А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
point is that Fairbank has also characterizes Huns, who are one of the leading nomad
tribes that live in North of China, as barbarians; just as many other western historians
and Sinologists have done. It is important to state that such characterization forms only
as result of a bad perception. Neither Chinese nor western modern researchers, bring
any explanation to according to what solid measures that they have accepted the
northern nomads as barbarians in any shape or form. Reasons for those types of
viewpoints, in our opinion, are the prejudices, which are sometimes formed with the
influences of the researches of classic or modern Chinese researchers and other times
developed within their own inner worlds. In this regard, there is a clear similarity
between the Turkish perception in China and Turkish perception in western countries.
The other point of Prof. Fairbank‘s that requires being criticized is the fact that he
displays Mongols as the most important tribe among the nomad tribes, which lived in
Nothern neighborhood of China. Huns have been so effective as to influence China in
political, economical and cultural areas in periods in which the term of Mongol was not
yet heard of along the history of China and classic Hun period. We are not implying,
by expressing our opinions, that tribe of Mongols had no significant impact on Chinese
continent or social and communal live of China. They have never established a
dynasty of their own in history of China as Mongols have during the Yuan (1271-1368)
159
period however, scientific researches on subjects of intense political, economical and
cultural relationships of Huns with Chinese, as it is expressed before, have nearly
become an academic discipline that can be named ―Hunnology‖ on its own. Therefore,
it looks as though it is rather an inconsistent opinion to argue that Hun period and
consequently the Hun tribe had less of significance over the history of China.
Researching history of Turks is much harder than researching histories of other
civilizations that lived in any region of world because while a nation continued living
in a certain geographic area it also began building its history; Turks however, reigned
in a very large geographical area and anthropologic descriptions on historic Turkish
states and societies are in a rather complex condition. Whether in Chinese yearbooks
or western resources, Turks have been depicted rather in the form of Mongols.
According to Turkish historian Prof. Dr. İbrahim Kafesoğlu [3], there is no connection
between Turks and Mongols in terms of language association and ethnology.
Portraying Turks as Mongoloids in ancient times can be explained through vastness of
Mongol factor in Turkish states during that period of time since the race association
between the two tribes has been demolished in the end of examining the anthropologic
materials obtained in the excavations performed especially in Middle Asia.
III. Turkish Perception Emerging from Style of Approaching to Social Lives
Of Ancient Turks in China (Huns-Gokturks Period)
Due to the fact that the modern Chinese scientists shown more interest into
research areas of Huns in comparison to Gokturks and Uyghurs; we found it more
appropriate to provide more space in examining their opinions about Hun society.
A. Hun period
Chinese resources providing information on structure and character of Hun
society do not contain direct information; therefore researchers make various
assumptions associated to the structure of Hun society from certain other information
А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
found in resources.
We were unable to find any book that has been written about the Hun society
belonging to period before the establishment of China in our researches conducted
in some of the leading libraries of China; although a few, there are brief researches
written in the form of articles available.
Researches of mainly the three historians on this subject, which have been
written in 50s of 20
th
Century, stand out the most. Names such as Ma Changshou,
Hu Junpo, Lu Sımian, Feng Jiasheng, Ou Yangxi and finally Lin Gan come first in
line among the historians, who conducted researches in this area. However, while
some of the researchers that we have mentioned were directly examining the
structure of Hun society the others have touched upon the subject indirectly and
stated their opinions on the subject of characteristic of the societal structure of
Huns. Being influenced by the trends of thought, which were in demand in old
Soviet Union, they used a Marxist point of view when examining Hun society
structure.
Let‘s try an examine opinions of those scientists on Hun society:
160
Ma Changshou has examined the structure of Hun society rather in detail in
his article named ―Lun Xiongnu Buluo Guojia de Nuli Zhı (About the Slavery
System of Hun Tribe State)‖. According to Lin Gan, Ma Changshou has
scientifically examined with the influence of historic materialism for the first time.
[4]
Following are the opinions of Ma Changshou regarding to structure of Hun
society: ―structure of Hon society is based on slavery system. Hun society forms a
typical slave society of Asia moorlands and it houses animal breeding under the
roof of animal breeding economy of nomads by slave masters who have nomadic
slaves. There were approximately 700.000 slaves in Hun society; therefore it is
revealed that the fifty percent of the population, considering the fact that total
population of Hun society as being formed of 1.500.000, was formed of slaves.
While Huns‘ soldiers were keeping busy with making bows and arrows, slaves
used to undertake the manufacturing activities of state. History of Hun state
consists of occurrences of struggles between slaves and slave masters.‖ [5] The
point that Ma Changshou emphasized in this article of his is that Hun society was
the most characteristic slave society of Asian moorlands.
Ma Changshou, who is acknowledged as one of the first generation modern
historians of People‘s Republic of China, and all of his opinions, which we have
quoted above, are not absolutely acceptable. First of all, as we have highlighted
in the section that we have examined the points of views of the Chinese historians
on Hun history, slavery system is seen mostly in settled societies dealing with
agriculture. Settled societies had the need for many number of slaves since they
were carrying out wide range of agricultural activities. It is impossible to accept
and it is illogical to argue as the Chinese researches do that major amount of slaves
were working in Hun society, which performed economic activities based on
А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
nomadic animal breeding and continuously alternated their living surroundings
from summer pastures to winter pastures maintaining a nomadic lifestyle. In
addition, there is also no logic and proof for arguing that Huns‘ economy was
based on slave trading besides the nomadic animal breeding. Because settled
societies who were dealing with agriculture may have immediate need for slaves so
that they can use them in planting the fields and
harvesting however there is no
logical explanation to why and how Huns should have the need for populated amount
of slaves within a nomadic animal breeding lifestyle. One wonders if they, mainly
Chinese historian Ma Changshou, were trying to state that Hun slave masters were
being economically involved in purchasing and sale of slaves when they stated the fact
that Huns were a typical slave society. Yet there aren‘t any information supporting
such opinions in Chinese resources containing the entries on the subject of history of
Huns.
Ou Yangxi, another Chinese historian, who conducts studies on Hun society,
approaches with uncertainty to the idea of Huns being slave society and emphasizes the
fact that Huns had a feudal structure by stating that San-Yun was top ruler of Hun state
161
and other authorities found under San-Yun hierarchically formed the sub-groups of this
feudal system. [6]
Even though opinions of Ou Yangxi are not as illogical as opinions of Ma
Changshou; both scientists have based their opinions on political foundation yet were
unable to provide logical and strong evidences since the theories were lacking a
scientific foundation.
Through claiming that half the population of Huns society being formed of slaves,
Chinese historian implies that slaves were commonly used in Hun society. We are not
in any stating that there were no slaves in Hun society whatsoever, we are stating that
according to conditions of those times, victorious side in battles took captive of the
soldiers or part of civilians of the loosing side and used them in their works however,
this is not a characteristic belonging only to Huns but was observed being practiced by
all other states of that period. We believe however, it is a groundless argument to
claim well populated amount of slaves were always being used in Hun society.
One of the points of Ma Changshou need being criticized the most regarding to
structure of Hun society is observing the struggles that occur between slaves and slave
masters of Hun history as historic events. For a historian, who devoted most of his life
to historic researchers, to acknowledge great Hun history, which made major impacts
on the entire Asian history including China, in the areas of army, social, economical
and cultural, to being consisting of struggles transpiring between slaves and slave
masters, is as wrong as looking at the history of Hun civilization existed approximately
2.000 years ago from today with spectacles of political opinions formed about 150
years ago.
With these opinions of his, Ma Changshou was nearly trying to prove
Communism was prevailing in Hun society. Whereas, it is essential for historians to
carry out their assignments by taking into consideration of the conditions of the time in
which the nation and state existed when evaluating the states and nations they examine.
А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
If we were to look at the Hun history as being formed of the struggles between slaves
and slave masters; where are we to place all the relationships in martial, political,
economical and cultural areas that they intensely had with the Chinese? Since it is
impossible to disregard all those historic factors; the best thing to do is to disregard
those opinions, which have been driven out solely by the political concerns and
completely groundless.
The other interesting argument of Ma Changshou concerning the Huns is in the
direction that Huns‘ ruling class did not increase the producing potential all the way up
to Wu-huans and Xian-beilers, so that they were turned into slave societies. Huns, who
have not been able to complete their economic development, tries, according to Ma
Changshou‘s stated claims, getting stronger by invading smaller tribes and states based
only on slaves and slave controlling methods, so that they are once again able to
perform activities of production in areas once they used to live and Hun slave masters
combined the slave tribes together and forced them into work and collected taxes from
them and mercilessly forced slaves into doing such activities [7].
Ma Changshou‘s opinions here are in a state of crying out for being criticized and
162
corrected. Isn‘t it logically impossible for societies in history, just as Huns, who have
not been able to improve their own economy, to try and close this gap through
depending on slaves, when nation itself is having difficulties in meeting its own needs
let alone feeding a rather populated group of slaves on such fragile economy? In
addition we don‘t believe in the existence of such state, which can continue to develop
and maintain itself on the basis of taxes and workforce received from the slaves they
own in history. Such examples of historiography, specific to those periods in which
the Communism was practiced in the harshest way, try pushing even the social and
economic lives of Hun history and try fitting it into small political opinions molds.
Another Chinese historian conducting research regarding to social structure of
Huns is Ou Yangxi. Opinions of Ou Yangxi placed in the article he published with the
name of ―Xiongnu Shıhui Fazhan (Development of Hun Society)‖ in the 4
th
edition of
Donghua Education University Magazine in year of 1958; differ from the opinions of
Ma Changshou. Chinese historian Ou Yangxi believes those 700.000 slaves mentioned
above were formed from slaves obtained by Huns for more than 100 years, not in a
specific period and production organ and organ that carried out the martial works
worked together in Huns society and people performing the production activities came
from the among the ordinary free people. According to him slaves performed the
house works [5]. As it is going to be understood from this fact, Ou Yangxi‘s opinions
show serious difference from much more significant matters of Ma Changshou. Two
important historians cannot agree on not whether or not there was slavery in Huns but
the subject of their numbers. It is also quite an interesting thing to claim that the slaves
of Huns performing only the house works. It must be rather hard to prove, in a society
preferring a nomadic animal breeding life style, how they employed that many slaves
too.
Third historian conducting studies on the structure of Hun society Lin Gan in his
article named ―Xiongnu Shihui Zhıdu Chutan (Pre-analyses on Structure of Hun
Society) published in June of 1962 stresses upon the numbers of slaves seen in Huns
А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
diligently just as Ma Chanshou and Ou Yangxi upon reciting the known economic life
viewed in Hun society. According to Lin Gan, the number of slaves owned by Huns is
300.000 and forms one fifth of the entire country population. Due to owning such
crowded number of slaves, state of Huns made slaves work in works of animal
breeding, agriculture and hand crafted materials [5].
As can be seen, it is understood that the opinions of Lin Gan on this matter are
also clearly enforced. We believe that argument of people of nation, which existed
approximately more than 2.000 years ago from today to be employed only in works of
making weapons and entrusting the most important sectors of country into the hands of
their slaves is once again doesn‘t make any sense and against the rules of common
sense. Underlying purpose of all these inconsistent opinions is not to provide objective
information on Hun society in light of scientific measures and evidences but to prove
that Hun society was based completely on slavery system.
Another Chinese researcher Gao Jingxin also argues in his article, which he wrote
in 1962, that it has entered into slave society as of Qin-Han period and state of Hun
163
formed its wealth through extortion of assets owned by the slaves they owned therefore
reached prosperity; however can not provide any logical or scientific evidences to his
groundless arguments [8].
In a textbook written for Chinese university students, edited by one of the leading
representatives of modern Chinese historiography, Uyghur origin historian Jian Bozan,
attendance of more than a few hundred people formed of similar rank officers, relatives
and members of family to the funeral of someone belonging to ruler class in Hun
society, is reviewed as an evidence which proves that the Hun society have reached
into stage of slavery. [9] It is understood that Jian Bozan, who wrote the chapters on
Hun of the book, has also reached to these conclusions as result of specific pressures,
just as the other Chinese historians, whose opinions have been mentioned briefly
above. Because arguing that a society has a slave society system by taking into
consideration the number of people attending the funeral of a Hun authority, belonging
to the ruling class, seems quite groundless in terms of scientifically.
Starting from the years in which the People‘s Republic of China were established
in 1949; this country has also handled the Huns history with a Marxist view just as
histories of the other minorities and this habit continued for very long time. However,
the keen and harsh history perception carrying the characteristics of iron curtain period
has been observed to go towards the positive direction in works of researched
published in China for the past 10-15 years. New generation Chinese researchers have
begun thinking in a more scientific fashion on the subject of the type of social structure
Huns had. One of the new generation Chinese historians, Ma Liqing for example, in
her book that she published 6 years ago and in which she puts emphasis on material-
culture history of Huns, questions the opinion of Huns being a slave society in a
serious form, talks about the historians, who do not agree with the idea of Huns being a
slave society; however, she doesn‘t reveal which idea she supports definitely either.
The meaning we have taken from the words of Miss Ma Liqing is in the direction that
she accepts the idea that the social structure of Huns is in the form of half patriarch and
А.Я с а у и у н и в е р с и т е т і н і њ х а б а р ш ы с ы, №1, 2012
Saritaş E.
Certain thoughts of modern chinese researchers on turkish perception
half feudal social structure [10].
It is also interesting that some of western researchers, aside from significant
number of Chinese researchers, had also felt the need for using the word barbarian
when indicating nomadic neighbors of Chinese. Toby E. Huff in his broad researched
titled, Islamic World; emerge and rise of Modern Science in China and west, expressed
the fact that they owned a written observation of one thousand years that they thought
may be belonging to non-Chinese barbarians in 7
th
Century A.C [11].
Toby Huff does not touch upon any subjects about the cultural relationships
between Huns, Gokturks and Uyghurs which were nearer to them when examining
such broad subject as emerge and rise of modern science in China; however, makes
very long explanations about the scientific relationships between Chinese and Arabs. It
is necessary to look for the reason of no mentioning any one of those classic and
modern Turkish societies, who co-existed with the Chinese for the past 2000 years
when examining long history of Chinese science, in Toby‘s lack of Chinese language
164
knowledge as a historian or sinologist. Because when Toby was writing this study in
question, he had to refer to second and third hand resources due to being unable to use
the first hand Chinese resources. If he would have read the Chinese resources from its
original source language he would have felt the need, to at least mention the Chinese-
Turk interaction.
B. Gokturks period
Based on Chinese resources, it is possible to say that Gokturks are the descendants
of Huns. Not necessarily as much as Huns, researches on Gokturks in China are rather
in demand. A specific Gokturk perception has formed in the country in question
connected to the abundance of Gokturk researches in China. However, points of our
Chinese colleagues view of Gokturk History and culture, paint almost a complete
opposite picture of the point of view in Turkey. Turkish historians state that Gokturk
state, from time to time, had as much as political power as Chinese state of that period
and established close relations in mainly political, diplomatic, economic and cultural
areas with China. Despite the fact that these relationships require both sides to be
influenced from one another in areas mentioned, Chinese researchers prefer bringing
up mainly how Gokturks were influenced by Sui (581-617) and Tang (618-907)
dynasties, instead of talking about a mutual interaction.
Suppose due to the fact that certain parts of the territories on which the Gokturks
have live are now remain within borders of China and many number of Turkish
societies, coming from Gokturk race live in this country; Chinese historians see
Gokturks as one of China‘s ancient nomadic tribe. [12] The meaning that they have
accepted Gokturks as one of ancient minority communities of Chine is driven out of
that perception. Seeing Gokturks, who had a state of their own for more than
approximately 1500 years and completely different cultural structure than the Chinese,
as minority community of China; don‘t comply with the historical facts.
Opinions of Chinese scientists, who worked in the field of Gokturk researches, on
character of Turkish society at the time in question carry the same characteristics
generally with the ideas we have attempted to explain in the above section. Chinese
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |