REFERENCES
Казахский государственный женский
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1.
Richards Jack C., Theodore S. Rodgers. Approaches and Methods in Language
Teaching. Cambridge UK, 2001.
2.
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Interactive-Methods-Of-Teaching-English-Through-
215214.html.
3.
Kevin Yee. Language Teaching Methods, 2000.
4.
Van Hattum , Ton. The Communicative Approaches Rethought, 2006.
5.
Levy M. Context and conceptualization. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
ТҮЙІНДЕМЕ
Сейдақова А.Е.,
магистр, аға оқытушы,
(Алматы қ., Қазақ мемлекеттік қыздар педагогикалық университеті)
АҒЫЛШЫН ТІЛІН ОҚЫТУДЫҢ ИНТЕРБЕЛСЕНДІ ӘДІСТЕРІ
Мақалада шетел тілін оқытудың инновациялық әдістері қарастырылады. Сонымен,
шет тілін оқыту үрдісінде студенттердің коммуникативтік белсенділіктерін арттыру үшін
шетел тілдерін оқытудың қазіргі кездегі инновациялық әдістерін тиімді пайдаланатын
болсақ, бұл бізге шет тілін үйрету үдерісін анағұрлым жеңілдетіп, білім сапасын
арттырады.
Түйін сөздер: ғылым, әдіс, интербелсенді, тіл, оқыту.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Сейдакова А.Е.,
магистр, старший преподаватель,
(г. Алматы, Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет)
ИНТЕРАКТИВНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
В статье рассматриваются инновационные методы обучения иностранным языкам.
Итак, если мы будем эффективно использовать современные инновационные методы
обучения в процессе обучения иностранному языку для повышения коммуникативной
активности студентов, то это значительно улучшим процесс изучения языка и его
качество.
Ключевые слова: наука, метод, интерактивный, язык, обучение.
UDC 811.111-111
MODERN TEACHING METHODS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
G.M. Soltanmuratova,
S.A. Satimbekova, senior teachers
(Almaty, Kazakh State Women’s
Teacher Training University)
Abstract: Nowadays there is a great variety of methods of teaching foreign languages
Some have had their heyday and have fallen into relative obscurity; others are widely used now,
or have small following, but contribute insights that may be absorbed into the generally accepted
mix, still others are just appearing to be adapted and approved by teachers in various teaching
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contexts. This article presents an overview of some modern methods and techniques used in TFL
at technical.
Keywords: Universities, such as the case study method, language portfolio, writing essays
and doing research, designing and delivering oral presentations and team teaching.
The choice of the teaching practices described was determined by their accordance
with the following pedagogic concepts:
-
communicative approach;
-
problem-solving approach;
-
vocational orientation in TFL;
-
learner-centred approach.
One of the most well-known, though still receiving little use is the case study method
(Benoit, 2009), which appeared as a distinctive approach as far as in the beginning of the 20
th
century. Case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (as an event, a person or type of
behaviour, institutional group or culture) stressing developmental factors in relation to
environment.
This is a method of research by which accumulated case histories are analysed as
primary authorities instead of textbooks (Horwich,1999). Normally in FLT the text of a case
study is up to 2 pages long and includes such sections as: background or introductory
information, description of an event or problem definition, and a presentation of issues for group
discussion.
Materials and methods
Case studies for FL study should be based on realistic professional or everyday problems
and situations, and designed to motivate and actively engage students. Typically students are
involved in discussions on particular problems and work out solutions or recommendations
through their active group work. Case studies are also excellent topics for dialogues. It is
common that each case study ends with a realistic writing task reflecting the real world of
professional correspondence.
To be successful in using case studies a teacher should take into consideration the level of
students’ language knowledge. The best choice would be using it with the student groups of
intermediate or advanced level, who may have certain problems in grammar, pronunciation or
vocabulary use, but for the most part are at ease with speaking the FL. Classroom applications of
the case study method include: – free discussions; – directed discussions; – group research work;
– written tasks (Benoit, 2009), and other types of activities.
Language Portfolio is a set of documents that contains information about student’s
language learning experiences, the level of different language skills – writing, reading, speaking,
listening, and translation, and samples of those skills. It promotes language learning and the
development of cultural competence. Most often it consists of three parts: a language passport, a
language biography and a dossier (Horwich 1999). Its language passport allows language
learners to summarize their language learning experiences and to describe them in a meaningful
way using the terminology of an international rating scale. The language biography focuses on
the five C’s of language learning: Communication, Culture, Connections, Comparisons, and
Communities. It provides learners with an opportunity to assess for themselves
their language learning progress in five skill areas. It also encourages them to set personal goals
in language learning and intercultural competence development, and to plan strategies to meet
their individual goals. The dossier both stores samples of a learner’s speaking and writing, and
documents results of the learner’s language tests and other professional certifications.
Results and discussion
Teachers can use the Language Portfolio technique to help their learners become more
autonomous. Universities can use it to develop a whole-school language policy and approaches
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to LT. Besides the Language Portfolio can be used in programmes of teacher education and
development (pre-service and in-service) to encourage reflective, learner-centred approaches to
language learning and promote awareness of the international language assessment criteria.
While the language passport provides a summary in the owner’s proficiency in a FL, the
language biography and dossier provide employers with a more detailed picture of his or her
language and intercultural skills. Thus the Language Portfolio can later be used in recruitment
and workplace language training.
An essay is usually a short piece of writing, which is often written from an author's
personal point of view and requires an independent research. In each vocational course students
should be advised to read books in a FL and complete the given tasks related to their study in the
essay format. The reading of both exclusively professional and non-professional texts in a FL
selected according to the students’ level and the progress made in the study programme is of
great significance and should be widely accepted in TFL at technical universities.
Essay is a good introduction to patterned writing which is the basis for much more
complicated writing that is done later in personal and professional life. Students are taught to
produce generative essay writing, developing the plan, drafting, seeking and receiving feedback,
revising, proofreading, and reflecting along with the development of the skills to searching and
selecting information from additional sources such as the Internet, specialized journals and other
special publications.
Teachers should not mark errors at all on early drafts, especially with non-linguistic
students. Even on later or final drafts not every error should be marked in order not to make the
process of writing seem too difficult and de-motivating.
It is recommended that the major writing assignments had links between them, that is a
project begun in an earlier essay should lead in some way to a later essay. Students should self-
assess their works repeatedly – they should be asked to write reflections about their essays on the
days they turn them in. Their reflections should be not only evaluative but also descriptive: they
should show the understanding of how they write, and putting it in writing will help them.
Learning to write essays improves students’ critical thinking skills, develops their ability to
systematically compare and contrast subjects, and encourages creativity and originality.
Making oral presentations is one of the important components of a FL course as it
develops students’ oral presentation and public speaking skills. Asking students to give
presentations gives the following benefits: – it gives the presenting student a good opportunity to
practise unaided speaking; – it gives the other students good listening practice; – it increases the
presenting student's confidence when using a FL; – it can be a good diagnostic and assessment
device; – it can be good practice for the real situation when students may actually need to give
presentations in a FL in their professional lives; – it is an excellent generator of spontaneous
discussion and/or essay topics. Students of a university will need the skills of presenting
information and conducting briefings in their future work; therefore they should be taught to give
instructive and demonstration speeches and presentations followed by discussions. Besides these
are the basic types of presentations to teach to non-linguistic students, since they are simple and
their more immediate structures lend themselves for use even to the students with the language
knowledge of pre-intermediate or intermediate levels.
The presentation task usually follows the tasks on conducting research and writing essays,
but sometimes it needs an independent research to be done. In accordance with the problem-
solving approach tasks on designing presentations require student’s independence and
responsibility. However the teacher should assist students in going over the stages of preparation
for the presentation, working on its different parts, discuss possible problems with delivery and
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evaluation of presentations. After all students have to present collected information alive, in front
of their peers being ready to give additional comments and answer questions.
Using the visual presentation as a support, students talk on professional, specified topics
providing the listeners with greater knowledge and clearer understanding. This can not only
increase the student’s awareness of public speaking in a FL, but also invite other students to
provide feedback, thus promoting communication. The presentations can last for 4-5 minutes but
in some of the more advanced groups the students themselves vote on a 12-15 minutes limit.
Team teaching in the most general sense encompasses a wide variety of arrangements. One
specific form, which has become quite prevalent in recent years, is having two teachers in the
classroom teaching simultaneously (Suntsova and Burmakova, 2008). Very often these are FL
teachers accompanied by the native speaking assistants of the target language. Besides, there is
another type of teachers’ cooperation – interdisciplinary teaching, which is organized across
different curricular disciplines. For example, a FL and a computer science teacher might work
together to form an interdisciplinary unit on professional communication in IT industry. The
professional communication would be the unifying idea, but the English teacher would link it to
Language Arts by studying vocabulary and formats, and teaching students how to design letters,
faxes, documents, etc. The science teacher might teach students about the real communication
systems that exist at enterprises in IT industry, present the service hierarchies, highlight the
communication flows, and help them research the local companies.
One of the advantages of team teaching is that it inevitably produces a lower teacher
student ratio, but having two teachers in the class sharing turns speaking does not accomplish
this. Only by running separate activities, dividing the class into groups – having both teachers
circulate and interact with students is the ratio effectively lowered. Ideally, both teachers should
be actively involved in managing and teaching most of the class time.
There are six ways to implement team teaching into a classroom: 1) both teachers are
teaching together (teachers act simultaneously); 2) one teaches, one observes; 3) subgroup
teaching – subgroups are set up and cover specific topics simultaneously being moderated by the
teachers. The other groups, without teachers, are doing work being self-directed by the students;
4) parallel teaching – teachers act separately, but in one classroom; 5) alternative teaching – one
teacher works with the majority of the group, the other teachers a smaller part, usually those who
are behindhand; 6) one teaches, one assists answering specific questions on the subject.
Successful team teaching has the potential to benefit all concerned. Teachers stand to gain
in terms of their professional development – they are provided with partners to help them set
objectives, make plans, implement lessons and evaluate the results. They have someone from
whom they can draw inspiration and who can provide them with constructive feedback on their
teaching. Students benefit from the increased quality of the lessons and a lower student to
teacher ratio.
The Golden Rule of the team teaching is never to take anything for granted and explicitly
discuss everything, because when expectations are unclear or vastly different, the essential
rapport quickly breaks down. Clear communication on the part of both members of the teaching
team is essential to the success of the relationship and the realization of teaching objectives.
Communication is perhaps rendered more difficult for teams made up of teachers from
different cultural backgrounds which value radically different communication styles. Personal
conflicts, whether they are gender-based, cultural or personal have no place within the
classroom. Despite any differences of opinion, each teacher should remain respectful and
professional towards the other in the classroom. Students will be quick to pick up on any
tensions and may try to exploit them. In the classroom, the most important people are the
students –teachers should set aside personal difficulties and make teaching their number one
priority.
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Team teaching in FL instruction requires thorough planning and preparation as well as
following some rules and requirements:
1)
flexibility of the teachers, their being ready to change the class planning according to the
current situation;
2)
compatibility of the teachers, both personal and professional, implying trust,
cooperativeness, conciliatory spirit, and commitment to collaborative practice;
3)
equal status of the teachers and their responsibilities, regardless of their age,
experience and education;
4)
common goal orientation and joint coordination of activities;
5)
using teaming approaches for problem-solving and programme implemention.
The advantages of the teaching methods and techniques mentioned above are numerous
and their employment contributes to the development of the following students’ skills and
abilities:
1.
Language learning and intercultural skills.
2.
Communication skills: written, oral and non-verbal.
3.
Critical thinking skills.
4.
Reflective learning abilities.
5.
Organizational skills and professional knowledge.
6.
Collaborative learning and team-working skills.
7.
Life-long learning habits.
8.
Managerial and workplace communication skills such as holding a meeting, describing a
project, solving a problem, negotiating a contract, giving a presentation, etc. All of these
methods and techniques force students into real-life situations and require them to get involved
into managerial and workplace communication.
C
ONCLUSIONS
It should be noted that one of the main ideas of introducing these methods and techniques
into FL courses is to provide opportunities for realistic learning situations, in particular to
enable students to learn and use a FL in tasks related to and facilitating their study of other
university courses. The case study method, language portfolio, essays and research, oral
presentations and teaching in teams are the areas of the most pronounced collaboration between
a FL and other university courses as the tasks should be set in such a way to include the content
covered as assignments or projects in professional courses. This not only enables the connecting
of the professional knowledge and language knowledge in a meaningful way, but also promotes
peer and collaborative learning in a realistic environment, which is one of the key
methodological recommendations in contemporary FLT.
REFERENCES
1.
Suntsova E.N. and E.A. Burmakova The Use of case Study Method in Foreign
2.
Language Teaching // Прикладная филология: идеи, концепции, проекты: Сб. cт. VI
Mежд. научно-практич. конф., Часть 1. – Томск: ТПУ, 2008. – С. 87-94.
3.
Benoit R. B. Haugh. Team Teaching Tips for Foreign Language Teachers. Borrowed
from: http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Benoit-TeamTeaching.html on August 20, 2009.
4.
Horwich J. Cracks widen in team teaching of English. Asahi Evening News 24 October,
1999. Life Section.
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ТҮЙІНДЕМЕ
Солтанмұратова Г.М., аға оқытушы
Сәтімбекова С.А., аға оқытушы
(Алматы қ., Қазақ мемлекеттік қыздар педагогикалық университеті)
ШЕТЕЛ ТІЛІН ОҚЫТУДА ЗАМАНАУИ ӘДІСТЕР
Мақалада
қазіргі
таңдағы
шетел
тілдерінің
әдіс-тәсілдері
көрсетілген.
Коммуникативті сабақ түрлері, оны студенттерде қалыптастыру мен дамыту жолдарына
анықтама берілген. Оқытушылардың сабақ берудегі өзекті мәселелері көрсетілген.
Түйін сөздер: Университеттер, кейс методы, тіл портфолиосы, эссе жазу және
зерттеу жүргізу, топтық жұмыс.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Солтанмуратова Г.М., старший преподаватель
Сатимбекова С.А., старший преподаватель
(г.Алматы, Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет)
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
В статье рассматриваются особенности преподавания английского языка в
современных условиях. Обучение иностранным языкам повышает мотивацию студентов.
Всеобщее обучение английскому языку является целью мирового образования, так как
английский язык – язык межнационального общения. В статье также освещены
определения и актуальные вопросы преподавания английского языка.
Ключевые слова: университеты, метод кейса, языковое портфолио, эссе и
исследовательская работа, командная работа.
UDC 37.031.2
RECOGNIZING DIVERGENT THINKING AT STUDENTS AS INDICATOR FOR
CREATIVITY
K.Zh. Tursynbayeva,
master of
pedagogical sciences, senior teacher
(сity Almaty, Kazakh State Women’s
Teacher Training University)
Abstract: Divergent thinking is an approach to a situation or concept which focuses on
exploring as many aspects of the concept as possible. Starting with a single idea, the divergent
thinker allows his\her mind to wander off in many different directions, gathering numerous
thoughts and ideas which relate to the concept. This approach can be used as a method of
creative brainstorming in a wide variety of settings, ranging from the research and development
department of a major company to the classroom.
Keywords: divergent thinking, brainstorming, creativity, stimulating, development,
multiple related ideas.
Divergent thinking is an idea of generation technique, such as brainstorming in which an
idea is followed in several directions to lead to one or more new
ideas
, which in turn lead to still
more ideas. In contrast to
convergent thinking
, which aims at solving a specific
problem
divergent thinking is creative, open-ended thinking aimed at generating fresh views and
novel
solutions.
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Divergent thinking is essential for creativity. It is the ability to see lots of possible ways to
interpret a question and lots of possible answers to it. It is a thought process used to generate
creative ideas by exploring many possibilities. Instead of taking obvious steps and walking along
a straight line, one looks at different aspects of the situation, creating different results. Divergent
thinking is often used as a parallel of convergent thinking that follows a particular set of logical
steps to get one solution. All standardized tests stipulate this type of thinking.
With divergent thinking, people start out thinking about a single concept, and develop
many solutions and approaches to the concept. This contrasts with convergent thinking, in which
many ideas are brought together to a single focus, often by following a series of logical steps to
arrive at this focus. Divergent thinking is often associated with creative pursuits and the
humanities, which tend to encourage a more free-form method of thinking, but in fact, it can be
beneficial in the sciences as well, with the ability to think in a far-reaching and erratic way being
a useful skill when it comes to solving some scientific puzzles.
Divergent thinking is the process of generating multiple related ideas for a given topic or
solutions to a problem. Divergent thinking occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner.
Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is the ability to apply rules to arrive at a single ‘correct’
solution to a problem. This process is systematic. The idea of divergent thinking became
important in the scientific study of creativity because many widely used tests for creativity are
measures of individual differences in divergent thinking ability. An example of a divergent
thinking question is:
«How many unusual and uncommon uses can you come up with for a brick and a knife» or
«How many uses can you make of a toothpick?». The number of different responses, or the
number of responses given by no one else, has traditionally provided a measure of how creative a
person is.
The goal of divergent thinking is to generate many different ideas about a topic in a short
period of time. It involves breaking a topic down into its various component parts in order to
gain insight about the various aspects of the topic. Divergent thinking typically occurs in a
spontaneous, free-flowing manner, such that the ideas are generated in a random, unorganized
fashion. Following divergent thinking, the ideas and information will be organized using
convergent thinking; i.e., putting the various ideas back together in some organized, structured
way. To begin brainstorming potential topics, it is often helpful to engage in self analysis and
topic analysis.
Techniques to stimulate divergent thinking are:
1.
Brainstorming. Brainstorming is a technique which involves generating a list of ideas in
a creative, unstructured manner. The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as
possible in a short period of time. The key tool in brainstorming is using one idea to stimulate
other ideas. During the brainstorming process, all ideas are recorded, and no idea is disregarded
or criticized. After a long list of ideas is generated,a student can go back and review the ideas to
critique their value.
2.
Mind or Subject Mapping. Mind or subject mapping involves putting brainstormed ideas
in the form of a visual map or picture that shows the relationships among these ideas. A student
starts with a central idea or topic, then draws branches off the main topic which represent
different parts or aspects of the main topic. This creates a visual image or «map» of the topic
which the writer can use to develop the topic further. For example, a topic may have four
different branches (sub-topics), and each of those four branches may have two branches of its
own (sub-topics of the sub-topic).
3.
Keeping a Journal. Journals are an effective way to record ideas that one thinks of
spontaneously. By keeping a journal a student can create a collection of thoughts on various
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subjects that later become a source book of ideas. People often have insights at unusual times
and places. Later by keeping a journal a student can capture these ideas and use them when
developing and organizing materials in the prewriting stage.
4.
Free writing. When free-writing, a student will focus on one particular topic and write
about it for a short period of time. The idea is to write down whatever comes to mind about the
topic, without stopping to proofread or revise the writing. This can help generate a variety of
thoughts about a topic in a short period of time, which can later be restructured or organized
following some pattern of arrangement.
In order to make self analysis to help brainstorm a list of potential topics a teacher can ask
the following questions:
-
How do I spend my time?
-
What are my activities during a working day?
-
What do I know about?
-
What am I studying at university?
-
What do I like?
-
What are my hobbies?
-
What are my interests?
-
What bothers me?
-
What would I like to change in my life?
In order to help narrow and refine a broad topic into a specific, focused one a teacher can
ask the following questions. (e.g. substitute your topic for the word «everything»).
-
What category of ideas or objects does «everything» belong to?
-
How do you describe «everything»?
-
What is important about «everything»?
-
What are the smaller parts that comprise «everything»?
-
How has «everything» changed?
-
What is known and unknown about «everything»?
-
Is «everything» good or bad? Why?
Divergent thinking tests measure an individual’s ability to generate multiple approaches to
solving a problem. The tests typically use simple questions such as: what are the uses for a
flower pot? An average person would have 10 to 15 answers to this question. A genius of
divergent thinking would come up with a hundred possible answers. The classic school model
encourages students to adopt fixed mental models of how things work, discouraging creative
thinking and problem solving. Mastering other people’s mental models seems to kill an
individual’s ability to think divergently and wonder creatively.
Research proves that divergent thinking is mostly found among people who are curious,
willing to take risks, and persistent. The classroom environment has to be safe place for students
to experiment, make mistakes and take risks, also the environment has to be safe to fail, revise
and try again.
Research shows that activities which promote divergent thinking include:
-
learning how to ask questions;
-
learning how to think and meditate – students are allowed to think and explore their own
learning patterns, and to invent new ones, students are given time and space for reflection;
-
creating bridges to abstract concepts using common experiences, experiments and
experiential learning. Teachers should not separate learning from life; they need to find ways to
use nature as a learning setting;
-
brainstorming can be used as a tool that generates a series of random associations,
stimulating creative processes;
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-
working in collaboration with others – at individual levels, competition frequently kills
creativity; working in a group stimulates brain activities;
-
making students create stage sets where they can act out scenes from books they would
have read or act out a dialogue between historical figures, analyzing a scene through the eyes of
many different spectators;
-
using creative writing – writing anything that comes to mind about the given subject;
-
using both music and art: drawing and painting with mixing colours and mastering the
emotions versus shades or shapes, dancing and its choreography, photography with its framing
and lighting;
-
practising sport – working with movements and techniques, and teamwork;
-
creating rich, stimulating environments using materials created by student. Changing
displays regularly to provide a stimulating environment for brain development.
However, we cannot claim that when a child is recognized as creative will be a creator
when he/she grows up, but the chances that it will happen are big especially when the
environment (family, school, university) are well-organized in order to develop creativity at the
child and to provide appropriate support.
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