Положительная
степень
Превосходная степень
Пример
serious –
серьезный
the most serious – самый
серьезный
This is the most serious event in December –
Это самое серьезное событие декабря.
interesting –
интересный
the most interesting –
самый интересный
Cosmopolitan is the most interesting
magazine for women – Космополитэн –
самый интересный журнал для девушек.
Исключения
Положительная
степень
Сравнительная
степень
Превосходная степень
good – хороший
better – лучше, лучший
thebest – самый лучший,
(наи)лучший
bad – плохой
worse – худший, хуже
theworst – самый плохой,
(наи)худший
little – мало
less – меньше
theleast – наименьший, малейший
much, many – много
more – больше
themost – наибольший
Упражнение 1. Напишите степени сравнения следующих прилага-
тельных:
Tall, gay, kind, large, pretty, grey, loud, difficult, merry, strange, bad, rich,
soft, red, good, clean, expensive, cheap, tall.
Упражнение 2. Распределите следующие прилагательные в три ко-
лонки:
1 2 3
nice nicer nicest
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modern; reasonable; many; more; dearer; best; most important; good; worse,
high; cheapest; light; less; more polite; higher; dear; most modern; bad; cheap;
more important; little; better; important; highest; dearest; polite; worst; lighter;
most polite; more modern; most reasonable; cheaper; most reasonable; most; least;
lightest.
Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык:
1. You get up earlier than me. 2. Ben plays football best of all. 3. It is the
dirtiest room in the house. 4. You are a better driver than I am. 5. London is older
than Moscow. 6. The weather is wetter today. 7. Bob is the best football player. 8.
This box is bigger than that. 9. This book is more expensive than that. 10. July is
usually the hottest month of the year.
Упражнение 4. Откройте скобки, используя нужную степень срав-
нения прилагательных.
1. February is (cold) than March.
2. John Williams is (young) than me.
3. Lake Baikal is (deep) than this lake.
4. Peter is (tall) than Boris.
5. Our flat is (more/less) comfortable than yours.
6. This dictation is (more/less) difficult than yesterday’s one.
7. This bird is (more/less) beautiful than ours.
8. Alex’s wrist-watch is (more/less) expensive than mine.
Упражнение 5. Исправьте ошибки в предложениях.
1. He is the most oldest student in his group.
2. You are taller then me.
3. My car is the better than his car.
4. It is one of most beautiful lakes in the world.
5. These flowers are more cheap than those
ones.
Упражнение 6. Выберите в скобках правильную степень прилага-
тельного:
1. Nick is (happier, the happiest) boy that I know.
2. Of the six cars, I like the silver one (better, best).
3. Jane’s notebook is (cheaper, the cheapest) than mine.
4. This is (more delicious, the most delicious) cheese-cake I have ever had!
5. This bookcase is (more beautiful, the most beautiful) than that one.
6. Do you feel (better, the best) today than yesterday?
7. I think my cat is (prettier, the prettiest) of all the cats in the world.
8. Steve Jobs is (more famous, famouser) than Stephen Wozniak.
9. This week the weather is (hotter, more hot) than last week.
10. Our new house is (more expensive, expensiver) than the old one.
11. Girls are usually (cleaner, more clean) than boys.
12. Chemistry was (harder, the hardest) subject at school.
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Упражнение 7. Составьте из данных слов предложения и переве-
дите их.
1. most – the Mona Lisa – in – is – painting – the – famous – the – world.
2. longer – the Don – is – the Volga – than.
3. more – Spain – Germany – than – beautiful - is.
4. London – city – in – biggest – the – England – is.
5. the – team – Adam – is - worst – the – player – in.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите один из пред-
ложенных вариантов ответа.
1. Mike found himself fа _______ job somewhere out of town.
a) safer b) more safe c) more safer d) safest
2. We prefer the Palm Beach though it is _______ from the center.
a) the farther b) farthest c) the farthest d) furthest
3. This detailed map is ________ the atlas.
a) more useful as b) more useful like c) more useful than d) use-
fuller as
4. Safari parks are ________ places of all to keep animals.
a) better b) the best c) most better d) more better
5. This computer is ________ advanced than the old model.
a) farther b) far most c) far d) far more
6. They talked about ____________ developments in agriculture.
a) the least b) the latter c) the latest d) the late
7. The situation is_____________ now and there isn't an easy solution.
a) less more complicated b) many more complicate c) much more
complicated d) farther more complicated
8. People stay indoors during the _________ part of the day.
a) most hottest b) more hotter c) most hotter d) hottest
Упражнение 9. Use the comparative of the words in brackets and the
words (a bit / a little / much / a lot / fat). Besides, you should use than where
necessary.
1) It’s _______ today _______ it was yesterday (a little / warm).
2) A. Did you enjoy your visit to the museum?
B. Yes, I found it _______ I expected (far / interesting).
3) I prefer this armchair. It’s _______ the other one (much / comfortable).
4) You looked depressed this morning but you look _______ now (a bit /
happy).
5) This flat is too small for me. I need something _______ (much / big).
6) It’s _______ to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken
(a lot / easy).
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Упражнение 10. Переведите следующие предложения на англий-
ский язык.
1. Это очень легкая задача. Дайте мне более трудную задачу. 2. Летом
дни длинные, а ночи короткие. 3. 22 июня – самый длинный день. 4. В июле
дни короче. 5. В декабре дни самые короткие. 6. «Четверка» - хорошая от-
метка, но «пятерка» лучше. 7. Самая плохая отметка – «двойка». 8. Твое пла-
тье, конечно, очень красивое, но мое платье красивее. 9. Это более теплое
пальто. 10. Мой папа – высокий мужчина. 11. Я считаю, твой дедушка – са-
мый щедрый человек, которого я когда-либо встречал.12. Это были самые
счастливые дни в ее жизни.
Упражнение 12. Вставьте as … as или so … as.
1. Mike is … tall … Pete. 2. Kate is not … nice … Ann. 3. My room is …
light … this one. 4. This book is not … thin … that one. 5. Sergei is … old… Mi-
chael. 6. She is … young … Tom’s brother. 7. This woman is … good … that one.
8. Nick’s English is not … good … his friend’s. 9. I am not … tall … Pete. 10.
This woman is … young … that one. 11. I am … thin … you. 12. Kate is … lazy
… her brother. 13. This child is not … small… that one.
Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на as … as или so … as.
1. English is as difficult as German. 2. My essay is not as long as yours. 3. It
isn’t as warm today as it was yesterday. 4. The house his aunt lives in is as old as
the one his uncle lives in. 5. His apartment isn’t as elegant as her apartment, but
it’s much bigger. 6. Johnny isn’t as rich as Don but he is younger and much happi-
er. 7. My dog isn’t as friendly as your dog. 8. Ice hockey is as popular as football
in Russia. 9. A football match isn’t as exciting as a hockey match. 10. The hotel
isn’t as cheap as we expected. 11. The results of the experiment were not as bad as
they had expected. 12. This book is as expensive as my dictionary.
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UNIT 7
NATIONAL TRAITS
THE BRITISH CHARACTER
British people have the reputation of being shy and reserved with strangers.
Actually, this is not always true. Of course, some are shy and reserved with
strangers, and some are shy and reserved with everybody. But others are very ex-
trovert and talk to anybody. This just proves that you should not generalize about
people.
But making generalization about people is great fun. Everybody knows that
all Englishmen wear bowler hats, pinstripe suits and carry umbrellas; Scotsmen are
mean, hate spending money and drink whiskey all day long; Welshmen do nothing,
but play rugby and sing. In addition, the Irish? Well, they only exist so that other
British people can tell jokes about them. One generalization is true. The British
don’t like answering questions about the details of their lives. You must never ask
them how much money they earn, or how old they are. Only officials can ask ques-
tions like that: that is perhaps why the British don’t really like officials.
The national character of the English has been described in different ways,
but most commentators agree over one quality, which they describe as a sense of
superiority or “insular pride”. English patriotism is based on a deep sense of secu-
rity. Englishmen as individuals may have been insecure, threatened with the loss of
their job, unsure of themselves or unhappy in many ways. However, as a nation
they have been secure for centuries.
The English are a well-disciplined people and it is probably no exaggeration
to say that they have the best manners in the world. They are all polite; they all
know how to hold their knife and fork and how to behave in society. Besides, they
are never rude. Coarse expressions are hardly ever used. You may be struck by the
fact that life in Britain is less noisy.
The English display a surprising unity in a crisis. They also have a strong
sense for public order. The apparent coldness of Englishmen has been almost uni-
versally noted by the foreigners. But they also confess that once one gets to know
an Englishman better, he turns out to be a very companionable fellow.
The typical feature of the English is their love of games. They love playing
all of them. They play football and cricket; games are nowhere so popular as in
England. However childish at their games they are very serious in business.
The British have long been famous as a nation of animal-lovers. There is a
pet in nearly every family and often the family dog or cat has a special chair near
the fire, special food and a special place in the hearts of its owners. All this doesn't
mean that the English differ from other human beings. They certainly feel the same
emotions: jealousy, envy, joy and happiness as others— only their external reac-
tions are different.
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When one speaks of the English, one usually means all the nations living
within the borders of the United Kingdom — Scots, Welsh or Irish. The difference
between these nations is great enough for everyone who lives in Britain, but for the
outside world it is less apparent.
Vocabulary:
shy робкий, застенчивый
reserved – необщительный, сдержанный
mean – скупой
polite - вежливый
the national character – национальный характер
insular pride- островная гордость
sense of security -чувство безопасности
well-disciplined- хорошо дисциплинированный
best manners- лучшие манеры
rude- грубый
сoarse expressions – грубые выражения
a surprisingunity- удивительное единство
public order - общественного порядка.
coldness - холодность
companionable - дружелюбным.
feature -черта
childish- детскость, детский
animal-lovers- любители животных
jealousy- ревность
envy- зависть
joy- радость
1. Answer the following questions:
1. Are all British people shy and reserved with strangers?
2. What does everybody know about Englishmen, Scotsmen, Welshmen and
the Irish?
3. What generalization is common for all the British?
4. What are the main typical features of the Englishmen do you know?
5. Are the British people - animal-lovers?
2
.
Discuss with your groupmates the following questions.
1
. What generalizations do people from your country make about Britain and
the British? Do you think they are true? What are their good and bad points?
2. What generalizations do you think people make about your country and
your people? Are they true?
3. Read the following humorous poem.
a) They dress in what they like,
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They’re interested in sport,
If they think they ought.
They all succeed in doing
Their job in five short days,
Which leaves them the two longest ways,
Then some indulge in gardening,
Or walking in the rain,
And some delight in cricket,
Or riding in the plain.
In spite of what’s around him,
The average Englishmen.
Does crosswords in the newspaper
In pencil – if he can.
Involved in any accident
The English take a pride
In being unemotional:
They take things in their stride.
In any circumstances –
Whatever they may be –
The English solve their problems
With an English cup of tea.
b) Ask the questions:
1. What traits of the English national character are reflected in them? Are the
English right or wrong? What do you think?
4. Study the following word-combinations.
a) to be attached to something.- быть привязанным к чему-то
to keep one’s customs and character - сохранять свои традиции и облик
to assert one’s self-respect утверждать - свое собственное достоинство
to fell ashamed to show feelings- чувствовать смущение в проявлении
чувств
parental reserve - родительская сдержанность
regulation, tacit agreement - упорядоченность, безмолвная договорён-
ность
sense of humor – чувство юмора
the superiority complex – комплекс превосходства
to respect for law иметь – уважение к закону
b) Translate the following sentences.
1. Англичане любят свой дом, они очень к нему привязаны. Куда бы не
забрасывала англичанина судьба, он сохраняет свои обычаи и облик. Во
Франции, Эфиопии или Сомали он будет пить чай и одеваться к обеду; он
будет спать с открытым окном на Аляске и северном Полюсе.
95
2. Точность, пунктуальность и аккуратность – основные качества англи-
чан. Англичане искренне расстраиваются, когда они опаздывают. Извинени-
ям нет конца. Англичанин следует принципам точности и пунктуальности не
только для того, чтобы угодить клиенту, но и для утверждения собственного
достоинства.
3. В Англии стесняются проявлять свои чувства. Вы никогда не увидите,
чтобы мужчина поцеловал мужчину при встрече. Он просто пожмет ему руку
или похлопает по плечу.
4. Родительская сдержанность занимает одно из первых мест в ряду
принципов воспитания английских детей.
5. Хождение в гости друг к другу развито в Англии, но пребывание в
гостях тоже подчиняется регламенту. Такая упорядоченность и безмолвная
договоренность между хозяевами и гостями удобна и рациональна.
6. У англичан развито чувство юмора.
7. Англичане своеобразно относятся к иностранцам. Нигде в мире ино-
странцу так не бывает трудно сблизиться с местным населением, как в Ан-
глии. «Комплекс превосходства» иностранец ощущает постоянно.
8. В каждом британце незыблемо уважение к закону, правилу, инструк-
ции.
5. Read and translate «40 MOST COMMON BRITISH TRAITS» (ac-
cording «Mirror» 5 Jan, 2016)
a) A survey has quizzed 2,000 people to
find the 40 British characteristics:
1. Wearing summer clothing at the first
sight of sun.
2. Apologizing automatically.
3. Ability to talk at length about the weather.
4. Making a cup of tea in response to a
crisis.
5. Finding queue jumping the ultimate
crime.
6. Forming a queue for anything.
7. The typically British ‘stiff upper
lip’.
8. Grumbling throughout a meal, but
not telling staff so as not to cause a fuss.
9. Making sarcastic/dry jokes.
10. Having a beer at the airport even
though it’s before 8am.
11. Giggling at innuendos.
96
12. Making a cup of tea when you have no time to drink it.
13. Getting sunburnt on the first warm
day of the year.
14. Finding the American forwardness
‘a bit much’.
15. Avoiding eye contact on the tube.
16. Binge drinking at the weekends.
17. Insisting the other person goes
through the door first.
18. Searching for a fry-up when on hol-
iday abroad.
19. Mistaking brightness for warmth.
20. Finding nothing better than a bacon
sandwich.
21. Not asking for help so as not to ‘put
anyone out’.
22. Insisting the barbecue will still go
on despite rain.
23. Bringing out fancy biscuits on a plate for
visitors.
24. Feeling extremely patriotic during
sports events.
25. Indulging in a pint and a packet of
crisps.
26. Reading newspapers in the morning.
27. Feeling at home to the tune of EastEnders or Coronation Street.
28. Wearing extra layers rather than putting the heating on.
29. Feeling appreciative that the person in front put the ‘next customer’ bar-
rier on the conveyor belt.
30. Doing anything possible for a light
tan.
31. Owning a picnic hamper but only
ever using it once a year.
32. Starting a controversial statement
with ‘I’m not being funny, but...’
33. Being vague about your plans ra-
ther than decline an invitation.
34. Thanking someone when you have
done them a favour.
35. Not correcting someone when they pronounce your name wrong.
36. Loving your cat/dog more than your child.
37. Searching your pockets when asked for spare change.
97
38. Feeling extreme excitement over a Sunday roast dinner.
39. Having mixed feelings towards the ill colleague who is still coming to
work.
40. Being skilled in writing a letter of complaint.
b) Answer the following questions
1. What traits are seemed the strangest for you? Why?
2. What traits are the same with your nationality?
3. What British traits would you like to add? Why?
4. Could you live in England and take these traits?
6. Read and translate the following text.
English Meals
The English proverb says: every cook praises his own broth. One can not
say English cookery is bad, but there is not
a lot of variety in it in comparison with Eu-
ropean cuisine. The English are very par-
ticular about their meals. The usual meals
in England are breakfast, lunch, tea and
dinner. Breakfast time is between seven
and nine a.m. A traditional English break-
fast is a very big meal. It consists of juice,
porridge, a rasher or two of bacon and eggs, toast, butter, jam or marmalade, tea
or coffee. Marmalade is made from oranges and jam is made from other fruit.
Many people like to begin with porridge with milk or cream and sugar, but no
good Scotsman ever puts sugar on it, because Scotland is the home of porridge.
For a change you can have sausages, tomatoes, mushrooms, cold ham or perhaps
fish.
But nowadays in spite of the fact that the English strictly keep to their
meals many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with jam or hon-
ey.
The two substantial meals of the day
are lunch and dinner. Lunch is usually taken
at one o'clock. For many people lunch is a
quick meal. Office workers usually go to a
cafe at this time. They take fish, poultry or
cold meat (beef, mutton, veal and ham),
boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad.
They may have a mutton chop or steak and
chips, followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some people like a glass of light
beer with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food. School children can have a hot
meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack from home.
98
Tea is very popular among the English; it may almost be called their national
drink. Tea is welcome in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. English
people say jokingly: “Seven cups of tea will make you up in the morning; nine
cups will put you to sleep at night. If you are
hot, tea will cool you off, and if you are cold,
it will warm you up. If you are depressed, it
will cheer you up; if you are excited, it will
calm you down. ”The English like it strong
and fresh made. The English put one tea-
spoonful of tea for each person. Tea means
two things. It is a drink and a meal. Some
people have afternoon tea, so called «high
tea» with sandwiches, tomatoes and salad, a tin of apricots, pears or pineapples and
cakes, and, of course a cup of tea. That is what they call good tea. It is a substantial
meal.
Cream teas are also popular. Many visitors, who come to Britain, find Eng-
lish instant coffee disgusting. Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m.
The evening meal is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the
whole family eats together. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken,
potatoes and vegetables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch consisting of roast
chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example,
French, Italian, Indian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do
not have a lot of time for cooking themselves. So, the British buy the food at the
restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat. So we can conclude that take-
away meals are rather popular among the population. Eating has become rather in-
ternational in Britain lately.
Vocabulary:
proverb - пословица, поговорка
cookery - кулинария; стряпня
variety - многообразие, разнообразие
cuisine - кухня, стол (питание; поваренное искусство)
particular - редкий, особенный; особый, специфический
lunch - обед, ланч
porridge - (овсяная) каша
rasher - тонкий ломтик бекона/ветчины (для поджаривания)
sausage - колбасу; сосиска
mushroom – гриб
cereal —злак; крупа, крупяной продукт (полученные из зерновых
культур)
honey – мед
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substantial - питательный (о пище); существенный, большой
poultry - домашняя птица
beef – говядина
mutton – баранина
veal – телятина
ham - ветчина, окорок
boiled - кипяченый, вареный
fried – жареный
chop - небольшой кусок мяса, отбивная (котлета)
steak - бифштекс, кусок мяса/рыбы (для жаренья)
cheap - дешевый, недорогой
snack - легкая закуска
tea-spoonful - чайная ложка
tin - жестяная консервная банка; жестянка
apricot – абрикос
pear – груша
pineapple – ананас
instant coffee - растворимый кофе
disgusting - отвратительный, плохой, противный
roast - жаркое; жареный
lamb - мясо молодого барашка
gravy - подливка, соус
7. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the usual meals in England?
2. What time do they have breakfast?
3. What is a traditional English breakfast?
4. What are the two substantial meals of the day?
5. When is lunch usually taken?
6. What does lunch include?
7. Is tea popular among the English?
8. When do they usually have dinner?
9. Do the British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries?
8. Read the dialogue and make the tasks after it.
Breakfast at a hotel
Waiter: Good morning! What would you like to order?
Tom: Could I see the menu, please? Thank you. I’d like some grape juice
and cereal to start with. Then bacon and eggs, make them soft boiled, please.
Jean: Oh, I could not eat all that. It’s too much. I’ll just have toast and mar-
malade.
Waiter: Thank you. Would you prefer coffee or tea?
Tom: Coffee, I think, what about you, dear?
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Jean: I prefer tea.
a) Say, which breakfast you would choose: a real English breakfast like Tom
– or a light Continental breakfast like Jane?
b) Is it wise to take the English breakfast and eat less for lunch and dinner?
c) Do you agree with what an expert says about good eating habits: «If our
food hаs few vitamins we get ill». Green vegetables are especially important for
our health?
9. Read and translate the following text.
Customs and Traditions in the UK
British nation is considered to be the most conservative in Europe. It is not a
secret that every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. In
Great Britain people attach greater importance to traditions and customs than in
other European countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully
keep them up. The best examples are their queen, money system, their weights and
measures.
There are many customs and some of them are very old. There is, for exam-
ple, the Marble Championship, where the British Champion is crowned; he wins a
silver cup known among folk dancers as Morris Dancing.
Morris Dancing is an event where
people, worn in beautiful clothes with rib-
bons and bells, dance with handkerchiefs or
big sticks in their hands, while traditional
music- sounds.
Another example is the Boat Race,
which takes place on the river Thames, often
on Easter Sunday. A boat with a team from
Oxford University and one with a team from Cambridge University hold a race.
British people think that the Grand Na-
tional horserace is the most exciting horse
race in the world. It takes place near Liver-
pool every year. Sometimes it happens the
same day as the Boat Race takes place, some-
times a week later. Amateur riders as well as
professional jockeys can participate. It is a
very famous event.
There are many celebrations in May, especially in the countryside.
Halloween is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes. In
fact, this holiday has a Celtic origin. The day
was originally called All Halloween's Eve,
because it happens on October 31, the eve of
all Saint's Day. The name was later shortened
to Halloween. The Celts celebrated the com-
ing of New Year on that day.
101
Another tradition is the holiday called Bonfire Night.
On November 5,1605, a man called Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the
Houses of Parliament where the king James 1st was to open Parliament on that
day. But Guy Fawkes was unable to realize his plan and was caught and later,
hanged. The British still remember that Guy Fawkes' Night. It is another name for
this holiday. This day one can see children with figures, made of sacks and straw
and dressed in old clothes. On November 5th, children put their figures on the bon-
fire, burn them, and light their fireworks.
In the end of the year, there is the most famous New Year celebration. In
London, many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. There is singing
and dancing at 12 o'clock on December 31st.
A popular Scottish event is the Edin-
burgh Festival of music and drama, which
takes place every year. A truly Welsh event is
the Eisteddfod, a national festival of tradi-
tional poetry and music, with a competition
for the best new poem in Welsh.
If we look at English weights and
measures, we can be convinced that the Brit-
ish are very conservative people. They do not use the internationally accepted
measurements. They have conserved their old measures. There are nine essential
measures. For general use, the smallest weight is one ounce, then 16 ounce is equal
to a pound. Fourteen pounds is one stone.
The English always give people's weight in pounds and stones. Liquids they
measure in pints, quarts and gallons. There are two pints in a quart and four quarts
or eight pints are in one gallon. For length, they have inches» foot, yards and
miles.
If we have always been used to the metric system therefore the English
monetary system could be found rather difficult for us. They have a pound sterling,
which is divided into twenty shillings, half-crown is cost two shillings and six-
pence, shilling is worth twelve pennies and one penny could be changed by two
halfpennies.
Burns Night is celebration of the life
and poetry of poet Robert Burns (below). It is
an important date on the calendar in Scotland
and usually consists of a supper celebrating
everything Scottish. It is usually includes eat-
ing haggis, drinking lots of Scotch whisky
and reciting Burns’ poetry.
Shrove Tuesday has traditionally been one final day of preparation before
lent starts (which is traditionally a time of fasting).
Nowadays it is more commonly known as Pancake Day and is the perfect
excuse to eat so many pancakes that you can hardly stand up. Pancake races are
102
held up and down the country, where peo-
ple race against each other whilst holding
a frying pan and tossing pancakes into the
air. If just this description sounds funny to
you, you can’t even imagine watching it
live.
Every February couples across Brit-
ain get all loved up for Valentine's Day.
On February 14th couples go out for ro-
mantic meals, give each other gifts and
cards and generally treat the day like a second anniversary. Any excuse for an ex-
pensive meal out at a restaurant is always good. On April 1 each year, everyone
plays pranks (or tricks/practical jokes) on each other until midday. The pranks can
vary in size and how complicated they are, but they are always very funny. For just
a few hours the UK goes mad. British media loves to do April Fools’ jokes each
year. Some of the best include stories about a spaghetti tree, Big Ben changing to a
digital clock and finding penguins that could fly.
Vocabulary:
customs - традиции
to attach - уделять
proud - гордый
folk - народный (относящийся к обычаям, традициям простого народа)
ribbon - лента, ленточка; тесьма
marble championship – чемпионат мрамора
Boat Race - лодочные гонки
Easter Sunday - Пасхальное Воскресенье
Celtic - кельтский
origin - происхождение; начало
All Halloween's Eve - Канун всех святых (сокр. Хэллоуин)
Bonfire Night - Ночь костров
straw - солома
bonfire - костер
firework - фейерверк
Eisteddfod - ежегодный фестиваль бардов (в Уэльсе)
ounce - унция (- 28,3 г)
pound - фунт (современная мера веса, используемая в англоговорящих
странах; = 453,6 г)
stone - мн. обыкн. неизм. стоун (мера веса, равен 14 фунтам, или 6,34
кг)
pint - пинта (мера емкости; в Англии = 0,57 л; в США = = 0,47 л для
жидкостей)
quart - кварта (единица измерения объема жидкости; равняется а/4 гал-
лона - 2 пинтам)
gallon - галлон (мера жидких и сыпучих тел = 4,54 л)
103
inch - дюйм (= 2,5 см)
foot - мн. ч. неизм. фут (мера длины, равная 30,48 см)
yard - ярд (мера длины, равная 3 футам или 914,4 мм)
mile - английская миля (= 1609 м)
metric system - метрическая система
pound sterling - фунт стерлингов (денежная единица Великобритании,
равнялась 20 шиллингам, или 240 пенсам; с 1971 г. = 100 пенсам)
shilling - шиллинг (англ. серебряная монета = 1/20 фунта стерлингов —
12 пенсам)
penny - мн. репсе, pennies (об отдельных монетах) пенни, пенс
half-crown - полкроны (монета в 2 шиллинга 6 пенсов)
halfpenny - полпенни
Shrove Tuesday - «жирный» вторник
pancake day - масленица
10. Read the following superstitions of British.
Superstitions
a) Good Luck
1. Lucky to meet a black cat. Black Cats are featured on many good luck
greetings cards and birthday cards in England.
2. Lucky to touch wood. We touch; knock on wood, to make something
come true.
3. Lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves.
4. White heather is lucky.
5. A horseshoe over the door brings good luck. But the horseshoe needs to
be the right way up. The luck runs out of the horseshoe if it is upside down. Horse-
shoes are generally a sign of good luck and feature on many good luck cards.
Bad Luck
1. Unlucky to walk underneath a ladder.
2. Seven years bad luck to break a mirror. The superstition is supposed to
have originated in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the
gods.
3. Unlucky to see one magpie, lucky to see two, etc..
4. Unlucky to spill salt. If you do, you must throw it over your shoulder to
counteract the bad luck.
5. Unlucky to open an umbrella in doors.
6. The number thirteen is unlucky. Friday the thirteenth is a very unlucky
day. Friday is considered to be an unlucky day because Jesus was crucified on a
Friday.
7. Unlucky to put new shoes on the table.
8. Unlucky to pass someone on the stairs.
b) Answer the following questions.
104
1. Are there many superstitions in Britain?
2. What is the most widely-held superstition?
3. Is number 13 unlucky for people in Britain?
4. Why is it dangerous to break a mirror?
5. Why do British people touch wood?
c) Give answers on the following questions about superstitions of your
country.
1. What Russian superstitions do you know?
2. Which British superstitions are similar to those in your country?
3. Which are different?
4. Do you know anything about the origins of some of the superstitions in
your country?
5. Can you give the definition of "superstition"?
6. Do you believe that they can influence our lives and still live on in the age
of science?
11. Comment on the following proverbs; give Russian equivalents.
So many countries, so many customs.
When in Rome do as that the Romans do.
Love me, love my dog.
My house is my castle.
12. Guess about British holiday:
1. Everyone plays pranks (or tricks/practical jokes) on each other until mid-
day. The pranks can vary in size and how complicated they are, but they are always
very funny. It’s …..
2. On this day British couples go out for romantic meals, give each other
gifts and cards and generally treat the day like a second anniversary. It’s …..
3. Pancake races are held up and down the country, where people race
against each other whilst holding a frying pan and tossing pancakes into the air.
It’s …..
4. It is usually includes eating haggis, drinking lots of Scotch whisky and re-
citing Burns’ poetry. It’s …..
5. A popular Scottish event….
6. A national festival of traditional poetry and music, with a competition for
the best new poem in Welsh. It’s …..
7. In London, many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve.
There is singing and dancing at 12 o'clock on December 31st. It’s …..
8. This day one can see children with figures, made of sacks and straw and
dressed in old clothes. On November 5th, children put their figures on the bonfire,
burn them, and light their fireworks. It’s …..
9. It is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes. In fact,
this holiday has a Celtic origin. It’s …..
105
10. It is an event where people, worn in beautiful clothes with ribbons and
bells, dance with handkerchiefs or big sticks in their hands, while traditional mu-
sic- sounds. It’s …..
13. Read the following poems and guess about British holiday. Learn
one of them by heart.
1. I heard the bells on ……
Their old familiar carols play,
And wild and sweet
The words repeat
Of peace on earth, good will to men.
2. The rose is red, the violets are blue,
The honey’s sweet and so are you.
Thou art my love and I am thine
I drew three to my ….
The lot was cast and when I drew
And fortune said It should be you.
3. Three ghosts on ….. night
Saw a witch and shrieked in fright.
The witch just laughed and shouted, “Boo!”
One ghost ran home and that left two.
14. Speak about:
1. What is common and what is different in British and our customs (tradi-
tions)?
Tell about Russian customs and traditions.
2. What is your favorite holiday in Russia and why?
106
GRAMMAR
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Passive Voice
Present
Past
Future
Формула
Simple
is/am/are + V
ed
(V
3
)
was/were + V
ed
(V
3
)
will/shall + be +
V
ed
(V
3
)
Letters are sent every
day. — Письма
посылают каждый
день.
Letters were sent
yesterday. — Письма
отправили вчера.
Letters will be
sent tomorrow.
— Письма
отправят
завтра.
Формула
Continuous
is/am/are + being + V
ed
(V
3
)
was/were + being + V
ed
(V
3
)
-
Letters are being sent
now. — Письма
отправляют сейчас.
Letters were being sent at
5 yesterday. — Письма
вчера отправляли в 5
часов.
Формула
Perfect
has/have + been + V
ed
(V
3
)
had + been + V
ed
(V
3
)
will/shall +
have/has+ been
+V
ed
(V
3
)
Letters have been
already sent. —
Письма уже
отправили.
Letters had been sent
before he phoned. —
Письма отправили до
того, как он позвонил.
Letters will
have been sent
by 5 tomorrow.
— Письма
отправят
завтра до 5
часов
Упражнение 1.Поставьте следующие предложения в вопроситель-
ную и отрицательную формы.
Example. Marmalade is made from apples. – Is marmalade made from ap-
ples? – Marmalade isn’t made from apples.
1) The place is cleaned up.
2) They are invited to a birthday party.
3) The fax is sent.
4) The book is published.
5) Litter is thrown away every day.
6) Water is polluted.
7) Animals are hurt.
8) The trees are cut down to make new paper.
9) Baby trees are damaged by hairs.
Упражнение 2. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
Example. We test each piece of equipment very carefully. – Each piece of
equipment is tested very carefully.
107
1) We keep all the documents in perfect order.
2) The managers usually arrange everything in good time (своевременно).
3) He fulfills the orders in time.
4) We use the old methods, that‘s why we waste a lot of time.
5) He usually writes letters with a pen.
6) They always tell us something interesting.
7) We pay them twice a month.
8) Someone wants you on the phone.
9) Many people dislike this show.
10) They collect (the) rubbish every day.
Упражнение 3. Употребите правильную форму глагола в Passive
Voice.
Example. You (allow, not) to buy cigarettes if you are under six-teen. – You
aren’t allowed to buy cigarettes if you are under sixteen.
1) You (advise) to wear sensible high boots in winter.
2) Radio “Europe Plus” (listen to) all over Russia.
3) This delicious dish (prepare) by an Italian cook.
4) Many modern medicines (make from) plants.
5) He often (make a fool of).
6) One and the same word in the English often (spell) and (pronounce) dif-
ferently.
7) The child (teach) how to behave with grown-ups.
8) The doctor (send for).
Упражнение 4.Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.
Example. Houses are built very quickly now. – How quickly are houses built
now?
1) The delegations are met at the station.
2) The article is translated into Russian.
3) Boxes are made of cardboard.
4) Rainstorms are never expected in winter.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present,
Past илиFuture Simple Passive.
1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to
send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5.I (to give) a
very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our
town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the
last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games al-
ways (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12.
We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday.
14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn.
108
Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или
Passive Voice.
1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.
3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to
find) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital
to the delegation. 6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the
USA in this book. 7. Budapest (to divide) into two parts: Buda and Pest. 8. Yuri
Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147.9. Moscow University (to found) by Lo-
monosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.
Упражнение 7. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
I bought potatoes yesterday. 2. We shall bring the books tomorrow. 3. They
are repairing the clock now. 4. They sell milk in this shop. 5. I have translated the
whole text. 6. They broke the window last week. 7. When I came home, they had
eaten the sweets. 8. We shall do the work in the evening. 9. He wrote this book in
the 19th century. 10. They were playing tennis from four till five. 11. He stole a lot
of money from the shop. 12. By six o'clock they had finished the work. 13. At
twelve o'clock the workers were loading the trucks. 14. By three o'clock the work-
ers had loaded the trucks. 15. We send our daughter to rest in the south every year.
Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения, используя Passive Voice.
1. Дороги покрыты снегом.
2. Шоколад изготавливается из какао.
3. Пирамиды были построены в Египте.
4. Это пальто было куплено 4 года назад.
5. Стадион будет открыт в следующем месяце.
6. Твои родители будут приглашены на собрание.
7. Где твоя машина? – В данный момент она ремонтируется.
8. Книги уже упакованы.
9. Замок можно увидеть издалека.
10. Гости должны быть встречены в полдень
.
Упражнение 9. Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Are the Olympic Games held every 10 years? (Олимпийские игры про-
водятся каждые 10 лет?)
2. Is bread made from flour or potatoes? (Хлеб готовят из муки или кар-
тофеля?)
3. Was the Eifel Tower built in Moscow? (Эйфелева башня была построе-
на в Москве?)
4. Will the final exams be taken in summer or in winter? (Выпускные экза-
мены будут сдаваться летом или зимой?)
109
5. When is Christmas celebrated in Europe? (Когда празднуется Рожде-
ство в Европе?)
Упражнение 10. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. The room ... now.
a) is being cleaned
b) is being clean
2. The new shopping centre ... soon.
a) will opened
b) will be opened
3. My computer ... this week.
a) may be not repaired
b) may not be repaired
4. A thief ... yesterday.
a) was caught
b) has been caught
5. My food ... by waiter.
a) has been brought
b) hasbrought
110
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1.
Агабекян, И. П. Английский язык для бакалавров = A Course of
English for Bachelor’s Degree Students. Intermediate level / И. П. Агабекян. –
Изд. 2-е, стер. – Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2012. – 379, [3] с. : ил. – (Высшее
образование).
2.
Баранова Г.П. Английский язык: учебное пособие. – Красноярск:
Издательство Красноярского государственного аграрного университета,
2008. – 186 с.
3.
Колесникова Н.Н. Английский язык для менеджеров = English for
Managers: учебник для студ. сред.проф. учеб. заведений / Н.Н. Колесникова,
Г.В. Данилова, Л.Н. Девяткина. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Издательский центр
«Академия», 2007. – 304 с.
4.
Кривоносов М.М. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North-
ern Ireland. The land and the people: Учебное пособие. – Пятигорск: Издатель-
ство Пятигорского государственного лингвистического университета, 2006. –
139 с.
5.
Куриленко Ю.В. 400 тем по английскому языку для школьников,
абитуриентов, студентов и преподавателей. - Москва: ЗАО «БАО-
ПРЕСС»,ООО «ИД «РИПОЛ классик», 2005. - 608 с.
6.
Лазарева Т.М., Митякина О.В., Овчерук Л.Д., Шерина И.В. Ан-
глийский язык. Страноведение: Учебное пособие для студентов вузов. –
Кемерово: Издательство Кемеровского технологического института пищевой
промышленности, 2010. –133 с.
7.
Новый Большой англо-русский словарь: В 3 т. / Ю. Д. Апресян,
Э.М. Медникова, А.В. Петрова и др.; Под общ.рук. Ю. Д. Апресяна и Э.М.
Медниковой. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М.: Рус.яз., 1999.
8.
Позднякова Л.Р. Устные темы по английскому языку. Для сту-
дентов вузов. – Ростов-на-Дону.: «Феникс», 2001. – 140 c.
9.
Санников, Э.В. Практическая грамматика английского языка для
начинающих (интенсивный курс) – Ростов н/Д.: ЗАО «Книга», 2001.–137 с.
Периодические издания
1.
Саnada//Speak Out. – 2009. - №1-2 (71-72). – с.2-10.
2.
Canada//English. – 2005. - №13. Издательский дом «Первое сен-
тября».
3.
The Моscow News: online: сайт. URL :
http://www.themoscownews.com/
4.
The Times: online: сайт. URL : http://thetimes.co.uk/
111
Интернет-ресурсы
1. Сборник Русских словарей : [англо-русские, русско-английские и др.
электронные словари] : сайт. URL: http://www.dictionary.org.
2. http://teachershelp.ru/television-in-great-britain/
3. http://www.foreignstudents.com/guide-to-britain/british-culture/festivals
4. http://www.alleng.ru/engl-top/208.htm
5. http://nsportal.ru/ap/library/drugoe/2013/09/26/the-comparative-
characteristic-of-the-russian-federation-and-the-united
6. http://iloveenglish.ru/topics/london/london-teatralnij
7. http://www.studfiles.ru/ggu/
112
Учебное издание
Мишина Анна Владимировна
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
the country and the people
Великобритания: страна и люди
Учебно-методическое пособие
Издательство «Наукоемкие технологии»
OOO «Корпорация «Интел групп»
197372, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Богатырский, дом 32, к. 1 лит. А, пом. 6Н.
http://publishing.intelgr.com
E-mail: publishing@intelgr.com
Тел.: (812) 945-50-63
Подписано к использованию 25.05.2016
Тираж 500 экз.
Материалы изданы в авторской редакции
Document Outline - Mishina-GreatBritain cover
- Мишина - Британия - text - 2.1
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