SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Skills
Working with Others
Thinking, Decision-Making, Problem-Solving
What is it?
This method helps pupils to examine all sides of a proposal. It can be used during the
preparation stages of action planning to develop possible future initiatives. It may also be a
useful tool for the evaluation of a group or event, in order to think about what has gone
before and to look for future implications.
Implications for classroom layout:
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This activity can be carried out in different ways. A paper carousel may be used to gather
information, in which case the facilitator may wish to think about ease of movement for
groups between desks. Alternatively, pupils can remain seated in groups and use the template
below to consider the issues.
How does it work?
1. The facilitator may need to discuss with pupils the meaning of SWOT and explain what
each term means, particularly the possible distinction between ‘strength’ and ‘opportunity’,
‘weakness’ and ‘threat’. ‘Opportunity’ and ‘threat’ should both concentrate on possible future
implications, whilst ‘strength’ and ‘weakness’ may both involve the generation of a list of
positives and negatives of the proposal as it stands, based on a consideration of what has gone
before.
2. Pupils are given the proposal to discuss or evaluate. Ideas are placed under the relevant
heading (S-W-O-T).
3. The facilitator may wish to concentrate on one heading at a time and get feedback before
moving on to the next heading. For example, pupils might be given time to consider
‘strengths’ before moving on to ‘opportunities’.
4. During feedback, the facilitator may wish to use questions such as: what is good?
What is bad? What might happen now? What might prevent future progress?
5. A debrief of group work might be beneficial.
6. Ideas arising from the activity might be explored further using the Five Questions
technique.
Strength Weakness
Threat Opportunity
TALKING HEADS
Skills
Thinking, Decision-Making, Problem-Solving
Working with Others
What is it?
Any pupil who is familiar with the novel ‘Lord of the Flies’ will know about the conch.
Whoever was holding the conch could talk uninterrupted without fear of being shouted down.
This activity, likewise, offers pupils the chance to give their thoughts, ideas and opinions on
an issue without being interrupted. It also focuses on the active listening skills of pupils. See
Stick Debate for a similar activity.
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Implications for classroom layout
The facilitator may wish to seat pupils in a circle or semi-circle. The room must therefore
have enough space to allow for this. Alternatively, pupils could still sit at their desks and the
facilitator could pass the conch to people who wish to speak.
How does it work?
1. A suitable object is identified as the talking tool. Ideas for a suitable object might include
objects with heads (hence the title) such as a cuddly toy (obviously depending on the age and
interests of the pupils!!) or a puppet. A hat which pupils can put on when it is their turn may
be an alternative.
2. Pupils hold discussions around a particular issue. The only person who is allowed to talk is
the person holding the talking tool.
3. It is advisable not to simply pass the object around one person at a time. Some pupils might
be thinking so much about what they are going to say when their turn comes that they do not
listen to what is being said by others. This activity will not work as effectively if pupils feel
nervous or even intimidated. The object could be placed in a central place and returned there
once people have finished speaking so that somebody else can pick it up.
4. Pupils should instead be encouraged to listen carefully to what is being said and then, if
they wish, to comment constructively and progressively, thus enhancing their active-listening
skills.
TWO STARS and a WISH
Skills
Working with Others
Thinking, Decision-Making
Self-Management
What is it?
This method can encourage constructive peer assessment amongst individuals or groups of
pupils. This peer-assessment technique will ultimately develop a pupil’s own ability to
evaluate and improve their own work. It allows pupils to see different approaches and
outcomes to a task and to modify future work as a result.
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Implications for classroom layout
Ideally, pupils should rotate in groups around different stations within a room.
Alternatively, pieces of work could be passed around pupils seated in groups.
How does it work?
1. Before commencing this activity, pupils could review their own work using the two stars
and a wish method (see point three below).
2. Once a piece of work has been completed, pupils can rotate in groups to view other
people’s work.
3. Pupils carry a set of yellow Post-It slips. For each piece of work they review, pupils write
down two things they like and express a wish which they think would enhance the work in
question.
4. Pupils then return to their own piece of work to read through and discuss what others have
indicated on their Post-it slips.
5. They then make a list of stars and wishes for their work and indicate in a short written
evaluation how they intend to enhance their work next time.
USING PHOTOGRAPHS
Skills
Working with Others
Thinking, Problem-Solving
What is it?
Photographs can be used to stimulate discussion. They can be used in conjunction with other
methodologies in this book such as Back to Back. A lot of the following methods will also
work with a moving image.
Here are some other suggestions:
Display a range of images and/or cartoons relating to a particular issue (e.g. poverty)
and ask for their immediate response to them. What is the photographer or cartoonist
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trying to say about the issue? Do pupils agree/ disagree? How do the various images
make them feel?
Pupils could choose a photo (e.g. a favourite or a photo that makes them feel
uncomfortable etc.) and then explain to their group why they have chosen it.
Pupils in groups are allocated an image or photograph and asked to put a caption
underneath it (e.g. an illegal immigrant coming into the country). Groups could then
compare and contrast their captions, discussing in particular how the choice of caption
can elicit a variety of responses (e.g. some will focus on hope, others on despair,
charity, shock etc.).
Give each group a photograph centred on a larger piece of paper (e.g. a photo
highlighting a controversial issue). Ask pupils to question the photograph and to
record their questions around the outside of the photo (e.g. What is the issue? Who is
involved? What does that person standing to the side think? etc.). Questions can be
used to stimulate further discussion. Alternatively, pupils might wish to generate ideas
on an image by noting around it the thoughts, ideas and words which come into their
heads whenever they see it for the first time.
Ask pupils to develop a role play or simulation based on a photo, image or cartoon.
They can name individuals in a picture, invent relationships between them, imagine
how each person feels, etc. They should then take on the roles and act out what they
think is happening and what might happen next. Each pupil could choose a character
from a photograph and take on the role. Other class members can then question them
in role.
Pupils could take photos using a digital camera and incorporate them into collages,
presentations, etc.
Photographs could be used for a Memory Game activity, in which pupils are shown a
picture or cartoon which they must study in order to remember details. Pupils then
write down or draw the details from the picture. This might be good for focusing
pupils’ attention on extrapolating detail.
WALKING DEBATES
Skills
Thinking, Decision-Making
What is it?
These activities explore diverse opinions and emotions on issues. They might be used as a
lead into a particular topic and to gauge pupil interest and base understanding of the issue in
question. They require pupils to take a stance on the issue and allow everybody to have a
voice, even if they do not speak out. Pupils are confronted with ambiguity and grey areas, and
it helps them to see that opinions often have to be justified with informed knowledge of the
matter under discussion. There are various types of walking debate. The most common is
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possibly the Four Corners Debate, which is outlined below. Other varieties include the
Spectrum Debate, the Value Continuum and the True or False Line.
Implications for classroom layout
A large space is needed for ease of movement and interaction. Alternatively, if there is not
enough room, pupils could be given the four statements on a card (agree, disagree, agree
strongly, disagree strongly). Pupils could hold up a particular card when each statement is
read out.
How does it work?
1. A range of statements are read out.
2. Pupils are allowed time to consider their opinion.
3. Pupils then move to the corner that best describes how they feel about the statement. Pupils
could be encouraged not to ‘go along with the crowd’, as there are no right or wrong answers.
4. Statements should evoke a range of responses (e.g. “footballers earn too much money” is a
better statement to use than “all footballers earn too much money” since the first statement
leaves room for some interpretation).
5. As pupils move, they should explain why they are in that corner. Views could be obtained
from all corners.
6. Subsidiary questions could be used to draw out more complex issues and to refine the
initial statement.
7. Pupils are allowed to move during the discussion of each statement if issues arrive that
challenge their original opinion.
8. If pupils do switch then they should explain why.
9. A debrief after the activity could discuss the issues upon which there was consensus and
issues that divided the class.
Sample statements might include, for example:
Possible activities to facilitate discussion
and debate
CIRCLE TIME
Purpose:
Sharing ideas, experiences, feelings. Furthering understanding of self and others. Articulating
group issues.
Implications for classroom layout:
Topic: Sport and Personal Health
Football players should give half their income to charity.
Sports stars found guilty of doping should be banned for life.
Chips should be banned from school cafeterias.
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Everyone sits in a circle either on chairs or on the floor. There is an item (such as a bean bag
or ball) that is held by whoever is speaking.
How does it work?
The teacher sits on the same type of chair or cushion as everyone else. This helps to signal
that what is happening is a special kind of classroom activity in which the teacher is a
facilitator rather than a director. The teacher has a special responsibility to make sure that
structured rules of the Circle Time are kept, that everyone's emotions are protected and that
suitable activities are prepared. The teacher must also be ready to draw a session a close
students are persistently breaking the rules.
The most important thing about the rules for circle time is that they should be discussed and
agreed by all members. This is one of the first activities that should take place. Three basic
rules which should be discussed are:
Only one person speak at once
‐ the talking object helps this rule
You can "pass" if you don’t want speak about something
No put downs
PHILOSOPHY FOR CHILDREN
Purpose:
Philosophy for children aims to encourage children (or adults) to think critically, caringly,
creatively and collaboratively. It helps teachers to build a 'community of enquiry' where
participants create and enquire into their own questions, and 'learn how to learn' in the
process.
Implications for classroom layout:
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Arrange the chairs in a circle and (if you feel it is required) have an item (such as bean bag a
ball) that is used to denote who is speaking. Place stimulus material around the room for
students to view.
How does it work?
Introduce the topic and the process. Students begin by having a few minutes to
look at some of the stimulus material. On returning to the circle they are given 1-2 minutes to
think of questions related to the topic/stimulus they would like answered. These are shared
and a vote is taken on which question to discuss.
Teacher acts as facilitator – reframing questions as required, posing development questions or
mediating the group to ensure all can participate.
SNOWBALLING
Purpose:
Encourages use of negotiation, empathy and reasoning
Implications for classroom layout:
Standard classroom for group work
How does it work?
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First, students have to individually produce an answer. They then share it with a partner and
turn their two answers into one agreed upon answer. The pair then joins up with another pair
and repeats the process. This way, four answers are synthesised into one .
e.g. First student chooses three things for an ideal life.
Pair then discuss and synthesise their 6 down to three.
The four does the same again.
LISTENING TRIAD
Purpose:
Structured means of eliciting information, developing concepts and understanding and
processing what is said. Also promotes self-awareness through role of observer.
Implications for classroom layout:
Students in threes, two sat facing, one slightly offset –not engaged but observing.
How does it work?
Pupils work in groups of three. Each pupil take on role of talker, questioner, recorder. The
talker explains something, or comments on an issue, or expresses an opinion. The questioner
prompts and seeks clarification
The recorder makes notes and gives a report at the end of the conversation.
Next me, roles are changed.
ENVOYS
Purpose:
Active listening, public speaking
and clarity of exposition, sharing and creating interdependence
Set Up:
Pods around the room of groups 3-4
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How it works:
Once groups have carried out a task, one person from each group is selected as an ‘envoy’
and moves to a new group to explain and summarise, and to find out what the new group
thought, decided or achieved. The envoy then returns to the original group and feeds back.
This is an effective way of avoiding tedious and repetitive ‘reporting back’ sessions. It also
puts a ‘press’ on the envoy’s use of language and creates groups of active listeners.
JIGSAWING
Purpose:
Structured way of dealing with a series of questions and promoting team work.
Set Up:
Pods around the room of groups 3
‐4
How it works:
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The advantage of a ‘jigsaw’ is that it offers a structure for group work, and promotes a range
of
speaking and listening.
• The teacher divides the whole class into small groups (commonly four pupils per group).
These are teacher
‐initiated in order to make each group reflect the balance of the whole class
– gender, ability, attitude.
• Each Home Group is given a common task. Handouts are employed in order to set the task.
Reading material is kept to a manageable length and complexity. If the home groups are of
four, then there are four questions or tasks within the main task – one for each member of the
group. Questions or tasks are allocated within each group, through negotiation between the
pupils.
• All the pupils who have selected a particular question or task regroup into Expert groups
and work together on what is now a common problem and outcome. By the time this stage of
the session is completed, each has become an expert on this matter, through discussion and
collaboration with the other ‘experts’.
• Original groups reform. Dissemination begins. The home groups are set a final task. This
could be a group outcome, or an individual task. The crucial element is to ensure that pupils
have to draw on the combined ‘wisdom’ of the home group in order to complete it
successfully.
VALUE CONTINUUM
Purpose:
To express opinions, show values, discuss differences of opinion, engage in public
discussion.
Set Up:
Use a piece of rope or string for the continuum; have arrows pointing on the board; place the
two extremes of opinion on opposite walls.
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How it works:
In this format students or groups of students have to respond to a thought provoking
statement by saying to what degree they agree with it. There are a number of ways this can to
used: the students could be asked to come and stand at the point on a line that represents their
individual opinion, alternatively, first they could be asked to discuss a statement in groups
and then for one of the group to come up to the front and place their groups card/token
somewhere along the line,
explaining the position their group have taken as they do so. This is an excellent format for
comparing responses to different questions and finding out contradictions in their thinking
(from
http://www.at
‐ristol.co.uk/cz/teachers/Debate%20formats.doc)
Find Out More
http://www.english
‐teaching.co.uk/learninglearning/valuecon>nuumpg.pdf
COLDFISH BOWL
Purpose:
Gives opportunities for group presentation of ideas, development of reasoning, analytical
questioning, exchange of ideas.
Set Up:
Chairs at the for group, rest of class sat as audience.
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How it works:
Like hot seating except a whole group comes to the front and expresses their views. They are
in the goldfish bowls, with other students able to question them, push for clarification and so
on.
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