часть – на развитие рынка недвижимости. Далее инвестиции в производство, куда Китай инвестирует
а 8 раз больше, чем Германия, в 3 раза больше, чем США [2].
Инфраструктурный проект позволит минимизировать количество нуждающихся в постоянной
работе казахстанцев, число которых, по словам вице-министра здравоохранения и социального
развития Н. Нурымбетова, на 1.7.2016 г. составляет около 450 тысяч (5%) из почти девятимил-
лионного экономически активного населения страны [3]. Однако создание новых рабочих мест не
должно вести в потере казахстанского суверенитета. Эти вопросы поднимались на «Форуме стран
Великого Шелкового пути: Энергия, ресурсы и устойчивое развитие», организованного в рамках
Вестник КазНПУ имени Абая, серия «Исторические и социально-политические науки», №3 (50), 2016 г.
126
IX Астанинского Экономического форума«Новая экономическая реальность: диверсификация, инно-
вации и экономика знаний
» 25-26
мая 2016. Поэтому необходимо четко сформулировать собственные
национальные интересыи сконцентрировать имеющийся у Казахстана потенциал развития на каждом
шаге реализации ЭПШП.
К реализации своей инициативы Китай планирует привлечь и
мигрантов. Помимо инфраструк-
туры, он делокализует производство и рабочую силу, что происходит впервые в экономической
практике Китая, который предпочитал не вывозить свои предприятия за пределы страны.
Кроме глобализации критике подвергаются такие идеи как мульткультурализм и толерантность.
События в Ницце привели Реми Брага, специалиста по средневековой арабской философии, к выводу
о том, что «…они (мусульмане) не желают интегрироваться, они хотят интегрировать Вас [евро-
пейцев - З.Д.Ш., Д.А]». Фраза может стать многозначительной, в случае замены мусульман на китай-
цев. Террористические акты во Франции, Бельгии, Германии подвергают сомнению третью позицию
ЭПШП: «Позитивная энергия различных цивилизаций будет содействовать развитию взаимной толе-
рантности вдоль всего пути, исходя из многообразия культур и религий, поддерживая открытость
мысли...». В настоящее время для всех народов главными ценностями становятся мир, спокойствие и
безопасность. С одной стороны, обеспечение социальной занятости населения в ходе реализации
инфраструктурного проекта ЭПШП может стать тем инструментом, который будет содействовать
обеспечению мира и мира и безопасности посредством уменьшение безработицы и создаст меха-
низмы региональной безопасности, что коррелирует с четвертой позицией китайской инициативы. С
другой стороны, это может привести к возникновению новых региональных рели-гиозных и этничес-
ких конфликтов, грозящих получить международный характер.
По мнению китайской стороны, важные элементы проекта – устойчивая безопасность и развитие
тесного экономического сотрудничества на всем протяжении пути. Но без разработки механизмов
обеспечения устойчивой безопасности, безопасности отношений между большими державами
экономическое сотрудничество затруднено. Всмысле обеспечения безопасности Китай ничего пока
не предлагает, предпочитая оставаться осторожным, чтобы не стать мишенью исламистских группи-
ровок. Исключение составляет решение проблем СУАРа, который становится ключевым элементом
проекта в политико-экономическом плане, т.к. проект развивается в западном направлении.
Назна-
чение на пост директора Государственного бюро по энергетике Нур Букри несколько снижает
напряженность проблем в регионе. Нур Букри – выходец из СУАРа и этнический уйгур, ранее
бывший руководителем СУАРа. Его назначение должно свести к минимуму давление на регион и
будет содействовать более интенсивному развитию САУР, т.к. большая часть инфраструктуры будет
проходить через этот регион и переходить на центральноазиатскую территорию, имеющую большой
экономический потенциал и занимающую стратегическое положение как перекресток торговых
путей, например. Известно, что этот проект – это проект приобретения Китаем ресурсов, чтобы
обезопасить свое будущее, т.к. замедление экономического роста Китая заставляет его осуществлять
новые проекты и развивать новую экономическую политику, которая зависит от угля, нефти и газа.
Потребность Китая в ценных металлах также продолжает расти. Развивая регионы вокруг себя, Китай
получит доступ к ресурсам, которыми богаты центральноазиатские государства, лежащие первыми
на пути проекта. Китай получит доступ к новым рынкам сбыта в лице центральноазиатских
государств.
Китайская сторона
хорошо осознает, что проект будет испытывать неудачи и поражения. Могут
возникнуть новые геополитические конфликты на региональном и международном уровнях. Китай-
ская инициатива выводит на поверхность комплекс проблем:
- появление нового треугольника Китай - Центральная Азия – Европа,
- появление тетрагона Китай - Центральная Азия – Европа – США,
- ослабление американского и российского влияния в центральноазиатском регионе,
- стремление Китая к экономической гегемонии в центральноазиатском регионе,
- стремление Китая взять под свой контроль транспортировку в Европу своих товаров, что проти-
востоит интересам Европы, т.к. пока основные торговые пути проходят через зоны, находящиеся
под европейским или американским влиянием,
-
становление юаня как важной
региональной валюты, ее укрепление, что приведет к дедолла-
ризации и сокращению потерь при расчете валют,
- в
овлечение больших территорий в китайскую инициативу ЭПШП приведет к увеличению
влияния Китая в мире.
Абай атындағы аз ПУ-ні Хабаршысы, «Тарих жəне саяси-əлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3 (50), 2016 ж.
127
Вместе с тем, Китай сможет
решить проблемы Гонконга, для которого станет возможным коорди-
нировать проект, проводить консультации с международными экспертами, принимать участие в
создании технологической электронной базы обмена информацией и документ ооборота безопасных
платежей, необходимых для будущей торговли в электронном формате в рамках проекта.
Саймон Чен (Simon Shen), директор Глобальных исследовательских программ (Global Studies
Program) в китайском университете Гонконга, поясняет, что ЭПШП – это «новый вид китайской
дипломатии, который можно рассматривать как «институциональный реализм», суть которого заклю-
чается в создании новой инфраструктуры за рубежом для развития влияния на мировую политику»
[4]. Создается
новая стратегическая история Китая, стремящегося к региональному лидерству,
ослабляя американское влияние в регионе. Создается новая геополитическая карта евразийского
континента.
Как мы отметили ранее, одна из особенностей ЭПШП – это делокализация китайских предприятий
вне страны, что приведет к экономии энергетических ресурсов и обеспечение экологии своей терри-
тории. Другая особенность проекта заключается в том, что Пекин заключил договор не на двусто-
ронней основе, как обычно, а с объединением: ЕАЭС - Евразийским экономическим союзом. Пока
это не выглядит как договор между ЕАЭС и ЭПШП. С апреля 2016 года в рамках ЕАЭС завершается
подготовка позиционного документа, который станет коллективным документом всех стран
Евразийского экономического союза по сопряжению с ЭПШП.
В условиях экономического кризиса в Европе, проблем с добычей нефти и колебаниями ее стои-
мости, стагнации в Америке, замедления экономического роста в Китае, обострения проблем нацио-
нальной, региональной и международной безопасности, усиливающихся вооруженных конфликтов,
роста исламского терроризма и т.д. делают возможными риски для реализации проекта. Зарубежная
аналитикавыделила 6 основныхрисков, переплетающихся политически и экономически:
1. Риск потери национального суверенитета, складывающийся из сочетания политических и
структурных составляющих.
2. Валютный риск, который оценивается в 25 % девальвации текущего года.
3. Риски банковского сектора или банковские кризисы, связанные с проблемами платежей
корпоративного сектора.
4. Политические риски, куда входит целый ряд политических факторов, касающихся поли-
тической стабильности, которая может повлиять на способность страны обслуживать свои долговые
обязательства на валютном рынке. Политический риск – как совокупность риска потери сувере-
нитета, валютного риска и риска банковского сектора.
5. Риски экономической структуры, предполагающие структурные преобразования в экономике.
Это совокупность всех предшествующих рисков.
6. Общий страновой риск, складывающийся из риска потери суверенитета, валютного риск и риск
банковского сектора [5].
Британский экономист Джон М.Кейнс (1883-1946) в 1940-х гг. писал: «…в разгар великой депрес-
сии … я больше сочувствую тем, кто стремится уменьшить, чем тем, кто стремиться увеличить
экономическую взаимосвязь между различными государствами. Идеи, тяга к познанию, искусство,
гостеприимство, любовь к путешествиям – эти явления по своей природе интернациональны. Но
товары должны быть домашнего производства во всех случаях, когда это представляется разумным и
легко возможным, и, прежде всего, финансовые ресурсы должны быть национальными по своему
происхождению». Китай следует этим принципам, сохраняя всегда свои национальные интересы в
экономике. Но хватит ли Китаю сил реализовать эту инициативу? Станет ли Китай структурирующей
силой международных отношений?
1
1 Payette A., Sun G. “Une Ceinture, uneVoie”: la nouvelle route de la soie chinoise // Tribune. – 2016. - 694. P.
-1-3.
2
Chaponnière, Jean-Raphaël. Chine: une économie à deux moteurs. - Режим доступа: asialyst. com/
fr/2016/07/28/chine-une-economie-a-deux-moteurs – (дата обращения 28.7.2016).
3
860 тысяч казахстанцев нуждаются в постоянной работе - вице-министр здравоохранения и соцраз-
вития Нурымбетов Н. – Режим доступа: tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan – (дата обращения 15.7.2016).
4
Jalolov S. Un chemin de fer sur la route de la soie. – Режим доступа: histoireet societe.wordpress.com – (дата
обращения: 10.5.2016).
5
Prospects and challenges on China’s ‘one belt, one road’: a risk assessment report // The Economist The
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2015. – 26 р.; Duchâtel M. Chine : "Routes de la soie", une entreprise risqué. –
Режим доступа: asialyst.com/fr/2015.07.13 – (дата обращения: 12.7.2016).
Вестник КазНПУ имени Абая, серия «Исторические и социально-политические науки», №3 (50), 2016 г.
128
6
1 Payette A., Sun G. “UneCeinture, uneVoie”: la nouvelle route de la soiechinoise //Tribune.-2016. - 694.- P.1-3.
7
2 Chaponnière Jean-Raphaël. Chine: une économie à deux moteurs. Rezhim dostupa: аsialyst. com/
fr/2016/07/28/chine-une-economie-a-deux-moteurs. Data obrashcheniya 28.7.2016.
4
860 tysyach kazakhstantsev nuzhdayutsya v postoyannoy rabote - vitse-ministr zdravookhraneniya i sotsrazvitiya
NurymbetovN. Rezhim dostupa: tengrinews.kz/Kazakhstan. Data obrashcheniya 15.7.2016.
5
Jalolov S. Unchemin de fersur la route de la soie. Rezhim dostupa: histoireetsociete.wordpress.com. Data
obrashcheniya: 10.5.2016.
6
Prospects and challenges on China’s ‘one belt, one road’: a risk assessment report // The Economist The
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2015. – 26 p.; Duchâtel M. Chine : "Routes de la soie", uneentreprise risqué.
Rezhim dostupa: asialyst.com/fr/2015.07.13. Data obrashcheniya 12.7.2016.
Түйіндеме
Жібек жолының экономикалық белдеуі: жаңа геосаяси картасы Еуразиялық континент
Шаймарданова З.Д. - тарих ғылымдарыны докторы, доцент,
Абылай хан атындағы Халы<аралы< <атынастар жəне əлем тілдері университеті, Алматы
Адам Д. - «Халы<аралы< <атынастар» мамандығы бойынша 2-курс магистранты
Абылай хан атындағы Халы<аралы< <атынастар жəне əлем тілдері университеті
Қытайды Еуропа елдерімен қосатын, Азия мен Африка құрылығымен ынтамақтастықты нығайтатын Жібек
жолы экономикалық белдеуінің идеясын ҚХР басшысы 2013 жылы айқындаған. Онда Шығыстан Батысқа қарай
тауарларды тиімді шарттар негізінде тікелей жеткізуді айтылып еді. Қытай Тұнық мұхитынан Балтикаға дейін
көлік желісін құруға, сауда мен инвестициялардың кедергілірін азайтуға, ұлттық валютадағы есеп айырысу
жүйесін кеңейтуге үміттенеді. Бірақ Қытайдың бастамасы бір қатар тəукелділігіне байланысты болып отыр:
соның ішінде валюталық, банк секторы, экономикалық құрылымдар, саяси жəне жалпы халықтық тəуекелдерді
айтуға болады. Бұл тəуекелдер əлемдік қауымдастықта саяси тұрақсыздық, ислам терроризм қауіпінің өсуі,
негізгі сауда əріптестерінің экономикалық өсу қарқынынң баяулауы, Қытайдың экономикалық құлдырауы,
шикі зат бағасының төмендеуі, АҚШ долларының нығаюы сияқты жағдайларға тəуелді болып келеді. Қытай
бұл бастаманы жүзеге асыра ала ма?
Түйін сөздер: Жібек жолы экономикалық белдеуі, Қазақстан, Қытай, юань, көлік инфрақұрылымы, жаһан-
дану, кері жаһандану.
Summary
Economic belt of Silk way: a new geopolitical map Eurasian continent
Shaymardanova Z.D. - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kazakh Ablai Khan University of
International Relations and World Languages, Almaty
Adam D. - 2 undergraduate course on "International Relations"
Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Ablai Khan, Almaty
The idea of the Silk Road Economic Belt that would to connect China with Europe and to strengthen cooperation
with Asia and Africa, was proposed by the head of China in 2013. It is creating a trade corridor for direct delivery of
goods from East to West on favorable terms. China hopes to create a transport network from the Pacific to the Baltic, to
reduce trade barriers and investment, to expand the system of settlements in national currencies. However, the
implementation of the Chinese initiative project involves a number of risks, including currency risk, the banking sector
risks, the risks of economic structure and political risks. These risks are caused by political instability in the world
community, the growing threat of Islamic terrorism, slowdown in economic growth of major trading partners, the
economic downturn in China, falling primary products’prices, the strengthening of the US dollar. Will China be able to
realize this initiative?
Keywords: Economic Belt Silk Road, China, Kazakhstan, the yuan, transport infrastructure, globalization,
deglobalization.
Абай атындағы аз ПУ-ні Хабаршысы, «Тарих жəне саяси-əлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3 (50), 2016 ж.
129
САЯСИ ЖƏНЕ ƏЛЕУМЕТТІК ТАРИХ
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY
УДК 327 (574)
PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATING OF AN ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY
Dr Kairzhan Abdykhalykov – PhD in International Relations, Chair of Public Policy, Almaty Management
University
DiasKozhatayev – MSc in Project Management, Chair of Management, Entrepreneurship and Marketing,
Almaty Management University
The article is devoted to principles of the creating of an entrepreneurial university and to development of an
entrepreneurial education in Kazakhstan. The authors analyze entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial environment
and entrepreneurship’s influence of to the creating of an entrepreneurial university model.
Entrepreneurial University is a new form of learning in higher education, students acquire practical competencies,
and they have an entrepreneurial mindset. Base on entrepreneurial skills graduates gain additional skills that they can
use both in business and in other activities. Graduate, graduated from the entrepreneurial university does not have to be
an entrepreneur in the future, but it will have the necessary in all areas of entrepreneurial thinking. The article presents
the idea of entrepreneurial functions of universities, are some examples of international experience Entrepreneurial
universities
The article presents ideas of the development of entrepreneurial functions of the universities and some examples of
worldwide experience of entrepreneurial universities. It shows the functional structure of entrepreneurial education in
the developed countries of Europe and the United States.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, society, public policy, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial university.
Entrepreneurship is not just a business, it is an activity that generates new ideas, developing
entrepreneurship, extraordinary thinking, it is in fact, a certain lifestyle of the some partof the population in
the planet. In this regard, the whole Kazakhstani society needs to perceive entrepreneurship, and help to
expand its scope in the country among the whole population.
Entrepreneurial activity is born from the entrepreneurial spirit, if the person is adventurous and has own
judgments, thinks outside the box, the he is the possible candidate to become an entrepreneur in the future,
because not all people can or have to be entrepreneurs, but the vast majority should think innovative and be
able to generate and implement ideas.
Entrepreneurship is, above all, the thought process, but because each of us has its own device, the
stereotype thinking, then in relation to this specific area of business activity and the success of every
entrepreneur is different. But the success rate cannot reflect the level of thinking, although this is not enough
- an important role in this case play fortune, luck, etc. However, the case, luck, fortune accompanied only to
those who can think and learn. Exactly to this - the attempt to help each individual to develop his or her own
stereotype - is reducing the main task of the learning process.
The realities of our time show that in the economic and public circles and among practitioners stopped
simplified interpretation of the economic essence of entrepreneurship, the latter equates with any business.
With this approach, and in the formulation of laws, and in the regulation of business can be selected hardly
right direction. That is why today so acute problem of theoretical understanding of the essence,
organizational forms and principles of business with regard to conditions of Kazakhstan.
Entrepreneurship serves, as a special kind of economic activity, because of its startup phase is associated,
as a rule, only with an idea - the result of mental activity, subsequently receiving a materialized form.
The entrepreneurship is characterized by obligatory availability of the innovative moment - whether it be
production of the new entity. New manufacturing execution system, quality, implementation of new methods
of production organization or new technologies is the innovative moments too.
There should be necessary business environment in the country, which would positively affect the state
and society, create the basis for the rise of the entrepreneurial spirit among the population of the country and
influence for the growth of entrepreneurial activity among all classes of the population.
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Implementation of business activity at the effective level is possible only in the presence of a certain
public situation. The entrepreneurial environment which is understood first of all as the market, market
system of the relations, and also a personal liberty of the entrepreneur, i.e. his personal independence
allowing to make such entrepreneurial decision which, from his point of view, will be the most effective,
efficient and the most profitable. The concerns occurring in some part of our society that the entrepreneur in
such conditions acts only in the interests are groundless and harmful.
The entrepreneurial environment - the public economic situation including degree of economic freedom,
availability (or a possibility of emergence) the entrepreneurial case, domination of market type of
commercial ties, a possibility of forming of an entrepreneur's capital and use of necessary resources. As an
exponent of public freedom of enterprise serves the number of again appearing independent entities [1].
Development of business leads to an increase in national wealth and well-being of a nation (but not vice
versa). Formation of the business environment - the problem is not only national, but also cross-country.
Within the framework of the interstate closed groups is the process of creating a single enterprise space, thus
the conditions for the implementation of business functions are in all of these countries are more similar. It is
very urgent for Kazakhstan remains the problem of inclusion in the European and global entrepreneurial
space. Only in the case of such an inclusion may stall the process of “leakage” of Kazakhstani capital abroad.
Any entrepreneur needs in effective partner communications: only in that case he can effectively act
within this or that fragment of complete production process. The situation when all entrepreneurs form the
chain of partner communications, which is rather isolated from general economic process, is ideal.
In market conditions from the entrepreneur ability is required – and even predisposition – to work in the
union with other entrepreneurs and to conduct fixed search of the most effective partner communications
during which the entrepreneur performs reorientation of the activities.
One of subjects of entrepreneurial education is the entrepreneurial university motivating teachers,
students and employees to initiate innovative ideas and training to technologies of their commercialization.
What we intend with our contribution is nothing new.
In 1998 Prof. Burton R. Clark the first has made an attempt of systemic scientific judgment of this
phenomenon and has introduced in the scientific use the term "Entrepreneurial University". What represents
such university? The most universal and roomy definition of entrepreneurial university is- the source of
entrepreneurial activity. In turn there is a question what is understood as business activity in relation to the
higher school [2].
The role of entrepreneurial universities is also significant; their influence to the changes in the society and
the state is invaluable. Universities should be the link between business and society, business and
government.
The university is one of the strongest institutes in the world. It shall pass a difficult new test now.
-new quality of the international competition changes a role and functions of universities and research
systems sharply. If they do not become conductors of innovations, entrepreneurial universities, they interfere
with regional and national development and the international competitiveness.
-application of university production of knowledge depends on quality of entrepreneurship (whose
various functions are considered below). As it is difficult to impart knowledge even if costs of diffusion are
low - knowledge as the public benefit - the main carriers of knowledge people who directly participate in
production of knowledge. In many cases, it can be researchers. That it has occurred requires profound
changes in training of students and scientists, especially in skills and competences to create the companies as
carriers of innovations (evolutionary function of entrepreneurship, see below).
-because of the difficulties connected with knowledge transfer and because of network economies,
application new scientific created knowledge has a strong regional component. In order that strong positive
influence on local / regional development has universities of entrepreneurial, thus.
There are two ways of realization of entrepreneurial function of university:
The first direction is connected with training of future entrepreneurs, people ready to base and bear
responsibility for own business.
The second direction – business activity of the university. Creation of business incubators, science and
technology parks, affiliated firms, etc. The university shall involve students and graduates in
entrepreneurship, rendering to them not only the information and consulting, but also resource help [3].
Eloquently tell the following figures about the importance of similar activity. At Oxford University, in
particular, about 300 firms with the total annual turnover in 4 billion dollars from which the university
receives about 1 billion.At Harvard University the resource equity (endowment), the equity of university
Абай атындағы аз ПУ-ні Хабаршысы, «Тарих жəне саяси-əлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3 (50), 2016 ж.
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used for its business activity constitutes 18 billion dollars, at George Washington's University – about 500
million, and at 280 universities and colleges it constitutes more than 100 million dollars.
At the same time it is not just about entrepreneurship and creation of the new entities. Relying on the
competitive advantages, universities create first of all the knowledge-intensive, innovative productions.
Business activity of universities is directed not only to receipt of financial result, but also bears the major
social and economic component – development and deployment of innovations.
Institutional basis of these activities are university business incubators and techno parks.
Business incubators have gained the greatest distribution in the USA. There they are a part of the majority
of scientific and technological parks. In total today in the USA work more than 160 business incubators.The
first association of business incubators has been created as it was already noted, in the USA in 1985. Today it
remains to the largest and totals about 800 members from the different countries of the world. Similar
associations work practically in all countries of Western Europe long ago.
These principles are also actual for our country. Moreover, in this direction Kazakhstan has a huge and
perspective field for expansion of innovative activities. From the beginning of market transformation
attempts of implementation of new organizational forms of innovative activities have begun.
The international experience demonstrates that entrepreneurial universities most fully meet innovative
requirements of economy and business in the field of education, being the educational, research and
production centers. An active role in the course of their functioning is played by the state and business that
allows realizing the new concept of innovative development – the concept of "a threefold spiral" (G.
Itskovits, L. Leydesdorf) in which the leading role is assigned to entrepreneurial universities.
In the middle of the last century in some developed countries process of transformation of classical higher
education institutions in entrepreneurial has begun. As it was mentioned previously, the first who has made
an attempt of system scientific judgment of this process and has introduced for scientific use the term
"Entrepreneurial University" (entrepreneurial or entrepreneur university) there was B. R. Clark. He has
created the concept of "entrepreneurial university", having allocated five of its common features (the
strengthened directing kernel, the expanded periphery of development, diversified base of financing, the
stimulated academic stronghold and the integrated entrepreneurial culture) which have helped to overcome
the existing imbalance between requirements imposed by society to universities and their capability to
conform to these requirements.
Entrepreneurial universities in the USA are 235 universities, which represent a kernel of the American
system of the higher education and the center of development of fundamental science. Treat them: Harvard
University, Yale University, Columbia University, university of Berkeley, etc., many of which are in the lead
in world ratings. Entrepreneurial universities have sufficient financial resources; possess considerable
financial funds in which forming graduates actively participate. Ratings of universities are regularly carried
out to the USA that allows to attract students and the best teachers, and to use the latest training methods.
Successful examples of interaction of the higher education and science in the USA are: Silicon valley,
park Research triangle (State of North Carolina), techno park ''Boston Road 128'', etc.
Long-term efforts on creation of firms, the state support of research and development works (Research
and Development) and development of policy of support of business became a basis of success of
functioning of the Silicon valley. The park of Research triangle (State of North Carolina), has been created in
1959 based on three universities. Now in the park about 130 research organizations and 160 companies with
general employment of 40 thousand people function. Creation of this park has allowed to turn Northern
Carolina into one of the most developed and educated regions of the USA.
Reforming of the existing classical universities in entrepreneurial in Western Europe has begun rather
recently. In general, universities are not as in the USA, strong scientific base, and represent one of elements
of system (scientific research institute, national laboratories, scientific parks, etc.).
Great Britain is considered the fourth country in the world on the level of entrepreneurship and the second
for innovations and to quality of scientific researches. The problem of development of entrepreneurial
universities is considered in the country at the highest level, with connection of members of Parliament. Such
centers and programs as "The national center for entrepreneurship in education" (The National Centrefor
Entrepreneurship in Education (NCEE) [4], "The program for leadership development of entrepreneurial
university" (Entrepreneurial University Leaders Programme, [5], for heads of the higher school in case of
this center, the "International program for teachers of entrepreneurship" (The International Entrepreneurship
Educators Programme (IEEP) [6], uniting leading experts in area of entrepreneurship and education are
created.
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The most successful entrepreneurial universities of Great Britain are the Cambridge university, Imperial
college, University of Birmingham, Oxford University, College of the London university (UCL), the London
business school (LBS). The Department of Education of development of entrepreneurial skills suggests to
begin training with the youngest school age and has developed the Young Enterprise Fiver Challenge
program for development business of skills at school students from 7 to 11 years (this program assumed
carrying out actions on which have provided to children a trade platform in St. George's (St George’sMarket)
market in Belfast).
In Germany on development of entrepreneurial universities considerable impact is exerted by features of
forming of regional innovative systems. The most known is the Maas-Reyn triangle or Evroregion Maas-
Reyn who includes the western part of Germany (the earth Northern Rhine – Westphalia), the southern part
of the Netherlands (the region Southern Limburg) and east part of Belgium (region Wallonia). In it seven
leaders of technical and three medical universities, a number of the state and world-class private research
centers, in particular, Aakhensky university of the earth Northern Rhine – Westphalia (RWTH Aachen
University), Aakhensky university of applied sciences (Aachen University of Applied Sciences), etc.
function.
In Sweden formation of entrepreneurial universities as "a triple spiral" began since 1980. One of them is
the University of Lund which the first realized course on practical business and became one of the most
knowledge-intensive universities. Enterprise universities represent the largest science and technology parks:
the science and techno park of Kista Science City created on the basis of the University of information
technologies formed by Royal Institute of technology and the Stockholm University which is called "the
Silicon Valley of Sweden".
In 2009 in Finland there were 20 universities (yliopisto) and 26 so-called polytechnics (ammatti
korkeakoulu) which can be treated as "universities of application-oriented knowledge" and the program for
reforming of the higher education was launched.
Reform assumed to enter "enterprise culture" into universities. In general, the concept of enterprise
education assumed the soft three-stage junction:
-
to learn to understand business;
-
to learn to be enterprising;
-
to learn to be the entrepreneur.
The big part is assigned to entrepreneurial education at schools and a role of the teacher as main thing
who will create a suitable educational environment and will develop the capabilities to encourage
entrepreneurial skills and the corresponding activity in students.
Process of creation of model of entrepreneurial university is connected with the level of economic
development of the specific country, corresponds to its cultural and national traditions, and the approaches to
training in entrepreneurship applied in this or that country exert impact on it. In the American higher
education institutions and colleges the subject of training in entrepreneurship usually contacts activities of
venture capital companies. At the same time, training is aimed at development of skills in range of definition
of opportunities and resource allocation in the conditions of risk business.
The lack of quality of entrepreneurial education in Kazakhstan can lead to bad consequences that may
impede the further development of national entrepreneurship.
Thus, only the real cooperation of universities, business and government can develop entrepreneurial
education in universities of Kazakhstan. The universities bycreating of student start-ups and business
incubators will be able to generate new ideas, resources, innovation and technology. This will increase the
importance of universities to society, and increase their "economic" role in diversifying the country’s
economy.
1
Busygin A. Entrepreneurship: The main course. - Moscow. 1997.
2
Clark, Burton R. Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation. London
and New York: International Association of Universities Press and Pergamon-Elsevier Science, 1998.
3
Entrepreneurial universities in the innovation economy / under the general editorship of Professor Y. B. Rubin. -
M.: Market-DS, 2005, P. 402.
4
The National Centre for Entrepreneurship in Education is a trading name of the National Council for Graduate
Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship in education http://ncee.org.uk/.
5
Entrepreneurial University Leaders Programme 2015. Electronic resource. Access mode: http://eulp.co.uk/.
6
International Entrepreneurship Educators programme 2014, posted materials. Electronic resource. Access
mode: http://ieeponline.com/.
Абай атындағы аз ПУ-ні Хабаршысы, «Тарих жəне саяси-əлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3 (50), 2016 ж.
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