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reinterpreting many mixed collections stored in 
the museums and laboratories of Kazakhstan.
Great attention was paid by us to primary 
processing of archeological material and, fi rst  of 
all, to fl int tools that were the most numerous in the 
collections of the Stone Age (Mesolith-Neolith). 
Having big complexes of fl int tools represented by 
mainly plate items, it is impossible to be limited 
by description only, when characterizing the 
materials. It, as it is well known, is of particular 
individual and emotional nature. Along with 
that, the description is not always corresponds to 
objective condition of the source. The process of 
receiving the information from a source requires 
certain experience, which should be checked and 
available to a broad range of specialists (Каменец-
кий, Маршак, Шер, 1975, p.30).
The typological-statistical method was 
designed and applied in domestic archeology of 
the Stone Age for the fi rst time by V. A. Gorodtsov 
and A. Bonch-Osmolovskiy (Городцов, 1927, 
p. 6; Городцов, 1930, p. 16). The typological-
statistical method was developed in details by 
French researcher F. Bordu. His typolist was 
broadly recognized by the specialists in Paleolith 
both abroad and in this country. However, this 
method has some drawbacks, since this is a 
«closed» taxonomic method that was repeatedly 
emphasized by many researchers (Гвоздовер и др, 
1974, p. 36; Любин, 1965, p. 23).
Currently one more method on typological 
categorizations - «an open system» is being 
actively developed (Медведев, 1975, p. 25; Ма-
тюшин, 1975, p. 12). The «main advantage of 
opened systems is an opportunity for comparing 
various sets of tools to one another, described 
according to this systems, and defi ning the degree 
of similarity on a quantitative basis. The types may 
be defi ned on stable and verifi able basis and the 
frequency of coincidence of separate properties...» 
(Гвоздовер и др., 1974, p. 36).
Also, concrete schemes-tables for primary 
processing of archeological material appeared in 
literature (Матюшин, 1976, p. 224). Having used 
the tables, which were published in the book of 
N. Matyushin «Mezolith of South Ural», as a 
basis, we checked the prospect of the open system 
experimentally on the example of the materials of 
North Kazakhstan. It seemed to us very important 
to consider the archeological material of two 
neighboring regions applying similar typological 
criterions.
Let’s consider some provisions on 
categorization by N. Matyushin, with which 
the author of the present work doesn’t agree. 
For instance, «plates with retouching» class is 
determined within this categorization as inserts. 
However, not all plates with retouching relate to 
such ones. On the other hand, geometric microliths 
are classical inserts, but in they are not so defi ned 
in the table. The «sheath» notion is rather 
technological notion, than a typological one, and 
it is more logically not to use it. It is reasonable, 
in our opinion, not to generalize classes 1-6 and 
etc. verbally, but simply name them «plates with 
retouching on an edge, geometric microliths, 
scrapers on plates, edges» and others. In the table 
«Categorization of edge scrapers, «a working 
angle of tool and its parameters», which has been 
applied by us without changes, is provided in a 
vertical column. In a horizontal column, in our 
opinion, various properties, which hierarchically 
should be situated in different classifi cation levels, 
are provided. Key lines 1-4 refl ect the corner of 
retouching convergence, key lines 5-8 - a form of 
blades that, really, is not adequate. When scrapers 
were considered, indicators 1-4 «hadn’t worked». 
We have changed some names of indicators5-8. 
In particular, we name «irregular» - «fi gured», 
since we consider that «regular» and «irregular» 
terms are broadly used, when characterizing 
the plates retouched on a longitudinal edge. The 
term «fi gured» implies the variety of blade key 
line variants. Instead of «sharp-angled» we write 
«made a little sharp», since no one item with an 
ideal geometric sharp angle has been found.
Finally, the tables for primary processing of 
tools, on which the material was classifi ed, have 
become the following:
Table «General characteristic of material». 
It corresponds to the levels of categories, groups 
and classes. The columns: nucleuses and their 
derived items splinters for processing, ribbed 
plates), (fragments of nucleuses, plates) have been 
put in place. They are subdivided into items with 
secondary processing and without it. The fi rst 
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ones are subdivided into classes - scrapers, plates 
with retouching, chisels and others, splinters. The 
hierarchy principle is the same – subdivision into 
secondary processed splinters and not secondary 
processed splinters.
Table «Miscellaneous» includes the items 
made of non-fl int stone rocks, bones, clays. The 
table is required for further processing of the 
material, for more detailed categorization and 
continuous checking (annex 1-2).
Table «Plates». It is based on gradation 
of plates, certain parts or segments - whole, 
proximal, medial and distal ones. Each column is 
subdivided into items with secondary processing 
and without processing. In turn, the column 
«without processing» includes the items with 
traces of worn-out at work (at traceological 
analysis) and without them. The plates with traces 
of worn-out at work relate to the category of tools, 
but this time on the basis of functional analysis. If 
there are no traces of worn-out at work on plates, 
they will relate to the category of stockpiling or 
wastes. Since traceological analysis hasn’t been 
made, all plates without secondary processing are 
noted in the column «Totally». This table allows 
us having comparatevly full information on plates 
as stocking-up material, as well as on the degree 
of tool availability and every source stocking-up 
item (annex 3-4).
Table «Sizes of plates». When defi ning 
the sizes of plates (the width and the length) we 
used the parameters, which are most broadly used 
in the literature on the Stone Age of the Ural, 
Kazakhstan and Siberia: to 0.5 cm; 0.6-1 cm; 1.1 
– 1.5 cm; 1.6 - 2 cm; 2.1 – 2.5 cm; 2.6 - 3 cm; 3.1 
- 5 cm; 5.1 - 7 cm; 7.1 - 9 cm; over 9 cm. In the 
table they are alike for the width and the length of 
plates. The parameters for plate sizes are provided 
in a horizontal column, and the source form of 
stocking-up items and tools availability is shown 
vertically.
Table «Scrapers on plates». The horizontal 
column includes characteristics of a working 
angle (perpendicular, steep, average, sloping, very 
sloping). All characteristics include the nature 
of retouching - convergent, divergent, marginal 
on the following hierarchical step. Vertically, a 
form of blades and source stocking-up items are 
provided.
Table «Chisels». It refl 
ects the main 
properties of tools of Two types - angular and 
lateral (middle type is not enclosed only because 
such tools are not contained in the collection or 
their number is too small). The types of chisels, 
in turn including items with one working blade 
(one-bladed) and several blades (many-bladed) 
are indicated horizontally. Besides, variants of 
additional tool processing on longitudinal edges 
are taken into account. Source forms of stocking-
up items are indicated vertically. Moreover, a 
retouched end form - concave, straight, cocked, 
round is taken into account in lateral chisels 
(annex 3-4).
Table «Trapezoids». The forms of trapezoids 
- with a lateral notch, without a lateral notch 
indicated in horizontal columns are considered to 
be the source properties. In turn they are subdivided 
into high, low, vague (fragments) trapezoids. 
Below, the degree of additional processing of bases 
– a lower, upper or both is taken into account. At 
next stage the place of fi xing – on a front or back 
side is taken into account. The following properties: 
symmetric, asymmetric, vague (fragments) are 
provided in vertical columns. As required, other, 
more detailed indicators may be included in the 
table (annex 3-4).
The whole work done on primary 
categorization of the material has allowed taking 
into account numerous properties within the 
framework of compact tables, which may be 
complemented without breaking the general 
structure of hierarchy depending on the nature 
of the material. Great attention was paid by us 
to defi ning the source forms of stockpile items, 
which were included in all tables.
The next stage of processing was collation 
and correlation of properties on the basis of 
quantitative indicators of the above-mentioned 
tables. There is a real opportunity for matching 
and comparing various properties and identifying 
that or other dependency between them. The 
data on typological categorization is of primary 
importance at defi ning chronological as well 
as cultural complexes, for identifi cation of the 
particularity of the technology and typology of 
certain complexes.
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As a whole when defi ning the cultural 
relation of the monuments, their periodization and 
chronology, as well as when solving the issues on 
functional particularity of archeological objects, 
the combination of some properties: the topography 
of monuments, the nature of geographical and 
production planigraphy; the technology of making 
fl int tools and pottery items; the typology of fl int 
and stone tools; the morphological particularities 
for defi ning tool types; the form and ornamentation 
of pottery items was used by us.
Monuments.   A - Yavlenskiy: 
 Sokolovka 
I; Lebyazhye I; Zolotaya Osen I; Michurinskaya I; 
Bishkul II; Novokamenka I; Karluga II; Karluga 
III; Karluga IV; Karluga VI; Krasnogorka II; 
Bogolyubovo I; Bogolyubovo III; Bogolyubovo 
IV; Bogolyubovo VI; Novonikoliskoye II; 
Novonikoliskoye V; Rassvet I; Yavlenka II; 
Yavlenka III; Yavlenka IV; Yavlenka V; Yavlenka 
VI; Yavlenka VII; Enbek I; Iliinka II; Zhargain 
I; Urnek I; Berlik II; Berlik IV; Kupriyanovka 
I; Bulayevo I; Medvezhka I; Berlik I; Berlik III; 
Berlik V; Ivanovka I; Solonovka I; Kuchkova I.
The monuments of Yavlenskiy microregion 
occupy the territory of Petropavlovsk Priishimye 
(pic. 1). The major number of them is concentrate 
in a broad (before 10-15 km) valley. As a rule, the 
objects are grouped on the second upper fl oodplain 
terrace, rarely on the fi rst terrace or ashore 
watershed lakes.
At collation of all topography, planigraphy, 
stratigraphy and typology data received in the 
process of excavations or examination of objects 
of Yavlenskiy microregion, several groups of 
monuments are defi ned.
Group I (Yavlenka II, Michurinskaya I, 
Bogolyubovo). The industry is characterized by 
developed microlithic technology. Flint, jasper, 
quartzite, stone rocks were used as raw material. 
Chisel technology (angular, lateral and average 
chisels), drills, items for piercing and carving, 
plates with a blunt edge was broadly developed. 
Scraper on splinters and plates are presented in a 
small number.
Group II (Yavlenka VI, VII, Karluga III, 
Bogolyubovo III). The technology is characterized 
by gradual increase of the size of component parts 
of insert tools and plates . Macroforms appear – 
spearheads processed on both sides, large knives 
and scrapers on splinters, edge planes on large 
plates and splinters and single large symmetrical 
trapezoids. The raw material is characterized by 
homogeneity - tawny and gray jasper-like rock. 
The pottery items are fragmentary, thin-sided, 
with admixture of sand, gravel, ornamented with 
comb prints.
Group III (Yavlenka IV, V, Karluga 
IV, Bogolyubovo II, Bulayеvo I and others.). 
Insert tradition is gradually disappearing from 
technology. (pic. 35-29, 30 ), Whole or proximal 
parts of plates of 5.7 cm long and to 2.5-3 cm 
wide become oftener used as raw material items 
for tools. Tools are dominated by plates with 
retouching, scrapers on plates and splinters. The 
number of chisel forms, compared to group II, 
is relatively small. Arrowheads of a leaf-like and 
willow-leaved form processed on both sides are 
broadly distributed. The pottery items are also 
fragmentary with comb prints in the form of «a 
striding» element or horizontal lines.
Group IV (Yavlenka III, Michurinskoye 
I (a complex of a later period), Novonikolskoye 
V, Bogolyubovo I and others.). The collections 
include mainly tools on splinters (scrapers, edge 
planes, and arrowheads). Products on plates are 
represented by tools with retouching, single edge 
planes, piercers. Arrowhead types are of a stem-
like form, with a notch at the bottom, with a 
straight or round pin.
The excavated monuments and a number of 
examined points functionally are defi ned by us like 
stops and sites. Workshops and settlements haven’t 
been discovered here yet. However, a relatively 
thick (toe 80 cm) cultural layer at a number of 
points beside Bogolyubovo and Karluga villages 
is indicative of appearance of such monuments, 
since the ecological situation in the Holocene in a 
broad valley of the Ishim River was favorable for 
inhabitance of primitive people» groups and the 
concentration of archeological objects there is the 
evidence of that.
B - Vinogradovskiy:
 Tyndyk IV; Berlinovka 
I; Berlinovka II; Berlinovka III; Berlinovka IV; 
Berlinovka V; Berlinovka VI; Berlinovka VII; 
Berlinovka VIII; Berlinovka XI; Vinogradovka 
I; Vinogradovka II; Vinogradovka III; 
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Vinogradovka IV; Vinogradovka V; Vinogradovka 
VII; Vinogradovka VIII; Vinogradovka IX; 
Vinogradovka XIV; Vinogradovka X; Vasilkovka; 
Lineyevskoye I; Alekseyevka I; Sadovaya I; 
Kenetkul I; Kenetkul II; Kenetkul III; Kenetkul 
VI; Kenetkul VIII; Kenetkul IX; Troitskoye; 
Vinogradovka VI; Krasniy Yar; Lineyevskoye II. 
The considered objects are located at the 
Chaglinka River in Kokchetav region. (pic. 1). 
The major number of monuments is located in the 
lower stream of the Chaglinka River northward of 
Kokshetau city.
Coming from the stratigraphy and typology, 
several chronological groups of monuments may 
be defi ned in Vinogradovskiy microregion.
Group I (Vinogradovka II, the lower layer, 
Vinogradovka XII). The cultural layer is located in 
gray-brown loam and overlapped by sediments of 
a later period (Vinogradovka II) or in the middle 
loam under a thin humus layer (Vinogradovka 
XII). Technically and typologically the materials 
of these stop are dated the Mesolith period.
Group II (Vinogradovka II, the upper layer, 
Vinogradovka XI). Mesolithic traditions remained 
in the technology – making of inserts for component 
tools. Mainly medial segments to 1-1.5 cm wide, 
to 2 cm, rarely 3-5 cm were used as raw material. 
The sets are represented by plates with retouching, 
plates with a blunted end, angular chisels, cocked 
edges, and single items with a blunted back side, 
end and round scrapers, edge planes, plates with a 
butt end notch and others.
Group III (Vinogradovka X, XII and others.). 
The tools are characterized by varied set of micro- 
and macroforms. Plates are used as inserts (table 
60, I-II) and as separate tools - scrapers, knives, 
edge planes and others. Products on splinters are 
rather massive - edge planes, knives, scrapers. 
There are many hard tools – hammer and ax-like 
tools.
Group IV (Kenetkul VIII, Vinogradovka 
VIII and others.) (Зайберт,  Плешаков, 1978, p. 
242-250). Plate industry is disappearing; there are 
many scrapers and edge planes on splinters. The 
plates are without retouching or with irregular 
processed edges. Javelin arrowheads processed on 
both sides are broadly distributed. These are stem-
like, «with drooping moustache», leaf-like with 
an expressed stem or выемкой at the base. The 
pottery items are ornamented using comb, point 
and prick technique. The collection includes single 
copper items.
The monuments of Akkan-Burluk 
microregion are concentrated along the Akkan-
Burluk River and at the Ishim River in Kokchetav 
region. One stop (Novomikhaylovskaya) is related 
to the Paleolith, the rest ones - to Neolith.
Three stops are located on the right bank of 
the Ishim, the rest (12 points) on both banks of the 
Akkan-Burluk River.
Stationary studies haven’t been conducted 
there yet. However, a number of perspective 
monuments with stratigraphy and a good set 
of items collected from the surface have been 
discovered. These are the stops - Tendyk I, II, 
Akkan-Burluk I-IV-and others (pic. 50-52).
It is interesting that the monuments are 
grouped in the lower Akkan-Burluk stream and 
the nearest areas of the Ishim River fl owing in a 
narrow but divided valley.
C - Telmanskiy: 
Magdalinovka I; 
Magdalinovka II; Atbassar II; Timoshevka I; 
Timoshevka II; Timoshevka III; Timoshevka IV; 
Rodionovka I; Rodionovka II; Rodionovka III; 
Kalinovka I; Telmana I; Telmana V; Telmana 
IV; Telmana VII; Telmana VIII; Telmana IX; 
Telmana X; Telmana XI; Telmana XIII; Telmana 
XIV; Telmana XV; Telmana XVII; Telmana 
XVIII; Vladimirovo-Borisovka I; Vladimirovo 
-Borisovka II; Zhabay-Pokrovka I; Zhabay-
Pokrovka III; Poltavka I; Spasovka I; Vladimirovka 
I; Novit Gorodok; Chaika; Novoselovka III; 
Dobrovolskoye I; Krasnoselskoye; Krasnoselskoye 
II; Krasnoselskoye III; Krasnoselskoye IV; 
Krasnoselskoye V; Krasnoselskoye VI; 
Krasnoselskoye VII; Kanyr I; Kanyr II; Kanyr 
III; Kanyr IV; Kanyr V; Kanyr VI; Kanyr VIII; 
Karagul; Ostrogorka; Ostrogorka II; Kapitonovka 
I; Kapitonovka II; Ostrovka I; Ostrovka III; 
Baksuk III; Novodonetskoye I; Novodonetskoye 
II; Novodonetskoye III; Novodonetskoye IV; 
Zhuravlevka I; Yaroslavka III; Yaroslavka; 
Yaroslavka II; Ortyabr I; Pokrovka I; Petrovka 
I; Petrovka II; Novokavkazka I; Novokubanka 
I; Zhanaturmys I; Zhanaturmys II; Zhanaturmys 
III; Sadubek I; Petropavlovka I; Bolshoy Maynak 
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