a new item entirely, bearing any similarity to the native
language item, must be learned. Example: Kazakh and Russian speakers must learn the use of
determiners in articles in the English language.
• Level 5. Split –one item in the native language becomes two or more in the target
language requiring the learner to make a new distinction. Kazakh and Russian speakers must
learn the distinction between (sun) and (son)
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Predictions of difficulty by means of contrastive procedures had many shortcomings.
The process could not account for all linguistic problems or situations not even with the 6
categories. Lastly, the predictions of difficulty level could not be verified with reliability.
According to the grammatical peculiarities the salient difference between these
languages is the absence of articles in Kazakh and Russian languages. The other problems
with grammar are that in Kazakh and Russian different grammatical aspects are transmitted at
the word level. [6, 15]
Cognitive – thinking in native or second language (Kazakh or Russian) – is the crucial
problem of translation of thoughts from Kazakh, Russian to English language.
Thesis about thinking in a foreign language implies full convergence and even the
identification of thinking and communication. To communicate means to think. The speech
and thinking are not separable processes from each other. [7, 75]
The speech in a foreign language should not be stereotyped and consisted of memorized
speech standards; moreover it always has to be characterized by novelty and originality in
both its content and in its lexical and grammatical form. [8, 13]
According to the book of the Belyaeva a special survey of persons who speak foreign
languages, showed that good knowledge of foreign languages are characterized as the ability
to think in a foreign language, and the lack of need for translation when communicating in
this language. The above explanation is provided data that speaking in a foreign language is a
means to think on it, without resorting to the means of their native language.
Psychological – the appearance of uncertainty, hesitation, fear that listener will
misunderstand you challenges new problems and difficulties and there appears psychological
barrier. There are, furthermore, several social and psychological reasons why many learners
may not even want to be mistaken for native speakers of a language: a characteristic accent
can be a part of a learner’s identity, they may not want to sound pretentious especially in front
of their peers, they may want recognition for their ability to have learned the language so
well despite their non-native status, and/or they may want a means to convey their non-native
status so that if they make any cultural or politeness mistakes, the listeners could give them
the benefits of the doubt because of their background.[9]
According to other sources people might feel difficulties of speaking with a certain
people even if they are able to express their thoughts fluently. The main problem in such
situations is the attitude of people to each other. If people speak and shift to spoken English
with someone with poor English, they struggle with themselves for words in order to put
things very simply so that other will understand them. Another situation is that people want to
impress somebody and want to sound more fluent. However, when they shift to spoken
English they may sound much worse than they actually speak. The reason is they don’t speak
like themselves; therefore they make all sorts of grammar and pronunciation mistakes. As the
scenario there can occur situation when the person keeps asking you to repeat what you’ve
just said. Such occasion can destroy confidence of people when speaking English because
they make wrong assumption that there is something wrong with their speaking. Then people
stress out by trying too hard to please the other person and they may start stuttering and forget
English words and so on.
Generally, people may also find it difficult to speak with other English speakers if they
notice anything negative in their attitude towards them. If people have being addressed in an
arrogant manner and others look down on them – it may be just enough to make people feel
that way. Next thing is clear–people start struggling when asking or answering questions and
their English confidence goes down the drain. [10]
According to the A. Zh. Argynbayev research we made a practical review of the
difficulties which are usually met in the shifting from Kazakh/Russian to the spoken English
languages. To respond and analyze these difficulties, 15 students of our university from
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different faculties were requested to translate ten sentences into English. The results of this
study revealed that in the shifting from one language to another the influence of the first
(native) or second languages significantly changes the meaning and cause misunderstanding.
In addition, the research showed that students used the Russian sentences more than Kazakhs
to shift to the English language. Therefore, we can consider the presence of interference of
Russian in shifting to the English language. During this research we made oral request to
check their speaking ability and found that only six of them were able to answer fluently and
accurately to our questions. We took simple sentences of usual spoken conversation.
However, as students were from other professions (not-Foreign language department)
generally, we can say that the result is satisfactory; moreover, students who study English by
themselves cope with this task easily than other students. During the oral request as we
predicted students had such kinds of difficulties like the lack of vocabulary, they were in
doubt and unconfident while answering and spent more time on reconsidering their thoughts.
Grammatically, students were confused in using prepositions and sometimes omitted
auxiliary verbs, which is met in spoken English. According to the results it is assumed that the
word order of some spoken languages sentences was not taken to account by our students.
Moreover, the use of direct translation led to the lexical mistakes in sentences. E.g. knowing
that inanimate nouns are not used with the verbs which have animated meaning, students
translated (“…в этом ей помогает спорт” – sport helps her -… Sport is one of the ways to do
so). Five students forgot to use articles in their sentences. Seven of them were unable to
express their thoughts spontaneously, and instead of to continuo their ideas they were focused
on translation and spent time on finding appropriate words.
Considering all results we can come to the conclusion that in shifting from
Kazakh/Russian to English languages they translate the notions in their minds and are not
focused in correct pronunciation.
We have considered the following recommendation for the learners of the English
language in order to overcome difficulties of shifting from Kazakh/Russian to the spoken
English language:
- To overcome uncertainty – be yourself; to try to think in the target language; try to be
aware of the translation of thought; to use English every day. This can stimulate our behavior
to always use English as habitual even daily conversation; not to be shy or unconfident while
communicating in the target language; train our pronunciation to be better; find some videos,
music, or authentic conversations in English; see or hear, then practice the sounds that we've
heard in the source; to learn more vocabulary words; to keep practicing listening. The more
we listen to English, the more our pronunciation will naturally get closer and closer to native
pronunciation; not to worry too much about grammar; to keep a positive attitude; to practice
speaking English as much as possible in low-pressure situations; to talk to ourselves, talk to
our teachers and our friends in English class. If we make a mistake, they can correct us;
practice at using L1 (mother tongue) strategies, which they don't automatically transfer; an
awareness of formal/informal language and practice at choosing appropriate language for
different situations. We have to become aware that informal spoken language is less complex
than written language. It uses shorter sentences, is less organized and uses more 'vague' or
non-specific language.
General conclusion about the difficulties of shifting from Kazakh/Russian to the spoken
English language is that these difficulties are common and the most pivotal in the learning
target language. The presence of interference and use of the translation in order to express
ideas were the most widespread difficulties. We noticed that the scholars have controversial
opinions about the thinking in the target language. Therefore we believe that the topicality of
this theme will grow, and the interest of researchers will be related to the new lingo-
methodological base of the teaching these languages together.
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