Упражнение 7. Выберите правильный артикль.
1) ___ Mississippi is the longest river in the USA.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
2) Yuri Gagarin was ____ first cosmonaut.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
3) I don’t like ____ sugar.
14
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
4) Pass me ____ biscuits, please.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
5) ____ tea is cold.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
6) There is ____ book on the table.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
7) Where is my ____ hat?
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
8) This ____ book is mine.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
9) There are five ____ chairs in the room.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
10) Look at ____ blackboard.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
11) ____ sun shines brightly.
a) a; b) the; c) без артикля.
Упражнение 8. Заполните пробелы артиклями, где необходимо.
(1) _____ guinea pig was introduced to (2) _____ Europe soon after (3)
_____ discovery of (4) _____ America. It has since become (5) _____ popular pet
and (6) _____ valuable research animal.
Упражнение 9. Поставьте артикли с географическими названиями,
где необходимо.
1) I was taking off on a jet plane for ____ North America.
2) The sea was beneath us now, ____ Atlantic Ocean, but I couldn’t see it.
3) We were about to land at ____ Toronto.
4) The drive to ____ Ottawa took about 5 hours.
5) The scenery changed very little and I could see that in ____ Canada you
drive for miles.
Упражнение 10. Откройте скобки, выбирая правильный артикль.
1) Last year we visited (the / –) Canada and (the / –) United States.
2) (The / –) Africa is much larger than (the / –) Europe.
3) (The / –) South of England is warmer than (the / –) North.
4) We went to (the / –) Spain for our holidays.
5) Tom has visited most countries in (the / –) Western Europe.
6) A friend of mine used to work as a reporter in (the / –) Middle East.
7) Next year we are going skiing in (the / –) Swiss Alps.
8) (The / –) Malta has been a republic since 1974.
9) (The / –) Nile is the longest river in (the / –) Africa.
10) (The / –) United Kingdom consists of (the / –) Great Britain and (the / –)
Northern Ireland.
15
UNIT 2
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
England, Britain, Great Britain, the British Isles, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK for short) - these different names are
sometimes used to mean the same thing and they are frequently used wrongly.
Strictly speaking, England, Britain and the British Isles ought to be used as geo-
graphical names. And the official name of the state situated on the British Isles is
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (it comprises England,
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).
The British Isles lie to the north-west of the continent of Europe and consist
of two main islands: the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland.
Great Britain is made up of England, Wales and Scotland; Ireland comprises
Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. These two and over 500 small islands are
known collectively as the state - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North-
ern Ireland. The total land area of the UK is 244.1 square km, it is the 75
th
place
among other countries of the world.
Many years ago the British Isles formed a part of the continent. The rocky
16
highlands of Scotland, for example, resemble the Norwegian coast. Another evi-
dence that the islands were the part of the continent is the shallowness of the water
between them and the mainland. The main separation took place thousands of
years ago, after the last Ice Age, when the ice melted, the level of the oceans rose
and drowned the low-lying coastlands.
The north-west and the west of Great Britain is surrounded by the Atlantic
Ocean. In the west the country is washed by the Irish Sea. The eastern coast is
open to the waters of the North Sea. The south-eastern part of Great Britain is sep-
arated from France by the English Channel which is in its widest part 220 km
wide, and in the narrowest, what is called the Strait of Dover, - only 32 km. So, the
islands have always had easy and mainly profitable contacts with mainland Eu-
rope.
Great Britain is very irregularly shaped; being deeply indented by the nu-
merous gulfs of the sea, no part of the country is more than 120 km from the sea.
So the British Isles are known for their greatly indented coastline. Therefore there
are many bays and harbours, peninsulas and capes on the coast, which were
formed as a result of the raising and submerging of the land surface in the process
of the geological development of the island. The island of Great Britain is quite
distinctly divided into two parts; the mountainous Highlands (north and west) and
the Lowlands, sometimes hilly (south and east).
The most important sea routes pass through the English Channel and the
North Sea linking Europe with America and other continents. The advantageous
geographical position of Great Britain created favourable conditions for the devel-
opment of shipping, trade and the economy as a whole.
The rivers of Great Britain are short and of no great importance as water-
ways, their direction and character are determined by the position of the moun-
tains. The busiest of them is “the Farther of London”, the Thames, the longest is
the Severn which is a little over 200 miles. The Trent is the fastest. The rivers sel-
dom freeze in winter, most of them remain ice-free but they are not navigable for
ocean ships.
England has no large lakes. But the Lake District in the north-western part
of the country is known for its beauty. The Lake District is the central mountain-
ous area of Cumbria in the Northwest and has some of England's most beautiful
scenery. Several other names are used to describe this area, for example Lakeland,
and the English Lakes. Since the Lake District is a National Park, there is special
control over building there to make sure that the beauty of the countryside is not
spoiled. Thereare 16 lakesthere.
Vocabulary:
to consist- состоять, заключаться, складываться
to make up- составлять, возмещать, наверстать, восполнять, создавать
rocky - скалистый, каменистый, скальный, каменный
resemble - походить, напоминать, похожий, подобный
coast - побережье, берег
evidence- доказательство, свидетельство, подтверждение
17
shallow- неглубокий, мелководный
to separate- отделять, разделять
melt- таяние
level- уровень
rise - рост, повышение
to rise повышаться, возрастать
shelf - шельф, отмель
surround - окружать, окружить, опоясывать
wide- дикий
narrow- узкий
profitable-благоприятный
gulf- морской залив
bay -бухта
harbour- гавань, порт
peninsula- полуостров
cape -мыс, кейптаун
to submerge- погружать, затоплять
advantage- преимущество, польза, выгода, достоинство
to spoil- портить, испортить, добыча
1. Practice the pronunciation of the following geographical names.
Europe, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Eng-
land, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Belfast, an Isle, an is-
land, North - Northern, Norway - Norwegian, the English Channel, the Strait of
Dover, mountain - mountainous, the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, Cambria, Lake
District, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. In what part of the world is Great Britain situated?
2. What are in your opinion the advantages and disadvantages of the geo-
graphical position of Great Britain?
3. What does the abbreviation “UK” mean?
4. What is the capital of England (Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland)?
5. Why are the isles where Great Britain is situated called British?
6. Why is it annoying for many British people when foreigners call them the
English?
7. What educational centres of Great Britain do you know?
3. Read and translate the following text.
COMPOSITION OF THE COUNTRY
The territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is
historically divided intofour parts:
18
1) England; 2) Scotland; 3) Wales; 4) Northern Ireland.
England
Of the four countries which make, up the United Kingdom, England is the
largest. It occupies an area of 131,8 thousand sq. km.England borders on Scotland
in the north. In the east it is washed by the North Sea. In the south it is separated
from the continent by the English Channel. In the west it borders on Wales and is
washed by the Bristol Channel and by the Irish Sea.
The highest part of England is in the west, from where the land gradually
slopes down to the east.
The Atlantic Ocean washes the rocky and broken west coast of England,
Wales and Scotland and is gradually wearing it away, leaving caves and sandy
beaches. On the east coast the land is low and sandy.
The rivers flowing to the east and emptying into the North Sea form deep es-
tuaries well protected from the sea. The greatest port of the country London is con-
veniently situated in the Thames estuary.
As concerns the relief, England can be divided into Northern England most-
ly taken up by the low Pen nine Mountains, the Central Plain, lowland South east
England, and hilly South-west England.
Scotland
Scotland is the most northern of the country that constitute the United King-
dom. It occupies an area 78,8 thousand sq. km.
Scotland is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and west and by the
North Sea in the east.The coastline of Scotland is greatly indented. Geographically
the territory of Scotland can be| divided into three regions: the Northern Highlands,
the Central Lowlands and the Southern Uplands.The Highlands are the highest
mountains in the British Isles. Their average height does not exceed 157 m above
sea level, though some peaks are much hitfber, rising over a thousand metres. Ben
Nevis, the .highest peak in the British Isles, reaches the heightof 1343 m.
The Lowlands are the cradle of the Scottish nation. They are densely popu-
lated.
The Southern Uplands seldom rise over 579 m above sea level. It is one of
the most sparsely populated districts in Great Britain.
Wales
Wales is a peninsula washed by the sea on three sides: the Bristol Channel in
the south, the St. George's Channel in the west, and the Irish Sea in the north. Its
territory is 20,8 thousand sq. km.
Geographically Wales may be considered part of highland Britain, the Cum-
brian Mountains occupying most of the land. It is an area of high mountains, deep
valleys, waterfalls and lakes.
Wales is a region of heavy rainfall brought by the prevailing west winds
from the Atlantic Ocean. The valleys are sheltered by the high mountains from
cold east winds. The climate is rather mild. Wales has never been densely populat-
19
ed. The Welsh have kept their own language, but English is spoken in town as
well.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of Ireland, which is separat-
ed from the island of Great! Britain by the North Channel. In the south-west
Northern Ireland borders on the Irish Republic) (Eire).
Almost all the area of Northern Ireland is a plain of volcanic origin, the larg-
est lake of the British Isles, Lough Neagh.
The greatly indented coastline of Northern Ireland is abundant in rocks and
cliffs. Northern Ireland has a typical oceanic climate with mild damp winters (the
mean temperature in January is +4, +5) and cool rainy summers (the mean temper-
ature in July is +14, +15).
Forests are rather scarce, moors and meadows prevail. Northern Ireland is
mostly an agrarian district. On small farms they grow crops, especially oats, vege-
tables and potatoes. Large areas are taken up by meadows, where cattle graze. On
the river banks and n the coasts the population is engaged in fishing.
4. Answer the following questions:
1. What parts of the UK do you know?
2. What are main characteristics of England?
3. What are main characteristics of Scotland?
4. What are main characteristics Wales?
5. What are main characteristics Northern Ireland?
6. What is the capital of England (Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland)?
7. Is Ben Nevis the highest peak in the British Isles?
8. What is the most northern part of the country?
9. What regions the territory of Scotland can be| divided?
10. Is Northern Ireland mostly an agrarian district?
5. Complete each sentence using a word derivationally related to the
word given in brackets.
1. The islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over 500 small ones are known
as one state (collective).
2. The ... mountains of Scotland are located in the northern part of the island
and are called the Highlands (rock).
3. The rocky highlands of Scotland bear some .to the Norwegian coast (re-
semble).
4. Another evidence that the islands were a part of the continent is the ... of
the water between them and the mainland (shallow).
5. The ... of the mainland and the islands took place after the last Ice Age
(separate).
6. Over 500 islands in the system of the British Isles lie on the .shelf (conti-
nent).
7. The islands have many .contacts with mainland Europe (profit).
20
8. The coasts of Great Britain are very .shaped (irregular).
9. Many bays and harbours were formed in the process of the geological of
the island (develop).
10. The part of Great Britain is called the Highlands (mountain).
6. Match the words to their definitions.
1) bay
2) cape
3) channel
4) continent
5) harbour
6) hill
7) island
8) cane
9) осean
10) mountain
11) peninsula
12) river
13) sea
14) strait
a) piece of land surrounded by water;
b) natural elevation on the earth's surface;
c) part of the sea or of a large lake, enclosed by a wide con-
tinent curve of the shore;
d) large body of salt water, more or less enclosed by land;
e) narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two is-
land large bodies of water;
f) natural stream of water flowing to a sea or to a lake;
g) great body of water that surrounds the land masses of the
ocean earth;
h) mass of very high land going on to a peak;
i) one of the main land masses;
j) high point of land going out into the sea;
k) stretch of water joining two seas;
l) place of shelter for ships;
m) area of land almost surrounded by water and projecting
far into the sea;
n) rather a large area of water enclosed by land.
7. Insert prepositions where necessary.
The four parts … the UK represent four nations which are distinct … each
other ... almost every aspect ... life. They were different racially. The people ... Ire-
land, Wales and highland Scotland belonged ... the Celtic race, those ... England
and lowland Scotland were mainly ... Germanic origin. This difference was re-
flected … the languages they spoke, ... their different economic, social and legal
systems. The long centuries ... contact ... the people ... the four nations... the Brit-
ish Isles have limited their significant differences. However, they have not com-
pletely disappeared, and the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people feel their identity
very strongly.
England has always played the most powerful role ... the history … the Brit-
ish Isles. That is why foreigners usually call all British people “English”. But this
irritates the people who live ... Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland who are not
English and who still feel different ... the English.
8. Substitute the words in italics by their synonyms.
London draws people from all over the world. Some come on business,
some come to study, to work or on holiday. London is naturally a very English
city, yet it is the least typical of Britain as it is very cosmopolitan, containing
21
goods, food, entertainment, as well as people, from many countries of the world.
There is much in London which fascinates visitors: the splendour of the royal pal-
aces and the Houses of Parliament, the dignity of St. Paul's Cathedral and numer-
ous monuments, historic buildings, and parks.
9. Fill the gaps in the sentences.
mild / chief rivers / main / industrial / changeable / patron saint /
lakes / fogs / English
The 1) ________of Great Britain are the Severn and the Thames. 2)
_________ in Great Britain. The climate of Great Britain is 3) __________. The
weather is 4) _________. The cloudiness is rather dense; fogs along the coast often
hide the sun. The 5) _______of London have a worldwide reputation. The 6)
__________nationalities are: English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish. Everyone in Brit-
ain speaks 7) ____________. Great Britain is a highly-developed 8)
_________country. The flag of the United Kingdom is made of three crosses. Eve-
ry country has a 9) __________.
10. Prove whether the following statements are true or false using the
information from the text:
1. The word England is often used when people want to name the state situ-
ated on the British Isles and they are right. (true or false)
2. The British Isles comprise only two large islands. (true or false)
3. The UK is situated on the continent of Europe. (true or false)
4. There is much evidence that the British Isles were the part of the conti-
nent. (true or false)
5. The geographical situation of Great Britain is very advantageous. (true or
false)
6. The British Isles are known for their greatly indented coastline. (true or
false)
7.There is a fairly wide network of rivers in the British Isles. (true or false)
8. The Lake District is situated in the South of England. (true or false)
9. The British climate is very severe. (true or false)
11. Retell the text about the UK, using the following sentences and giv-
ing extended answers:
1. The text is devoted to …..
2. The text gives (presents, provides)
3. Information regarding....
22
4. At the beginning of the text special attention is paid to …… .
5. The text goes on saying that …
6. Further the text contains a detailed description of…
7. Besides some factual information is given concerning…
8. In conclusion the text reads that …
9. On reading the text we realise the fact that …
10. Moreover we clearly understand that …
12. Read the following text.
CLIMATE OF GREAT BRITAIN
Due to the geographic location of Great Britain the type of the climate is
oceanic. There are no extreme contrasts in temperature in Britain because of the
current of warm water flowing from the gulf of Mexico called the Gulf Stream.
Average British temperatures do not rise above 32”C in summer and do not fall be-
low — 10°C in winter. The prevailing winds from the ocean to the south-west
bring rainfall throughout the year. The total national rainfall average is over 1100
mm annually. March to June tend to be a driest months, September to January the
wettest.
The fogs of London, often made severe by mixture with city smoke, have
worldwide reputation. The rivers of the Great Britain (the Thames, the Tyne, the
Severn, the Mersey etc.) are abundant, and they never freeze.
A considerable area of land is covered by meadows and heaths. The grass
remains green all the year round. Thanks to climate conditions, Britain in truth
looks like one great well-ordered park with its old trees, green meadows and hedg-
es.
13. Ask the following questions:
1. What kind of climate does Great Britain have?
2. Are there extreme contrasts in temperature? Why?
3. What are the average temperatures?
4. What are the driest (the wettest) months?
5. What are the main rivers and lakes?
14. Translate the following sentences:
1. океанический климат______________________________________
2. большие перепады температур из-за теплого течения____________
3. Мексиканский залив_______________________________________
4. средняя температура в Британии_____________________________
5. преобладающие ветры, дующие с океана на юго-запад___________
6. среднегодовое количество осадков___________________________
7. лондонский туман, часто смешивающийся с дымом_______________
23
8. земли покрыта лугами и вересковыми пустошами_______________
9. хорошо ухоженный парк с ее старыми деревьями_______________
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